TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES.pdf

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TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION TECHIQUES

Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the technical writing/seminar report work for the Degree of

Master of Technology in Structural Engineering.

SUBMITTED BY

Mr.A.S.BALAJI

(REG NO: 69122520002)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

THIRU.S.MADIVANAN.M.Tech.

ASST., PROF/CIVIL ENGINEEING

PONNAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PRIST UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PUDUCHERRY

APRIL 2013


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PONNAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PRIST UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PUDUCHERRY

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled TRENCHLESS

CONSTRUCTION TEQUNIQUES is a Bonafide Record of work done by

Mr.A.S.BALAJI with Reg. No 69122520002 for the technical writing/seminar

report for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of

Technology in Structural Engineering of PRIST University puducherry, During the

academic year 2012-2013.

Staff in charge Head of the department

Submitted to university practical examination heldon.

External Examiner Internal Examiner


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe our thanks to the almighty and our beloved parents for their grace in making this

Technical writing report work a grand success.

An endeavor over a long period can be successfully only with the advice and support of

many well wishers. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude and appreciation to all of

them.

We are elected to place in record our most sincere appreciation and thanks to our

honorable Founder-chancellor Dr.P.MURUGESAN And our Pro chancellorDr.PSM.KANNAN and also extend my thanks to our vice chancellorDr.N.ETHIRAJALU

We express our profound thanks to our beloved Director Dr.KAILASAM

KOUMARAVELOU, PRIST University, puducherry campusfor helping us by providing all the

facilities for the successful completion of our Technical writing.

We acknowledge our grateful thanks to Asst Prof.S.DHANAUSHKODI, Associate

Dean PRIST University, puducherry campus and also our Head of department of Civil

Engineering Department for his constant encouragement during the Technical writing report,

with in the stipulated time.

We also wish to express our thanks to our beloved Guide and Coordinator

THIRU.S.MADIVANAN,for his continuous encouragement and disciplined suggestions which

helped us to complete our Technical writing report in the stipulated time.

I would be failing in my duty if I dont acknowledge the immense help extended by my

classmates, who have always be with me in all my trials and tribulations and encouraging me to

complete


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CONTENT

Acknowledgement 03

Abstract 05

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Trenchless technology 07

Chapter 2 Literature review

2.1 Trenchless construction

Method and implementation support 08

2.2 Standard practice for Direct Design

Of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in

Trenchless Construction 08

2.3 Use of Trenchless Technologies

For Comprehensive Asset Management

Of Culverts and Drainage Structures. 09

Chapter 3 Trenchless techniques

3.1 Pipe jacketing techniques 10

3.2 Description of Pipe jacking method 10

3.3 Various steps in pipe jacking techniques 11

3.4 Micro tunneling techniques 14

3.5 description of micro tunneling techniques 14

3.6 pipes used for micro tunneling 15

Conclusion 16

Reference 17


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List of figure

Fig 1.1 various steps in pipe jacking technique 12

Fig 1.2. Concrete pipe being jacked into place behind cutter 13

Head assembly. Note track leading out of pipe for

Spoil bucket removal

Fig 1.3. View of cutter head assembly from inside of pipe 13

Jacking equipment

Fig 1.4. Emerged cutter head assembly After jacked 13

Concrete pipe emerges from theReception pit,

the pipe jacking operation is complete.

Fig 1.5 Cutter head on Akkerman pipe jack apparatus 13

Fig 1.6 polymer concrete reinforced pipe used 15

Fig 1.7 micro tunneling process 15


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ABSTRACT

Trenchless technology offers methods by which underground utilities may be installed

without damage to overlying pavement, if proper precautions are observed. In the past ten years,

repeated improvements in technology, materials, and methods have advanced faster than the

guidelines and specifications for use of the technology.

It can reduce environmental damage, Social costs and produce in alternative to open

trench method of installation, renewal and repair it includes in, development of all kinds of

underground napping techniques, tunneling devices and specialist materials and equipment In

addition, and training in the technology for designers, engineers, and inspectors has not kept pace

with developments.

Trenchless technology covers any techniques, processes or procedures, including the

equipment, machines and materials involved, which minimizes or eliminates the need for surface

excavation or reduces environmental damage or reduces the associated costs for underground

work.

Trenchless methods offer several potential advantages. They can reduce noise, dust,

construction vibration, and other environmental impacts. Trenchless methods have minimal

impact on economic activity in congested areas. Traffic is not interrupted, and other utilities are

minimally affected. Trenchless technologies are also generally safer both for the construction

workers and the general public


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CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION:

1.1 TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGIES

Demand for installation of new

underground utility systems in congested

areas with existing utility lines has increased

the necessity for innovative and economical

systems to go underneath and alongside in-

place facilities. Environmental concerns,

social (indirect) costs, new and more

stringent safety regulations, difficult

underground conditions (containing natural

or artificial obstructions, high water table,

etc.) and new developments in equipment

Have increased demand for trenchless

technology. Trenchless technology methods

include all methods of installing or renewing

underground utility systems with minimum

disruption of the surface or subsurface.

Trenchless technology has become

Popular for underground utility construction

road crossings. In recent years, there has

been remarkable progress in development of

new trenchless technology equipment and

methods. These developments have

produced improvement in jacking force

capacity and increased drive length,

improvements in steering and tracking

systems, availability of new and different

types of pipe and other advancements.

Preparation of design guidelines,

construction specifications, process

Inspection, materials testing, and the

training of engineers, construction and

permit inspectors in contracts and bid

documents, have not kept pace with new

developments. Most all governmental

agencies, with a few notable exceptions, are

not current with capabilities and limitations

of the new methods, materials, andequipment.

The development of these

technologies provides new solutions for

installing and maintaining urban utility

systems but also introduces new issues into

the planning, design and operation of these

systems. These new issues have impacts on

the engineers who plan and design the

systems, impacts on the conduct of site

investigations for utility work, and impacts

on the long-term arrangements of urban

utility systems as the techniques are used

more extensively.


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CHAPTER 2:

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Trenchless construction method

and implementation support

Mohammad Najafi, P.E.

Director, Center for Underground

Infrastructure Research and Education,

Michigan State University.

Brett Gunnink, P.E.

Department Chairman, Department of CivilEngineering

Montana State University.

Field observation and testing of four

different types of horizontal boring and four

different pipe types installed forthese

borings has led to the successful

development of a new performance

specification for Pipe Installation by

Horizontal Boring, Section 734 of the

Missouri Standard Specifications for

Highway Construction. In addition, a new

material specification has also been added to

the Standard Specifications as a result

Section 1075Centrifugally-cast Fiberglass

Reinforced Polymer Mortar Pipe.

Observation of an actual MoDOT

construction pipe jacking installation was

followed by three separate horizontal bore

installations on property of the University of

Missouri-Columbia.

Comparison of the four types of

horizontal boring has led to a better overall

understanding of the processes involved, and

how to prevent settlement and heave during

highway construction in the future for

maintaining pavement integrity. One of the

horizontal bores installed centrifugally cast

fiberglass reinforced polymer mortar pipe

for the very first time in the world using

horizontal directional drilling.

2.2 Standard practice for DirectDesign of Precast Concrete Pipe for

Jacking in Trenchless ConstructionBennett David.

Center of Louisiana Technological

University

Standard Practice for Direct Design

of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in

Trenchless Construction covers design and

recommended installation procedures for

precast concrete pipe for jacking in

trenchless construction. This Standard

addresses piping intended for the

conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes,

stormwater, and drainage, as well as for

utilities and access ways. The design criteriainclude: structural aspects, such a s

circumferential flexure, thrust, shear and

racial tension strengths; crack width control;

longitudinal thrust produced by jacking; and

requirements for handling and installation.


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The structural design of concrete

pipe is based on a limits state design

procedure that accounts for strength and

serviceability criteria and is consistent with

the procedures in Section 17 of the

AASHTO Standard Specifications for

Highway Bridges.

2.3 Use of Trenchless Technologies

for Comprehensive Asset

Management of Culverts and

Drainage Structures.Sam Salem, P.E.University of Cincinnati

DOTs and cities in the US are

facing severe and rising needs of renewing

heavily deteriorated infrastructure. Further

challenges for DOTs are the wide

geospatial distribution of infrastructure

assets and environmental exposure. While

the challenge is well understood, appreciated

and addressed, budget allocations andresources limitations represent a major

barrier to a comprehensive asset

management program. Culverts have the

peculiarity of being characterized as both

buried pipes in small diameters with no

access and worker entry and larger ones

with possibility of manual inspection and

repair/renewal. As such, asset management

procedures for culverts are a complex issue,

and can benefit a great deal from an optimal

asset management program that incorporates

new trenchless technologies. Trenchless

technologies are not disruptive to

transportation systems and provide safer

construction operations for both workers and

the general public. If they are used at

appropriate application, they provide a new

design life to existing culverts and drainage

structures that may double or triple the

original design life of these assets. However,

trenchless technologies are many and some

of these methods are new, and while viable,

have little field performance history in

culverts and transportation systems. Eachmethod has its own capabilities and

limitations, and can be applied in certain

existing conditions to be effective. Lacking

is a comprehensive multi-scale engineering

study that would be conducted for decision

making at upper management level.

Therefore, this project provides a

comprehensive study and decision making

procedures for asset management using

trenchless technologies to address the

construction, renewal, renovation, and

inspection of culverts and drainage

infrastructures.


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CHAPTER 3:

VARIOUS TRENCHLESS

TECHNIQUES:

3.1.PIPE JACKING:

The termpipe jackingcan be used to

describe a specific installation technique as

well as a process applicable to other

trenchless technology methods. When

referred to as a process, it implies a

tunneling operation with the use of thrust

boring and pushing pipes with hydraulic

jacking force. This concept of a jacking

system is adopted by many trenchless

technologies, including auger boring and

micro tunneling. However, for the purposes

of this research report, pipe jacking is

regarded as an installation technique.

3.2 DESCRIPTION OF PIPE JACKING

METHOD:

Pipe Jacking is a method for

installing a prefabricated pipe through the

ground from a drive shaft to a reception

shaft. The pipe is moved by jacks located in

the drive shaft. The thrust power of the

hydraulic jacks forces the pipe forward

through the ground as the face is being

excavated.

After each pipe segment has been

installed, the rams of the jacks are retracted

so that another pipe segment can be placed

in position for the jacking cycle to begin

again.

As the excavation proceeds soil istransported out of the jacked pipe and drive

shaft either manually or mechanically. The

soil conveyance systems include wheeled

carts or skips, belt.

Chain conveyors, slurry systems,

auger systems, and vacuum extraction

systems. Both the excavation and spoilremoval processes require workers to be

inside the pipe during the jacking operation.

For personnel health and safety, a minimum

pipe diameter of 42-inches is recommended.

Excavation can be accomplished by

hand mining or mechanical excavation

within a shield or by a tunnel boring

machine (TBM). The excavation method

selection is based on soil conditions. If there

is any possibility of the excavation face

collapsing, soil stabilization techniques must

be considered. Dewatering or grouting are

common methods of soil stabilization.

The design of the drive shaft is

critical to the success of the project. The

shaft floor and thrust reaction structure must

be designed to withstand the large jacking

forces required to push the pipe through the


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ground and withstand the weight of heavy

pipe segments being placed on them

repeatedly. Pipe jacking equipment that has

a pipe lubrication system can decrease the

jacking forces necessary by 20-30 percent.

The required working space must

provide adequate space for storage and

handling of the pipe and spoil and space for

the shaft. Typically, the working space

should be from 4 feet to 10 feet wider than

the diameter of the pipe and from 10 feet to

25 feet longer than the length of pipe

sections being installed. Shaft size will vary

depending on the type of jacking and

excavation equipment used.

The primary concern is the

prediction of subsurface soil behavior.

Unanticipated ground conditions require

corrective measures that cause cost overruns

and delays. Sandy clay is the most favorable

soil condition if the water table is not above

the pipe invert. With the use of the proper

excavation methods many types of ground

conditions can be overcome. Major factors

to be considered are the presence of

groundwater, unanticipated obstructions

such as boulders, and changed soil

conditions that would require different

equipment to excavate.

Other concerns include proper design

of the shaft to withstand the large jacking

thrust and that jacking thrust is uniformly

transferred through a properly designed joint

material. The over excavation above or

ahead of the pipe is to be avoided, if over-

excavation occurs or voids develop, external

grouting is usually required.


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Fig 1.1 VARIOUS STEPS IN PIPE JACKING TECHNIQUE


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Figure 1.2. Concrete pipe being jacked intoplace behind cutter head assembly. Note

track leading out of pipe for spoil bucket

removal Figure 1.3. View of cutterhead assembly

from inside of pipe jacking equipment

Figure 1.4. Emerged cutter head assembly. Figure 1.5. Cutterhead on Akkerman pipeAfter jacked concrete pipe emerges from the jack apparatus

Reception pit, the pipe jacking operationis complete

.


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3.4 MICROTUNNELING

TECHNIQUES

Micro tunneling (MT) is a method

using a remotely controlled, guided pipe

jacking process that provides continuous

support to the excavation face. It can be

used in a wide range of soil conditions while

keeping close tolerances to line and grade.

Spoils are removed by either a pumped

slurry or by mechanical auger. Five

independent systems are incorporated into

Microtunneling systems.

3.5 DESCRIPTION OF

MICROTUNNELING TECHNIQUES

Microtunnel boring machine.

Jacking or propulsion system.

Spoil removal system.

Laser guidance and remote control

system.

Pipe lubrication system.

The required working space must

provided adequate space for storage and

handling of the pipe and spoil and space for

the shaft. Typically, the drive shaft would

range from 16 feet to 50 feet wide and from

35 feet to 100 feet long depending on pipe

diameter, length and equipment dimensions.

Working space typically would range from

20 feet to 40 feet wide and 75 feet to 150

feet long.

The primary concern is the

prediction of subsurface soil behavior.

Unanticipated ground conditions require

corrective measures that cause cost overruns

and delays. Wet sand for slurry MT and

stable sandy clay for auger MT are the most

favorable soil conditions for each. A wide

variety of MTBM cutter heads are available

that provide the capability to handle a range

of soil conditions, including boulders and

solid rock. Major factors to be considered

are the presence of groundwater,

unanticipated obstructions such as boulders,and changed soil conditions that would

require different equipment to excavate.

Microtunneling is very accurate.

Line and grade can be maintained to 0.01

percent of the drive length depending on

many factors, the most important being the

skill of the machine operator.


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3.6 PIPES USED

FORMICROTUNNELING

Polymer-concrete, reinforced

concrete, ceramic, glass reinforced plastic

and asbestos-cement pipes of all diameters

are used for trenchless laying of the

communications with microtunneling. For

linkage of pipes special pump buckets are

used in order to eliminate water entry

through connection joints.

FIG 2.1 MICROTUNNELING PROCESS


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CONCLUSION:The Indian trenchless market is now

on the path of growth and expansion, with

the project owners realizing that these

techniques are useful and, in certain cases,

they are the only way to get the projects

done. Global trenchless service providers

need to take notice of this market, as the

magnitude of projects available in the Indian

markets is substantially large. The low wage

economy that is prevalent in India, however,

presents a challenge for the globalstakeholders but the opening markets have

somewhat mitigated such risks to certain

extent.

Other positive points are the stable

currency and the democratic governance

systems. In addition to these presence of

INDSTT for the last eight years has lent

substantial support to the

global trenchless service providers to

achieve the market presence and

networking. Further, as the demands for

such services are rapidly growing today,

there is need for more trenchless service

providers and specialists. One musttherefore consider expanding in the Indian

markets for a better future.

As a society, we are looking more

towards renewable resources and

conservation. Its always a good policy to

repurpose and reuse. Trenchless technology

is yet another extension of this same idea.

All that metal that we are replacing means

that traditional excavation is not only

inconvenient but wasteful. By relining (or

by replacing smaller sections for water

pipes), we are reusing the old pipe, turning it

into a form for a new Cast-In-Place Pipe as

well as structural reinforcement and a

bonding surface.

REFERENCES1) American Society of Civil

Engineers, 2000. Standard practice for

Direct Design of Precast Concrete Pipe for

Jacking in Trenchless Construction. ASCE

Standard 27-00. 51 pp.

2) American Society of Civil

Engineers, 2000. Standard Practice for

Direct Design of Precast Concrete Box

Sections for Jacking in Trenchless

Construction. ASCE Standard 28-00. 52pp.

3) American Society of Civil

Engineers, 2004. Horizontal Auger BoringProjects. ASCE Manuals and Reports on

Engineering Practice No. 106. 52pp.


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4) Bennett, David; Ariaratnam, Samuel;

and Como, Casey, 2001. HDD Consortium

Horizontal Good Practices Guidelines.

Iseley, Tom, and Gokhale, Sanjiv B., 1997.

5) Trenchless Installation of Conduits

Beneath Roadways a Synthesis of

Highway Practice. National Research

Council of Transportation Research Board,

National Cooperative Highway

Research Program NCHRP Synthesis 242.

76pp.

6) Iseley, Tom; Najafi, Mohammed;

and Tanwani, Raj, 1999 Trenchless

Construction Methods and Soil

Compatibility Manual, 3rd ed. 102pp.

7) Najafi, Mohammad, 2004.

Trenchless Technology Pipeline and

Utility Design, Construction, and Renewal.

McGraw-Hill. 489pp.

8) Shahin, M.Y., and Crovetti, J.A.,

1985. Final Report for the Street Excavation

Impact Assessment for the City of

Burlington, Vermont. Prepared by ERES

Consultants, Champaign, IL, June 12, 1985.

9) Simicevic, Jadranka, and Sterling,

Raymond L., 2001. Guidelines for Impact

10) Moiling. Trenchless Technology

Center of Louisiana Technological

University Technical Report #2001-03,

prepared for the United States Army Corps

of Engineers Engineering Research And

Development Center. 19pp.

11) Simicevic, Jadranka, and Sterling,

Raymond L., 2001. Guidelines for Pipe

Ramming. Trenchless Technology Center of

Louisiana Technological University

Technical Report #2001-04, prepared for the

United States Army Corps of Engineers

Engineering Research And Development

Center, 23pp.

12) Wilde, W. James, Grant, Carolyn A.,

and Nelson, Patricia K., 2002. Manual for

Controlling and Reducing the Frequency of

Pavement Utility Cuts. Report No. FHWA-

IF-02-064. United States Department of

Transportation Federal Highway

Administration. 173 pp.

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TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES.pdf