Trends in Micro-grids · 2019-03-13 · distribution system assets Community micro-grids serve as shelters during natural disasters in prone areas High-resiliency areas for military

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Kanoda

Trends in Micro-grids

By : Dr. Omkar Jani

Kanoda Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd.

At : “Renewable Energy Technologies and its Integration with Grid”

CBIP & SPE-Vadodara

21 December 2018

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“We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.”

-Albert Einstein

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Outline

What is a micro-grid?

The need

Approach

Case example

"Trends in Microgrids," CBIP & SPE-Vadodara, 21 Dec. 2018. 3

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First things first!


Low RE

Penetration

HighRE

PenetrationMICRO-

GRID

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General energy market trend

Internet of Things (IoT)

Advanced Monitoring &

Control

Data Analytics

Artificial Intelligence

Distributed Generation

& Storage, EV

Social Participation

Blockchain


Centralized Decentralized

Coarse Tuning Fine-tuning

Open-loop Closed-loop

Consumer Prosumer

Simple Transaction Complex Transaction

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Storage trends


Global Electro-chemical Storage Capacity(Source: US DOE, 2017)

Rat

ed P

ow

er (

GW

)

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

1996 ’97 2000 ’01 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 ’15 ’16

Battery-pack price(Source: BloombergNEF)

(Rea

l 20

18

$/

kWh

)

CAGR: 23%

Annual CostReduction:

21%

Looks familiar?

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Global PV demand & pricing


Source: GTM Research Global Solar Demand Monitor

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Micro-grid near-term market projection

Source: Navigant Research


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What is a micro-grid? (vs. macro-grid)

A micro-grid is…

1. a group of interconnected loads and…

2. distributed energy resources…

3. within clearly defined electrical boundaries…

4. that acts as a single controllable entity…

5. with respect to the grid.


definition

MICRO-GRIDS = DECENTRALIZED ENERGY SYSTEMS (DES)

Micro-grid Modes Stand-alone + Grid-connected

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Features of a micro-grid

Can be called smaller versions of utility grid.

Consists of power generation, distribution, protection and control

such as voltage regulation and switchgears.

Closer proximity between generation and consumption, with minimal

transmission.

Can integrate renewables, waste-to-energy and combined heat &

power (CHP) systems.

Can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in

both grid-connected or island mode.

Perform dynamic control over energy sources, enabling autonomous

and automatic self-healing operations.


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What does a micro-grid look like?


Micro-grid

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What does a micro-grid look like?


Centralized Generation

Centralized Wind

Centralized Storage

Distributed Solar

Distributed Wind

Distributed Storage

Electric Vehicles

Hydrogen FC/ Storage

Micro-grid Controller

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Size does not matter!


MACRO-GRID

MICRO-GRID

MINI-GRID

NANO-GRID

PICO-GRID

Variables: Number of loads, energy sources, voltage levels, physical proximity, etc.

MICRO-GRID

IndividualorCombination of Micro-grids

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Why micro-grids?

Resilient Reliable during macro-grid failure, natural disasters, etc.

Localized, hence can mitigate power disruptions

Resource for faster system response & recovery

Affordable Supports against economic losses, infrastructure failure

Avoids major grid upgradation cost

Avoided fuel costs, shaves/ shifts peak loads

Clean: Maximizes integration of intermittent renewables

Social: Maximized Consumer participation


1

2

3

4

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Cost of power quality

World Bank Report released in December 2018.

Highlight

India lost 4% of its GDP owing to power distortions in 2016.

4% Rs. 6,00,389 Crore

Compare with fiscal cost of DisCom subsidies at Rs. 61,364 Crore


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When to consider micro-grid application?

High distributed generation/ electric vehicle density

Rural and remote areas that currently operate on a weak grid

Areas where electricity is prohibitively expensive, like islands and remote hilly terrains

A strategy to defer the upgradation cost of transmission & distribution system assets

Community micro-grids serve as shelters during natural disasters in prone areas

High-resiliency areas for military and mission-critical areas


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Levels of micro-grids

So

urc

e: h

ttp

s://

mic

rog

rid

kn

ow

led

ge.c

om

/mic

rog

rid

-co

st/


NotesDA: Distribution AutomationDG: Distributed Generation

https://microgridknowledge.com/microgrid-cost/

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Case example

Central Mine Planning & Development Institute

(A Coal India Limited Subsidiary )

Micro-grid Objectives

1. Maximize green energy component at CMPDI

2. Overcome poor power quality issues of grid supply

3. Minimize diesel consumption

4. Ensure economic viability


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About CMPDI


Location:

Ranchi, Jharkhand

Coordinates:

23°23'57"N 85°18'58"E

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CMPDI campus baseline network


Fro

m J

SE

B @

11

kV

Tariff

Meter

Power X’former

11kV/ 415 V, 630 kVA

DG

500

kVA

DG

250

kVA

DG

250

kVA

To power circuit

Changeover

Panel

Bldg. Distribution

Panel

Bldg. Distribution

Panel

Bldg. Distribution

Panel

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CMPDI site snapshot


Supply Line : 2x 11 kV

Step-down Transformers : 2x 630 kVA

Sanctioned Load : 800 kW

Peak Consumption : 600 kW

Diesel Generators :

1x 500 kVA

2x 250 kVA

UPS : 2x 10 kVA

Total Number of Buildings : 7

Load Classification :

1. CRITICAL Load

2. IMPORTANT Load

3. NORMAL Load

Remarks:

DGs turn on when supply voltage dips

Manual changeover for DG

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CMPDI baseline


Total Energy Consumption ~1.5-2 MU /year

DisCom (JSEB) Tariff Rs. 5.45 /kWh

Grid Outage 312 hours/ year (51 minutes/ day)

Voltage Sag (here, < 340 Vac) 4,700 hours/ year (13 hours/ day)

Diesel Usage: ~1 hours/ day

Avg. Cost of Electricity Rs. 6.56 /kWh

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Cost of electricity before micro-grid installation

Energy SourceProduction

(kWh)Fraction

500 kVA 21,363 1%

250 kVA (1) 77,761 5%

250 kVA (2) 32,848 2%

Grid Purchases 1,357,962 91%Total 1,489,933 100%


LCOE: Rs. 6.56 per kWh

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Start to finish of 190 kW rooftop solar


CMD-CMPDI, Shri A. K. Debnath breaking the coconut to commence construction work on 11 July 2014.

Inauguration by Coal Secretary (GoI), Shri S. K. Srivastava on 9 October 2014.

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190 kW rooftop solar


R&D Building (30.6 kW) STC Building (20.4 kW) Community Hall (48 kW)

RI-3 Bldg. (43.2 kW)CPEI Bldg. (48.6 kW)

Net Installed Rooftop PV Capacity:

190.8 kW

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Contribution of solar energy


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 6 12 18

kW

Time of Day (in Hours)

Solar Generation Consumption Consumption before Microgrid

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Installation of voltage stabilizers


Capacity: 2 x 500 kVA

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Effect of voltage stabilizers


Before After

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Automation of manual synchronization panel


Installation of Automated Synchronization Panel

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Diesel generator retrofitting & synchronization


Alternator Governor for Frequency Speed Regulator Unit

DG Synchronization PanelFuel Governor

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UPS with battery backup


During the event of grid outage, there is a black out period of 15-20 seconds, the time taken by the DG start.

UPS is installed to seamlessly switch power between Grid-UPS-DG-Grid.

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Automatic demand response


Sr. No.

Panel Load CategorySwitch Rating

Contactor Rating

1

CPEI

Pump Non Critical 160 A 100 A

2 Dispensary Non Critical 100 A 70 A

3 UPS Critical 200 A NR

4 CPEI Pump Non Critical 160 A 160 A

5 Street Light Critical 200 A NR

6 CPEI Lift Critical 160 A 160 A

7 CPEI Main (S) Critical 400 A NR

8

Important

MT Lab UPS Critical 400 A NR

9 CMD Residence Critical 100 A NR

10Auditorium Vax/ A.C. Plant

Non Critical 400 A 250 A

11 MISL (Main Gate – T/E) Non Critical 160 A 100 A

12 D.G. Colony Non Critical 160 A 160 A

13 Director Residence Critical 100 A NR

14

Normal # 1

R&D / STC lighting Critical 250 A NR

15 Envir. Power + CPEI Lift Non Critical 250 A 200 A

16 SBI Bank Non Critical 200 A 160 A

17

Normal # 2

Old Building Critical 250 A NR

18 Colony Lift Critical 160 A 160 A

19 Pump Non Critical 100 A 100 A

20 Substation Non Critical 100 A 70 A

21 A.C. Plant Non Critical 200 A 200 A

22 CMD Office Critical 100 A NR

23 Auditorium Non Critical 100 A 100 A

24 Spare Non Critical 100 A 100 A

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Effect of automatic synchronization


0

50

100

150

200

250

3001

6-F

eb

17

-Fe

b

18

-Fe

b

19

-Fe

b

20

-Fe

b

21

-Fe

b

22

-Fe

b

23

-Fe

b

24

-Fe

b

25

-Fe

b

26

-Fe

b

27

-Fe

b

28

-Fe

b

01

-Mar

02

-Mar

03

-Mar

04

-Mar

05

-Mar

06

-Mar

07

-Mar

08

-Mar

09

-Mar

10

-Mar

11

-Mar

Die

sel G

en

era

tor

Uti

lizat

ion

(kW

h)

Before After

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Micro-grid control & analytics


User Interface: Smartsense

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Average cost of electricity


ComponentEnergy (kWh)

Fraction

Grid Purchase 13,57,962 91%

Diesel Generator:500 kVA

21,363 1%


77,761 5%


32,848 2%

TOTAL 14,89,934 100%

ComponentEnergy (kWh)

Fraction

Grid Purchase 11,33,689 76%


- -


52,676 4%


13,204 1%

PV (190 kW) 2,98,061 20%

Wind (10 kW) 1,566 0%

TOTAL 14,97,630 100%

Baseline Case Micro-grid Case

LCOE: Rs. 6.56 /kWh LCOE: Rs. 5.91 /kWh

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Average cost of electricity


Baseline Case Micro-grid Case

LCOE: Rs. 6.56 /kWh LCOE: Rs. 5.91 /kWh

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Conclusion

Challenges in the near future1. New types of loads: Automation, EV, etc.

2. New types of consumers: Values service, generates, stores

2 options before us1. Rebuild & adapt incremental improvements slow &

expensive

2. Leapfrog invest in new technologies better outcomes & lower costs

Utilities that embrace & catalyse change will prosper Move away from monopolistic models

Become an enabler


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THANK YOU.

Documents

Trends in Micro-grids · 2019-03-13 · distribution system assets Community micro-grids serve as shelters during natural disasters in prone areas High-resiliency areas for military