By P.I. Usachev /4.>5 ,

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FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA ,.e

Translation Series No. 1285

Phytoplankton of the North Pole.

Original title: Fitoplankton u severnogo polyusa. (Po sboram P.I. Shirshova na pervoi dreifuyushchei stantsii u Severnyi polyue 1937-1938gg. pod nachal l stvom I.D. Papanina.

From: Trùdy Vsesoyuznogo Gidrobiologicheskogo Obshchestva, 11: 189-208, 1961.

Translated by the Translation Bureau(NKD) Foreign Languages . Division

Department of the Secretary of State of Canada

Fisheries Research Board of Canada Arctic Biological Station Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec

1969 •

57 pages typescript

"1-1•?B /.2 DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE

TRANSLATION BUREAU

FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION

CANADA

SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT

BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS

DIVISION DES LANGUES ÉTRANGÈRES

VOUA NO. D AAAAA MENT DIVISION/BRANCH CI TY

VOTRE N° MINISTkRt DIVISION/DIRECTION VILLE

_ Fisheries • Arctic Ste Anne de Bellevue Biological Station Quebec

OUR NO. LANIOUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DATE

NOTRE N° _ LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES)

7557 . Russian NDK June 27, 1969

Source: Akademiya nauk SSSR, Trudy vsesoyuznogo gidrobiologich-eskogo obshchestva, T. XI, 1961. (Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Trudy of the All-Union Society of Hydrobiology, Vol. XI, 1961).

SEA ORGANISMS

THEIR ECOLOGY

UNEDITED DRAFT TRANSLATION)

\ Only for information

PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE NORTH POLE TRADUCTION NON REVISEE \ Information seulement

(According to the collections of P.P. Shirshev at the First Drifting Station, "North Pole", 1937-1938, under the command of P.D. Pananin)

(Institute of Oceanology of the Acad. of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow)

The present article on Phytoplankton of the North

Pole was prepared while Academician P.P. Shirshov was still

alive. It was intended for the "Trudy of the Drifting Station

North Pole" to deal With the biolegical Part of the research

conducted on "Pananin Ice Floe". The illness ind subsequent .

premature death of Pgtr Petrovich upset the plans for

P. I. Usachev

OS-200-10-31

2.

collected publication, and thus the/biological articles with the

the results of/processed plankton together with the hydrological

works of P.P. Shirshov remained unpublished.

In view of the fact that the interest in plankton

of high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean, connected with the

vast oceanological research which was completed according -

to the plan of the International Geophysical Year, has

increased enormously, and in view of the fact that no new

data exist as yet on northern phYtoplankton of the polar

reg ion, I decided to publish the article, though with rather

considerable abridgement of the entire text and . without the

part on classification, which would have taken up too much

space.

P.P. Shirshov was the president of the AU-Union

Society 'of Hydrobiology and, therefore, the present report

is being published in the volume of the nTrudyn'of that

society.

This work is dedicated to the living memory of

Plitr Petrovich Shirshov.

During the drift, collections of phytoplankton

were conducted by means of a reduced plankton Juday net

with an entry diameter of. 18 cm and a cone consisting of

mill'sieve N° 25 (77 according to the new numeration).

A total of 14 stations were covered from June 26 to

October 27, 1937, , i.e., the entire vegetation period in the

life of phytoplankton was encomPassed. All stations were o

confined to 88-84 N.

Due to the conditions of work on the ice floe, the

monotypicity and divisibility of the hauls could not always

be maintaine4 only at stations 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 (August 2-

September 11, 1937) were collections made in the surface layer

of every ten meter horizon up to a depth of 40-50 a.

1 2 3 4

5

6

8

9

10

4 8

11 {15

12 16 13 14 90

f21 22 •

123 ■25

{34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

{43 44

• 46

87°16'

86°42'

86°14'

4•.

Table 1

Centime c6opbc Ounionnanxmona nepaoti âpetij;ipozifeii cmantfuu 4Cescputzti no.uoc»

MecTonoamenue cranium *.

zunpoTa Hoarora

HOMCI) nnamiTomion

cTaflguu

AD.Ta CGopa (1937 r.)

ropHaom Houa, Homep npo(lat

26 mow' H mono 24 » 26 »

2 aBrycra

4),

20 »

* 1 celen6p11

11 »

88°46' 357°01'

88'12' . 357°10'

88°03' 353°50'

88000' 353°52'

88°04' 356°35' .

356°32'

0°36'

358°25'

1°01'

3-106 100-200 '3-100 3-200 4-50 2-10 9_95

10-25 25-50 50-100 0-10

10-20 20-30 - 30-40 0-30

0-10 10-,20 20-30 30-50 0-10

10-90 20-30 30-50 0-10

10-20 20-30 50-100 .

88°04'

C5opiu io coxpaminues

11 • 12 C5opu HO coxpanunach 13 14 27 ORTH6pH I 84°12' I 2°47' I . 47? 0-100

OupeacneHo no «TaGangam unTeprionmponainuax HoopanHai.» E. H. (Deaopona (1940) Ha ocHona Him HaT cGopa.

Key to Table I:

I. Net collections of phytoplankton on the first drifting station, "North Pole".

1. Plankton station number

2. Collection date (1937)

a) June •

. h) July

c) August

d) Collections were. not retained

e) Septendber

f) October

3. Location of station

Determined according to the "Table of Interpolation Coordinates" of E.K. Fedorov (1940) based on the date of collection.

i) latitude

ii) longitude

Sample number

Horizon of catch

A total of 28 net samples were processed from 10

stations during the time of the collections, from June 26

to October 27, 1937 (Table I). All collections were

processed by L.I. Smirnov with the collaboration of P.I.

Usachev.

The organisms were counted by fields of vision of

the entire sample or in parts of 0.1 cm3 ; in the latter case,

the necessary volume was removed with a stamped pipette.

The biomass was determined by calculation, i.e., the average

volumes of the cubicles for each species were multiplied by

'their nuMber; the product of these two indices gave the

volume of the biomass which, using the conversion coefficient 1, 3

gave the weight in mg/m gàshnov, 1934; Yashnov and Uga6hev,

5.

1939).

In view of the fact that the quantitative data for

collections of phytoplankton taken with nets of very .

fine mill sieve (such a net filters water poorly) only

have relative significance for eaCh indtvidual haul, we

do not give the data on numerical strength and biomass

in this report.

If we take the entire biomass of phytOplankton in

layer 0-50 m at stations 475 and 8-10 as 100%, then the

relative quantity of algae in the given layer , at these

stations (from July 26 to Septerber 11, 1937) will look

like this:

(% of total biomass)

st. 4 (26.1111) • 1 St. 5 (2.VIII) 22 St. 8 (20,VIII) • 214: St. 9 (1.IX) 51 St. 10 (11.IX) 2

Thus, it is seen that the greatest development

of phytoplankton occurred in August, with the maximum

(greater than 51%) occurring at the end of the month (St. 9).

In July and in the first ten days of SepteM4er, the development

of phytoplankton only amounted to 1-2% of the sum total of

biomass which had been observed at the end of July, in

August and the beginning of September. Approximately

the same distribution of biomass , . in time, was also

noted for layer 0-30 m. In layer 0-20 m the greatest

biomass had also -been observed on SepteMber 1 and that

of layer 0-10.u4 August 2.

The data obtained indicate that the development

of phytoplankton in the central part of the Pola; Basin

begins initially in the surface layer (0-10 m), apparently,

at the very end of July. Subsequently,,deeper layers are

encompassed - up to 30 with a very pronounced maximum

biomass at the end of August an the beginning of September;

at this time, the dominant phytoplankton is the late

spring species - Chaetoceros socialis; whereas, at the

beginning of August, the spring species of genera Thalassiosira,

Porosira and Coscinosira are predominant. The distribution

of phytoplankton, according to layers, at stations 5-10

(from August 2 to September 11, 1937) is given by the

following figures (in % of total biomass): 0-10 m layer -

28%; 10-20 m-49%; 20-30 m layer-22%; 30-50 m layer-1%.

Thus, for the main growing season, an average of

approximately half of the biomass kept to the 10-20 m layer, —

which is well corroborated by the conclusions arrived at by

P.P. Shirshev (1938).

8.

Thus, noticeable phytoplankton vegetation at the

North Pole (up to 850 N.) started at the beginning of Augus t .

and continued, gradually increasing in biomass, for one

month. The beginning of vegetation followed the disappearance

of the snow cover--which reached a thickness of 40-50 cm

at the end of the winter (Shirahov, 1938)— and the

freshening of the surface layer of the sea. The ice,.

which had become free of snow and had started to melt at the

beginning of August, already admitted sufficient sun raya

for the development of phytoplanktonl and the conditions

of a sharp stratification of a freshened layer and the

absence of movement of water within it was particularly .

favourable for "blooming". To end the quantitative nature

of phytoplankton, let me add that P.P. Shirshov (1938),

in his brief account, cites the largeat quantity of

chlorphyll extracted from the net collections of plankton,

equàl to 0.4 pen ,and indicates that "this quantity is

considerably lower than, for example, in the Sea of Chlikhotsk

during "summer blooming" but rather close to that 'observed

in the open parts of the Sea of Laptev", i.e., approximately 3

120 mg/m of biomass in the 0-30 m layer.

4e

As can be seen from the list, all species encountered

at the North Pole are eXtremely widespread in the northern seas.

9.

If this is observed for .plankton_species in the given

case, it is only because the diatoms which develop

in the lower (sea) surface of sea ice ("ice flora") -

benthonic and entering the net during the heul of

plankton have not yet been sufficiently studied for

the entire region of polar ice (Gran, 1904; Usachev,

1938, 1946a, b; 1947a, b; 1948; 1949; Kort, 1955).

Thus, in processing of all of the above mertioned

net samples, we found: 2 varieties of silicoflagellates

(Silicoflagellatae) 5 species of peridineans (Pyrrophyta)

and 61 species and varieties of Bacillariorhyta, a total

of 68 forms.

Of all the forms which were found, only 35 belonged

to typical plankton forms, the remaining 32 species belonged

to cryophil and benthonic forms present in the hauls of

plankton during the growing of "ice flora" on polar ice.

The plankton diatoms belonged to 13 genera, i.e.,

approximately 86% of all plankton algae were diatoms and

only about 12% were peridinean. And if we consider, in

.addition, that the biomass of peridineans and silicoflagellates

did not exceed, on the average, 3-4% of the entire biomass of phytoplankton for the entire period of observation, then the

3, I

10.

dominance of diatoms in the regions Observed becones quite

obvious.

In order to corroborate this feature, we shall

compare the composition of phytoplankton in net collections

(mainly August collection) from the Barents Sea along the

Kola meridian and its eastern part, the composition of

similar collections from the western, north-eastern and

central regions of the Kara Sea and data on material

collected from the drifting ice-breaker, the "Sedov", obtained

with the data/(Table 2).

From Table II, it may be seen that in the seas

of the Polar Basin, in terme of phytoplankton, diatons

predominate, comprising slightly more than 50% of the

entire nunber of species of algae in the Barents Sea

alone,approxinately 3/4 (63-73A in the Kara Sea and

79-86% in the collections of the ice-ibreaker "Sedov" and

"North Pole" Station. A reverse relationship is observed

for peridineans: north of 85 N., they do net exceed 19%;

in the Kara Sea, 21-32%;and in the Barents Sea, 39-43%.

Silicoflagellatae and green algae are more abundant in the

Barents Sea than in the Kara Sea with the latter being completely

absent from the collections of the "Sedov n and from the naterials

11..

of "North Pole" Station.

• CLASSIFICATION LIST OF FORMS

FOUND IN NET COLLECTIONS OF PLANKTON

DURING THE DRIFT OF "NORTH POLE" STATION

Chrysopliyta • Silicoflagellatae Borgeit

Siphonotestales Lemrnermann 1. Dictyochaceae Lemmermann

Distephanus Haecleel 1. Distephanus speculum var. septenarius

(Ehrb.) Joergensen et var. octonarius • (Ehrb.) Joergensen

Pyrrophyta Dunopnyceae Pascher

Peridiniales Schütt Peridiniaceae (Schiller)

Peridinium Ehrenberg 1. Perldinium achromaticuin Levander 2. P. crassipes Kofo id 3. P. islandlcum Paulsen 4. P. minusculum Pavillard . . 5. P. pel1ucidt4n (Bergh) Schiltt

Ba'cillariophyta A. Centrales Schûtt

Discineae Schütt • Coscinodiscaceae Kiitz.

Melosirioideae Schûtt

I. Melogira Agardh 1. Melosira arctica (Ehrb.) Dickie

Sceletonemoideae Schiitt II. Porosira Joergensen

2. Porosira glacialis (Grun.) Joergensen III. Coscinosira Gran

3. Coscinosira polychorda Gran V. Thalassiosira Cleve

4. Thalassiosira bioculata (Grun.) Osten-feld

5. Th. decipiens (Grun.) Joergensen 6.. Tb gravida Cleve 7: Th nordenskiôldii Cleve

Coscinodiscoideae Schûtt

V. Coscinodiscus Ehrenberg 8. Coscinodiscus centralis Ehrinberg 9. C. curvatulus Grunow 10. C. Oculus iridis Ehrenberg

Solenlineae Schûtt Soleniaceae Schiitt

VI. Rhizosolenia Ehrenberg « 11. Rhizosolenia hebetata f. hiemalis

Grunow 12. Rh. styliformis Brightwell

Biddulphiineae Schûtt Chaetoceraceae Schiitt

VII. Chaetoceros Ehrenberg 13. Chaetoceros atlanticus Cleve 14. Ch. borealis Bailey 15. Ch. compressus Lauder 16. Ch. concavicornis Mangin 17. Ch. convolutus Gastracane 18. Ch. debilis Cleve

• 19. Ch. densus Cleve 20. Ch. furcellatus Bailey 21. Ch. septentrionalis Oestrup 22. Ch. socialis Lauder 23. Ch. subsecundus (Grunow) Hustedt

Biddulphiaceae

Eucampioideae Schiitt

VIII. Eucampia Ehrenberg 24. Eucampia zoodiacus Ehrenberg

B. P enn al es Schiitt

Bd Araphineae Fragilarlaceae Schutt

Fragilarioideae Schûtt

IX. Fragilaria Lyngbye 25. Fragilaria islandica Grunow 26. F. cylindrus Grunow 27. F. oceanica Ci eve

X. Thalassionema Grunow 28. Tbalassionema nitzschioides Grunow

XI. Synedra Ehrenberg 29. Synedra toxonoides var. curvata (Oest- .

rup) Hustedt 30. S. hyperborea var. rostellata Grunow

B.2 Monoaraphineae Achnanthaceae Schütt

XII. Achnanthes Bory 31. Achnanthes taeniata Grunow

B.3 Biraphineae Naviculaceae Schütt

XIII. Diploneis Ehrenberg: 32. Diploneis litoralis var. clathrata (Oast- . •

rup) Cleve 33. D. smithii (Brebisson) Cleve

XIV. Stauroneis Ehrenberg 34. Stauroneis acuta W. Smith

XV. Navicula Bory 35. Navicula derasa Grunow 36. N. detersa (Grunow) Gran

- 37. N. directa (W. Smith) RaIfs typ., var. genuina Cleve et var. subtilis (Greg.)

Cleve 38. N. gelida Grunow 39. N. granii (Joergensen) Gran 40. N. recurvata Gran 41. N. sibirica (Grunow) Cleve 42. N. superba (Cleve) Gran 43. N. transitans Cleve 44. N. triginicephala Cleve 45. N. valida Cleve et Grunow

XVI. Pinnularia Ehrenberg 46. Pinnularia quadratarea (W. Smith)

Cleve var. constricta Oestrup et var. stuxbergii Cleve

47. P. semiinflata Oestrup XVII. Pleurosigma W. Smith

48. Pleurosigma karianum Grunow 49. P. kjellmani Cleve 50. P. stuxbergii Cleve et Grunow var. rhom-

boides Cleve • XVIII. Amphiprora Ehrenberg

51. Amphiprora gigantea var. septentrio. nalis (Grunow) Cleve

52. A. hyperborea (Grunow) Gran

14. 53. A. kjellmani Cleve

XIX. Gomphonema Agardh 54. Gomphonema exiguum 'Utz. 55. G. kamtschaticum var. groenlandicum

Oestrup Nitzschiaceae (Schütt) Hustedt

XX. Nitzschia Hassall 56. Nitzschia angularis var. karlana Gru-

now 57. N. delicatissima Cleve 58. N. frigida Grunow 59. N. laevisiima Grunow 60. N. seriata Cleve

_ XXI. Hantzsehia Grunow 61. Hantzschia weyprechtii Grunow

In plankton collections of the Polar Basin, there

is a predominance of diatoms e and the more severe the overall

conditions in the sea the more nnticeable is the ii'

_predominance over peridinium. The quantitative development

. of diatone is even more noticeable - they are tens of - times

more numerous - than that of peridinium. This is Understandable

since the predominant forms of diatome are the arctic and

arctic-boreal, i.e., forms of the "spring" season of the

Polar Basin seas; whereas, the majority of - peridineans

are "summer" forms, appearing everywhere in the seas after •

the first massive development.of diatoms.

• Table II gives the data of Gran (1904) on the

composition of diatom flora in the Nansen collections. However,

15.

Nansen used a very loose-woven net; therefore, the

collections of phytoplankton were unusually poor in '

quality, Gran only found six plankton diatoms in

seven plankton collections. The qualitatively richest

hauls were those taken from October 12 to 24, 1893.

During the processing of all the collections of Nansen,

including the so-called ice collections which proved

to be most complete floristically, Gran recorded 84

forms of diatoms. The najority of them belonged to

cryophils, developing in large nuMbers in sea waters on

the lower surface and walls of the drifting sea ice. As

we can see, the collections of Nansen were somewhat different

from the collections of the "North Pole" Station; and when

raking a comparison, it is necessary to bear this in mind.

Table II also cites data on the overall composition

of Phytoplankton in the net collections of the drifting

ice-breaker, the "Sedov n . It is necessary to pause briefly

to consider these data and to compare the composition of

phytoplankton in the material of ice-breaker "Sedov u

(Usachev, 1946) and "North Pole" Station (Table 3). Let me

remind you that hauls of ice-breaker "Sedovn were conducted

by A.G. Efrmov during the drift from June 4 to October 14,

1939, i.e., at almost —the .same time of year, but somewhat

more southerly although also aboVe 850N.

Table 2

Cocmae eaopoceen e cernurv.c c6opax nicausmona ne Eapeurteea u Rapcnoeo mopea, e c6opax cmanquu eCcsepustit noeloc, u Opeanpo tleco 41n «Ceaoe»

06ntee ,Itteito}ItryT1111013t>te Itpcure- IlepaRititeit j[tiaTomonne Oenenue

DoRocm Bpoirt cGopon LIHROB 11tryviti0nte Urro111311

' pOCJleft A* I B•• A B A B A B A B .

13 a p e n n e n o m o p e • Ilo .Uonlienomymeinnuiany AnryeT 1921 r. . 68 — — --. — 29 43 36 53 3 4 Ifiteenen, 1928 3anamian no:tomnia (o6- Mail -- eenTn6pr,

inan enoinea) paantec Jin' . . 177 6 3 2 . 1 69 39 92 52 8 5 Kncenen, 1928

13ouwgnast nononnna AnryeT — magma

cenTaipn 1031 r. 110 2 3 j 1 - 47 43 56 ' 51 4 3 Yeagea, 1935

Rapenoe mope 3anannalt 11tICTb Anrycr — COU-

Tntiph 1925 r. 66 2 3 1 1 21 32 41 63 1 1 3aGenuna, 1930. Conepo-noeTognan nacTb OnTnGin, 1922 r. GO 1 2 1 2 12 20 44 73 2 3 Kneenea, 1938 UenTpanintmii pilon AnrycT 1934, 1936 -

n 1945 rr. . . 98 2 2 2 2 20 21 72 73 2 2 Yeagen, 1947a, 5 U 0 ii T p a JI h il ail

'I 3 C T h If OJI II p 11 0 r o Gaceeiina •

7.6 0 pr.r lIaneena npn OnTnGin,, 1893 r. . npeiiim eilipama» Ino.tn, — nagano 84 - He yKaamnalOTCR 84** He ynaaanu fpan, 1904 .

anryeTa 1894. r. . _ L'Gopm A. r: EtPpcmona Mont. — oirr1161i»

. . . c npeihinmanutero n/n 1939 r. .. . . . 56 1 2 2 11 47*** 84 — — Yeagee, 19466 «Cep,on» . .

:.Gophr H. 11. Mn mutina Ilionli — OirritGlib • . .

na cTattwist «Cenepinaii (oenonnort mare- • nome» pnan — anryeT)

1937 r: . . . . 68 — — 2 1 5 • 7 61**** 92 — -- IlacTosagee coo6•• '..6op1.! na eTaunint . «Ce- germe -

nepnwii T101110C — 4» 1954-1955 rr. • 12 — — — — 3 25 9 75 _ — Bitpnernc, 1957

: • .

• A — o6ntee n'ion° ni Ron; B — nucno Donon (n % or ociiuiero nucna). •• lionannritoutee 50.11fAl1IfItCTIi0 nonitannentirr IC cocrany neRonoit' Onopt.i.

••• 1111 ristm 13 Isitnott oTtiocturest ic icrittel ■tinn.t Ii 4101)NI3A1 Oeil 'mea. -•-• tl ■ s sm. :su 1. 11 :m III is., tss. it st 1.1ms.4.ss:es.s

17.

Key to Table II:

I. Composition of algae in net collections of plankton from the Barents and Kara Seas, in collections of "North Pole" Station and of the drifting ice-breaker, the "Sedov".

1. Reservoir •

A. Barents Sea

a) Along Kola Meridian b) Western half (total data) c) Eastern half

B. Kara Sea

a) Western part h) North-eastern part c) central region

C. Central part of the Polar Basin

a) Collection of Nansen during the drift of the "Franr

b) Collection of A.G. Efremov from the drifting ice-breaker "Sedov".

c) Collections of P.P. Shirshov at "North Pole" Station.

d) Collections at "North Pole Station - 4". 2. Ti me of collection

A. a) August, 1921 ID} May-Septemdber of various years c) August - beginning of Septenber, 1931

B. a) August-September, 1925 b) October, 1922 c) August, 1934, 1936 and 1945

C. a) October, 1893; July - beginning of August, 1894

b) July-October, 1939 c) July-October (basic matgrial - August,

1937 ci) 1954-1955

18.

3. Total number of algae species

4. Flagellates

I) A ii) Bt

Silicoflagellates

i) A ii) B a) Not indicated

6. Peridineans

i) A ii) B

7. Diatomaceous

0 A ii) B

8. Green . a) Not indicated

i) A ii) B

9. Source

A. a) Kiselev, 1928 h) Kiselev, 1928 c) Usachev, 1935

B. a) Zabelina, 1930 h) Kiselev, 1938 c) Usachev, 1947 a, b

C. a) Gran, 1904. h) Usachev, 1946 b c) Present data d) Virketis, 1957

A - total number of the species B - number of species (in. % of the total number) •

"The vast majority belong to ice flora 0

ileOf these, 13 species belong to cryophils and to flora of the benthos,

**** Of these, 32 species belong to cryophils and to flora of the benthos.

19.

In analysing the comparative data, we must

bear in mind that the hauls on board ice-breaker "Sedov"

were conducted by meansof a Juday net with mil], sieve

No 23-24 (N° 3 according to the old numeration), i.e.,

also from very loose-woven fabric. This explains the

absence of a whole series of minute diatoms without setae

(Navicula and others) in the collections of the "Sedov".

On the other hand, the loose-woven net allowed'the water to

pass through normally, filtering a greater amount of water

than in the case of the hauls at "North Pole" Station where

a net of extremely fine-woven fabric was used. For.this

reason, I shall 'tuft myself to comparative data on the

qualitative properties only (with the specified correction

in method) and shall not make quantitative comparisons.

As a result of processing the zooplankton in the /197 -

net samples, collected at "North Pole Station-4" (1954-1955),

M.A. Virketis (1957) presents the entire composition of

plankton algae encountered (according to identifications by

I.A. Kiselev) in "Appendix II". The hauls were conducted

by means of the sanie loose-meshed net as on the "Sedoe

(mash N° 23), The collections proved to be very poor:

a total of 12 species, 9 of which were diatoms; no observable

quantitative development was obtained in any e the hauls.

e

20.

It is now necessary to consider the composition

of phytoplankton from an ecologic-geograPhic.point of

view. Table IV gives the total:

distribution for the layer up to 50 m according to

biogeographic groupa. In the characterization of a for% .

I followed the directions of A. Link° (1907), I.A. Kiselev

(1925, 1932, 1939, 1950, 1957), Gran (1902), Hustedt

(1930-1959) and others. Only data on plankton forma , are

given in the Table.

Table III

(Du:non/with:molt cenuazz c6opoo eta cnzatiquu ieCecepubiii noiloc» U co opoms 8pcii;fict ezln «Ceâoo»

• Iipemne.- ai

Wryruxo- }Burn". Ilepnu- WIe nue ECH 0 - tz

13pemn cOopa a o

U ■,— (.) 4,..." 0 . o..— ..* 0

- . «. (.., 0 0 0 0 0 (7.• ° tz, c.- r: c.>

a o a o a o a o .1".; PI. g •Z.̀«

• .

r( C e B ep u r.i ii nonioc» 26.111-27.X 1937-r. — — 1 100 5 20 61 51 67. 50 eCeAos» 4:VI--14.X. 1939 r 1 — 2 50 6 17 47 66 56 59 05gne nn,ghi . • • • . --.' ......-- 1 ....... 1 -- 31 -- 33 --

Key to Table III:

I. Phytoplankton of net collections at "North Pole" Station and during the drift of ice-breaker "Sedov".

1. Time of collection

a) "North Pole" 26.VI 27.X, 1937 b) "Sedov" - 14.X, 1939 0) General species

2 2

2 1 — 1 2 8 11

10 13 7 7

5 29 35

2. Flagellate

i) number ii) % of total.

Silicoflagellates

i) number ii) % of total

Peridineans

i) number ii) % of total

21.

4 .

5. Diatoms

i) number ii) % of total

6. Number in the collections

7. % of total

Table IV

Buozeoepautiecnan xapcunnepucmurea eumonAanznnona no c6opo.11 cmantitiu «Ceoepublii noaloo (0.4s cizoa 0-50 .44)

OKeamplecitne HepuTlinecicue

Ppynna E

Bcc

ro t

rulo

n

.0

be= 6 2 a

..1

0. 0

4DM.. .F7'.

à E.' "

o.

me.

M

. lipeuriewryrintosme . . . . IleprrAnnerr . . • ..... AnaTomen IlToro BIUJ OB . .

Key to Table IV:

I. The biogeographic nature of phytoplankton according to the collections of "North Pole' Station (for the 0-50 m layer).

22.

1. Group

a) Flagellates b) Peridineans 0) Diatoms d) Sum total of species

2. Oceanic

i) arctic ii) arctic-boreal iii) boreal

3. Neritic

i) arctic ii) arctic-boreal iii) boreal

I. Species total

Of the 35 plankton forms, 13 or 37% are arctic,

9 or 26% are arctic-boreal and 13 or 37% are boreal.

The neritic assemblage, (23 forms) predominates

in the plankton composition, with the greater majority

belonging to arctic and arctic-boreal forms. The majority

of the 12 forms of the oceanic_complex are boreal. In both

cases, the phytOplankton consist primarily'of diatoms which

are generally dominated in the Polar Basin seas by neritic,

arctic and arctic-boreal forms, forming the entire "spring"

flora; the oceanic boreal flora mainly form the "summer"

flora. Thus, among plankton algae, we Observe' a predominance

(more than 60% of the entire number of forms) of neritic /19,8

t-lacurra ncTpenae-

MOCTII, OT ;lc.= ncex ripe;

0,4, ynacinn no Guomacce no Tex nnotiam,

noTopux ucTpenannch

nakune iPoomm

% riar" ,t no imo-

Nacce BO neex ripo-

Gm ,

Bonopocax

9 39 89 82 86 • 7 •

86 86 82 79 72

27 19 0,3

92 9

4 1 4

30 21

4

2 4 1 5

23.

arctic and arctic-boreal forms. .If, we add to this

the non-plankton diatoms which in the overwhelming

majority of cases, apparently, also belong to arctic

(mentie) species, then the composition of algae in

the processed collectiens will definitely take on features

of the arctic and arctic-boreal type. When calculating

biomass, we see a clearly outlined dominance of arctic

forma. This suggests those conditions in Which vegetation

of polar plankton occurs: surface layer (up to 30-50 m) -

layer of arctic waters - without any evident influence of

the Atlantic, and constant presence of ice.'

Table V - OumonnartKmou e cenutbzx c6opax ija 'maul/ tu uèesepublii. no.ztoc»

% no ocpeartennbtat batetbist) •

• Bacillarlophyta: Melosira arctica Thalassiosira spp. Porosira spp. ,

•Coseinosira spp., Coscinodiscus spp. . .Rhizosolenia spp. Chaetoceros spp. Fragllaria spp., Achnanthes spp. . .

'Navicula spp., Gomphonema sp. . . • Nitzschia frigida, N. seriata Bee Pyrrophyta

Key to Table V:

I. Phytoplankton in net collections at "North Pole" Station (in % according to averaged data)

1. Algae

2. Incidence, % of the number of all samples.

24.

3. % of biomass in those samples in which the given form were encountered

4. % of biomass in all samples

Let us turn to a more detailed considei.ation of

phytoplankton (Table 5). We shall begin mith its-leading

part-diatomaceous algae.

Dominant among diatome in phytoplankton are Discoineae-

Coscinodiscaceae. Among these, a dominant position is occupied

by the following species: Porosira glacialis, Goscinosira

polychorda, Thalassiosira bioculata, Th. eravida and Th.

nordenskaldii. The biomass of these forme ranged within

the limits of 24 and 98%, with biomass of P. glacialis

accounting for 60%, in rare cases comprising less than

10% of the entire biomass of phytoplankton. An average

of 27% of the biomass of all collections was attributed to

P. glacialis whose incidence was 84%. The incidence of species

of Thalassios ira was 89% of all hauls; their biomass accounted

for 45% of the entire biomass in the sample (Station 6, August 4, 1937), occupying an average of 19% for all collections.

The sane position was occupied by C. polychorda, which together

with certain representatives of genus Coscinodiscus was predominant

in some parts of the stations and accounted for 39-48% of the entire biomass of phytoplankton in the haul. The incidence

of this species was 86%; the average pereentage of biomass

for all samples was 19%.

25.

Among Soleniineae„ only genus Rhizosolenia was

encountered, with two species having almost no importance

at all since they were only found at two stations and in

very linited nunhers (7% of the biomass of the sample).

From among Biddulphiineae, genus Chaetoceros with its /199

11 species had enormous significance. Ch. atlanticus (86%)

is first in terns of incidence; Ch. social's is second.

The latter species was the quantitatively dominant form.

During its massive development (end of August to the

beginning of September), Ch. socialis characterized the

nbloomingn of the mater and accounted for up to 70% of the

• entire biomass of phytoplankton in the hauls. If we take

into account its development for the entire period of research,

then the biomass of Ch. socialis averaged 15-17%. On the

Murnan Coast (the coastal strip from Kildin Island to Svyatoi

Nos Cape), Ch. socialis appears among plankton in March' and

attains its massive development in April (Kamshilov, Zelikman,

Rolikhiyainen, 1958).

The remaining species of Chaetoceros, although

encountered rather frequently in the collections studied

(Ch. furcellatus, Ch. debilisi Ch. borealis), always occupied

a subordinate position, each taken individually according

to its biomass. But, in general, the entire geniis Chaetoceros

had a very high index of 86% in terms of incidence and an index

of 22% in terms of biomass of all samples.

26.

Thirty-six species were counted in group Pennales,

i.e., approximately 60% of all diatoms encountered during

the processing of the material collected.

As is known, the vast majority of species of Pennales

belong to benthonic forms; namely, they occupy the surface

of the hard substratae of the litoral zone and participate

in the massive overgrowth of under-water vegetation (mainly,

higher algae). But, among them, we can count more than a score

of forms which are encountered in plankton. Seven such

species may be counted among the specified 35. Therefore,

28 are non-plankton Pennales, i.e., approximately one half

of the entire species composition of diatoms. The presence

of these benthonic species are also a very characteristic

feature of the collections of "North Pole" Station.

Considering the ecologic nature of benthonic species,

we note that the majority of them belong to so-called ice

farms - cryophils (Gran, 1904; Palibin, 1903-1906, 1925;

Shirshov, 1937; Usachev, 1948, 1949), which develop in mass

quantity on the lower side of sea ice or on the cornices,

projections and in the depressions on its walls in the water.

Accumulations of such diatoms may break off from the substrata

and may swim for some time with the dying phytoplankton (for

example, Nitzchia frigide . and Fragilaria. oceanica) between the

27.

ice on the surface of the sea as rather large slimy or

porous farms. It is namely to such "ice-clinging" '

accumulations of diatoma . that F. Nansen turned his

attention-during his expedition on the "Firm" (Gran 1904);

the same thing was repeatedly noted by I.D. Papanin ( 1938,

1940) in his polar observations. According to the data of

Gran (1904), a massive development of algae near the "Framr

was observed July 18-27 and August 3-5. I.D. Papanin

writes of this phenomenon in hie diary August 3, 5, 20 and.

27 . as can be seen from the dates cited, the periods are very

close.

Three quarters of the non-plankton diatoms are

indicated in all of the ice collections of Nansen (Gran,

1904) and, according to the data on material of previous

authors cited by Gran, they belong to typical cryophils

in conditions of drifting ice. To the latter, from Centrales,

we must assign diatom Melosira arctica, which forma large

slimy masses on ice walls (Palibin, 1903-1906; Usachev, 1935,

1948, 1949). Chaetoceros seDtentrionalis, considerably more

rare Thalassiasira bioculata, and sone others are also necessary

components of the diatom accumulations—no longer slimy but

porous, almost without mucus. The biomass of such evident

cryophils, in the net collections which were studied, accounted

for approximately 20% of the entire biomass of the sample in a

28.

number of hauls (Stations 2, 3, 6 - July 11, July 24 and

August 4, respectively). These algae which were encountered /200

at all stations and in all hauls constituted 5-5% of the biomass of all collections. The insignificance of the ,

last figure should be explained by the method of collections

since the net did not catch the lower surface of the ice .

floes or else it closed below the surface horizon at a depth

of 2-1m,

Typical among Naviculaceae were Navicula directa,

N. trigonocephala, N. selida, N. recurvata, N. sibiricai

and also Pinnularia quadratarea var , stuxbergii et var.

constricta, Pleurosigma stuxbergii, P. klellmani, Diploneis

litoralis var. clathrata. Belonging to genera Amphirrora

and Gomphonema were representatives A. hyperborea, A. Figantea

var. septentrionlis, Gomrhonema exiguum, G. kauntschaticum.

The most frequent forms of Fragiltiriaceae in the collections

were pragilaria oceanica and P. islandica. Encountered in almost

every sample (86%), theae forms accounted for up to 17%

of the entire biomass of the sample in June; and later, they

developed unremittingly although they yielded to other diatoms

in terms of biomass. Both forma accounted for an average of

2-3% of the biomass of ai]. collections. Achnanthes taeniata

played a subordinate role.

Dominant among Nitzschiaceae plankton were Nitzschia seriata

and N. 4rigida. They were encountered in almost every haul

29.

(73e; however, their greatest biomass was 5%; the average

for all collections was 1% of the entire biomass of all

samples.

The total incidence of peridineans was 72% of all

samples; up to the September hauls, the biomass was extremely

'modest'and rarely exceeded 1% of the entire biomass of

plankton in a sample. A sudden change occurred in the

increase of biomass of peridineans in the middle of September

(station 10, SepteMber 11) when their biomass comprised 19

and even 41% of the haul.

Since Peridineans are primarily "sumnme forma, then

precisely this sudden change in SepteMber determined the summer

season. The average biomass for all samples was 4%. Peridinium

islandieum was dominant among peridineans.

Two organisms which have not been precisely identified

hitherto and, therefore, not indicated in my classification

list still remain to be mentioned: these are Echinum minus

and Eehinum majus '(Meunier, 1910). They are rather common among

plankton in the Polar Basin seas, and in the material in

question they were noted at each station in very small numbers.

For a more realistic representation of the composition

of phytoplankton by layera and its change in the space of time,

I selected 5 stations with equal hauls - stations 5, 6, 8, 9

30

and 10; in addition, the data for stations 5 and 6 were coàbined since the samples at these stations were taken

at approximately the saine tine,(Fig.- 1).

The distribution of phytoplankton in the middle

layer (10-20 u) differs somewhat from that of the others

due to an increase in the development of Chaetoceros socialis

at station 8 (August 20), not observed in the other layers

for the sans time. Thalassios ira was dominant in the 20-30 m

layer, and Porosira glacialie in the 10-20 m layer at almoet

all stations. The biomass of Coscinosira, mainly, Coseinodiscus

centralis was greatest at the beginning of August in the

0-10 m surface layer, sharply diminishing in the 20-30 in

layer.

All the graphe of Fig. 2 show that the study encompassed

the entire period of de'velopment of Chaetoceroe ,

Ch. socialis)--from the beginning until "blooming" (50-67%

of the entire biomase)--and the formation of spores. Such a

feature of narked contracted vegetation of the basic dominant

is, probably, a very characteristic feature in the development

of phytoplankton of high latitudes. The quantity of Fragilaria

and Achananthes is greatest in the 20-30 m layer, although,

in general, it is rather insignificant, put constant. The same

cari be said of non-plankton Navieula, Gomnhonena and others.

31.

The quantity of Nitzschia in the 0-10 m layer is

very small; at the end of August it increases in other

layers, the increase being very evident in the 10-20 m

layer. Peridineans, as more boreal "summer" forma, stand

out distinctly in all layers after station 9 by September 11.

Fig. id, combining all data on layers up to 30 m, defines well

the role of all phytoplankton components in time, showing

especially the "Chaetoceraceae cycle" with a predominance of

ChetOceros socialis.

Let us now turn to a consideration of the seasonal

phenomena in phytoplankton. Speaking about the biological

spring Which was Observed during the drift, I.D. Pananin

writes: a noticeable development of phytoplankton

began in the last ten days of July in the upper layers of

the sea: the hydrobiological spring had now begun for our

latitudes" (1940, P. 52). P.P. Shirshov (1944) cites the

sa* data in his article on the scientific results of the

drift of "North Pole" Station, briefly mentioning that seasonal

phenamana were clearly marked and that a sharp increase was

Observed in the quantity of phytoplankton in August.

The Works of P.P. Shirahov (1936, 1937, 1938) and

V.G. Bogorov (1938, 1941), throw sufficient light on the

seasonal phenomena in the life of plankton in tïde polar seas.

LUZ

Thelassiostra

Porosira

Chaetoceras; saciali3

/- /

--Peridineee

Parosira

o Thalussiosire

32.

Coecinasira 4

-FVOscinocirscus

Chaetaceros . socialis i__LCheetoceros

(ocvnerible) (remainder) ‘--caope spores / Frogilaria. ,...!2-4,achnolittes

-Novicule • etc Nitzschie

_4--Peridi osas

Navicula etc Navicula etc Navicula etc 'itzschia

ChcretecereS (ocmonblibie)

(remainde 4por

_Fragile 4c1manthes

.--enele rpor _Fragile

4c1manthes

8 .9 10 ,

1.1Z 1111 Cm 5 5

2-41.151 20111 •ir ro

flu Cm 5-5

20.71

•

Cescinosue+ "4-Coscimacliscus

Chaetoceros - i(ocrnemaleple) lremainde

cnopin spor FraQilaria Wcleienthes Navicula etc. Nitzsclile

Chaetacera, (olmanbee) (r emaind er) cllopai spores

+Achnanthe3 Navicule etc

Nitzschm Peridineee

f/ '11

r1 /

1/1

Coscinastral; +Cascimall'iscul

')

S Cheetaceros • samele

y•

I

Cm 5-8 8 . 9 10 Cm 55 8 .9 10 . 2-11.Iff 20 ZIŒ 1.2 KU' 2-e1! 20.111 1.2 tt.ff •

Pitc. 1. CocTaB dirronnamwrolia (B % OT 06Mer1 6110MaCCLI) B uplinonlocHom paffoHe . no c6opam cTarqux uCesepmer mum» 1

1 yer--a r .-- B cnoe 0-10 e; 6 — B cnoe 10-20 et: e — B caoe 20-30 "; 8 "— B caoe 0-30 J4

Fig. 1. Çomposition of phytoplankton (% of total biomass) 'in the polar region according to the collections of "NorthPolen station.

.33.

Using the data of P.P. Shirshov, We can find representatives

of both "spring" and "summer" species in the collections

studied.

Included in "early spring" or "spring" species are

the following 12 diatoms. All of them are neritic, arctic

(8 species) or arctic-boreal (4 species) forms: Melosim

arctica, Porosira elacialis, Coscinosira polychorda,

Thalassiosira gravida, Th. bioculatae Fragilaria islandica,

F. oceanica, Achnanthes taeniata, Amphiprora hyperborea,

Navicula granii, Nitzschia frigida, N. delicatissima.

It would seem that Coscinodiscus centralis should

, also be assigned to the "spring" tbrms (Voronkov and

Krechman, 1939), but its seasonal nature has only been

studied in the conditions of the White Sea.

Chaetoceros turcellatus and Ch. socialis of the

"late spring" species of phytoplankton have been detected.

Both of these forms are neritic; the first is arctic and the

second, arctic-boreal.

To "summer" forms, P.P. Shirshov (1937) assigns

Chaetoceros atlantiaus, Ch. borealis, Ch. compressus,

Ch. convolutus, Ch. debilis, Ch. subsecundus, Eucampia ■I• r

zoodiacus, Peridinium achromaticum. P. arassiPeS, 1.

islandicus, P. minuscultua, P. pellucidum. Of these; 5 are

il eetemue

. sprIng Becemyele spring

ecezeowe I te spri

\Mg

, mele, twee e,

undéfined se un' "emia,2 summer 10 5b

2-«711 • 20.111 1.41 MLT 1-41•711 . Om. 5-0 .8

20.J7 M,T

ercehme spring

ikagifeilechwas _late sprj

flecemiue spring

/7e7dIreeecemite

late spri

mer e ss

1.LT 11.11 2-41.22 e • .9 10

20.E1 1.2" 1111 8

20E1 Cm 5-6

2-4' 2)71

71ennitie h'epn,o,Opearag cesolla

Heonpedenchwoza , • =wig El-e±^±1telit—Seet-81319

e,

Fig. 2. Composition of phytoplankton (% of total. biomass) according to the "seasonality" of species'in the polar region according to the collections of "NorthPole" Station.

The graphs were made with consideration to the species of the "undefined season", a, a' - in layers 0 - 10m and 10 - 20m; b, b' - in layers 20 - 30m and 0 - 30m

35.

oceanic, boreal species and 7 are neritic and.arctic-boreal.

The latter group is debatable since, according to their .

present ecologic nature, it would seen4.Ch. subsecundus

and Ch. debilis, the vegetation of which is limited to

late periods following spring "blooming" of the sea, should .

belong to'species which are closer to the boreal than to

the arctic-boreal. In addition, I assign the spores of late

spring species, Q. furcellatus and Ch. socialis to' n eumnern

forms, as cells forming in the "summer" period in the

vegetation cycle of the specified forme.

Among the forms of the "undefined" season for the

Arctic seas, P.P. Shirshov (1937) listed the following

6 diatoms: Thalassios ira nordenskiBldii, Coscinodiscus

oculus iridis (although he attaches this diatom to "summer"

species in another case), Rhizosolenia bebetata f. hiemalis,

Rh. styliformis, Chaetoceros septentrionalis, Nitzschia

seriata.

Discrepancy in the determination of seasonality

of species in arctic conditions mainly concern Th. nordenskiBldii

and N. seriata since I.V. Palibin (1903-1906) records them

in the group of "spring" collections together with Chaetoceros

furcellatus and Ch. socialis. At present, forme of the

nundefinedn season have already acquired the necessary L22

36.

8ecemue spring

gee,fume spring

mumeeceme late spring

emme 8 — 10 56

241.111 20.EI MT MT Cm 5-8

Z 11.181

a '

8ecemue spring

Cm 5-8 8 enz

eoelleiec://eue ate spring

10 fif 11.Œ

20.EΠ1.1r 11,1

Figure 3. Seasonal species in the composition of phytoplankton (% of the total biamass) according to the polar region according to the collections of "North Pole" Station.

The graphs were made without consideration to species of the "undefined season" , a, a' - in layers 0 - 10m and 10 - 20m; b, bt - in layers 20 -'30m and 0 - 30m

I 4

37.

characterization: Th. nordenski81dii and Rh. hebetata

f. hiemalis have been assigned to arctic-boreal species,

cryophil Ch. septentrionalis to arctic and the remainder

to boreal species.

The remaining forms of all collections, not listed

by P.P. Shirshov (1937) according to their seasonality,

I have-assigned to species of the "undefined season" mainly

because their seasonality remains debatable in view of the

absence of the exact ecologic nature of these forms. The

majority of them were subordinate coimponents of phytoplankton

and did not form significant biomass, although their total

biomass at the beginning of vegetation (for example, August

2-4) constituted 40% of all biomass at the expense of

Coscinodiscus centralis.

For a more definite conclusion on seasonality,

I shall use the sa me stations as in the previous case

(Fig. 2). An initial glance at the graphs already defines

the particular feature of the composition: the predominance /204

of "spring" and "late spring" forms. The latter (for

. example Ch. sociilis) increase very significantly quantitatively

from the beginning of AUgust and end their cycle of development

by September

3 8.

The relatively large quantity of species of the

"undefined season" at the beginning of vegetation (17-45%)

gradually decreases to 11%. In the first case, Coscinodiscus

oculus iridis, C. centralis t Thalassiosira nordenskaldiil

Nitzschia serata and some non-plankton forms predoninated.

However, it night also be necessary in our conditions to .

assign C. centralis to the "spring" species as P.P. Vorohkov

and G.V. Brechman did for the White Sea (1939).

P.P. Shirshov does not give the seasonal nature

of this diatom. Initially, "summer" speCies form a very '

small biomass which increases to 18-30% only by September /20-5

11 at the expense of peridinean and spores of Chaetoceros.

"Spring" species were predominant at the beginning

of observations and towards the end of vegetation; in August,

they withdrew to second place due to the massive development

of Chaetoceros socialis.

There is no fundamental difference in the distribution

by layer, although "late spring" species in both the 10-20 m

layer and the 20-30 m layer predominate more constantly

in terms of biomass. The average data for the entire 0-30 m

layer have a levelled-off nature as resulting observations

by layer„

39.

The overall picture of the composition, of

phytoplankton without the species of the "undefined

season" remains as before (Fig. 3). The characteristic

feature of the collections under study is more distinctly

defined: the predominance of "spring" forms at the

beginning and at the end of vegetation and of "late

spring" forms in the second half of August.

Thus, we may MI=0 that in the central part o

of the Polar Basin, north of 84-85 N., among phytoplankton,

there is a predominance of "spring" ("early spring") flora

with an,increase of "late spring" species in the middle

of vegetation or that the entire brief development of

phytoplankton encompasses onlY the "spring" species and

that the "summer" species play a very insignificant role

even towards the end of vegetation. This conclusion

corroborates very well the conclusion stated earlier by

I.V. Palibin (1903-1906) about the contracted Vegetation

processes in the northern seas. It also corresponds very

well with the position expressed by V.G. Bogorov (1938,

1941) on the monocyclical feature of the polar seas in the

quantitative development of plankton, but introduces a

correction in the change of their seasons as to phytoplankton.

40.

• B.G. Bogorov considers that spring, summer and autumn

in the Polar Basin occur during August and Septe.nber;

whereas, the given data indicates that for the vegetation

of algae in the central part of the Polar Basin there is

only one clearly marked season - the spring season,

with a complete cycle of vegetation of arctic and

arctic-boreal species, i.e., "spring" and "late spring"

forms.

To the characterization of phonological features in

nature in the ocean at the North Pole, We ought to attribute

a curious fact: whenthm massive species of phytoplankton -

Chaetoceros socialis - near the coast of Murom appears

among plankton in March and multiplies to "blooming" of the

sea in April, then at the North Pole it reaches its

quantitative maximum in August. This fact indicates quite

specificially that spring in the ocean at the North Pole is

four months "late" as compared to the southern part of the

Barents Sea.

CONCLUSIONS

1. On the drifting station "North Pole", we set

up 14 plankton stations, at which fractional hauls were

conducted using a Juday net with a cone consisting of siik

14.1.

o mill sieve N° 77 (N 25 according to the old numeration).

The collections of phytoplankton were made from the pole o

to 84 N. from June 26 . to October 27, 1937. Twenty-eight

samples were processed with 22 of these processed from

August 2 to September 11.

2. The quantitative processing showed that in the

0-50 m layer the greatest quantity of phytoplankton

(97% of the biomass, summed up according to collections

for the entire period of research), was observed in August.

As a result of the August vegetationo \biomass was

greatest in the collections of phytoplankton on September 1,

1937 (approximately 120 in/m3 for the 0-30 m layer);

subsequently, it decreased abruptly. Thus, we may assume

that the entire vegetation period of phytoplankton in the

polar region lasts one month. Biomass of phytoplankton

during the remaining time of research accounted for 1-3%

of the biomass of ail hauls.

3. At the beginning of August, the greatest number of

phytoplankton was eserved in the 0-10 m layer and the

second largest number ih the 10-20 m layer. The entire

biomass of algae for the period from August 2 to Septerdber 11

was distributed according to layers as follows: 0-10 m layer,

28%; 10-20 m layer, 49%; 20-30 m layer, 22%; 0-30 m layer, 99%.

4. Sixty-eight forms of algae were found in the

samples: silicoflagellates (Chrysophyta, Silicoglagellatae)

were represented by two varieties; peridineans (Pyrrophyta),

by 5 species (7%); diatoms (Bacillariophyta), by 61 species

(92%) . The latter include 21 genera.

5. In comparing the number of phytoplankton'in the

net hauls at the polar stations (according to data in the

literature and our own data) and the Barents and Kara seas,

we notice a gradual increase Ln the predominance of diatoms

in the overall composition of phytoplankton (% of the

total biomass): Barents Sea, 39-43% peridineans and •

51-53% diatoms; Kara Sea, 21-32% peridineans and 63-73%

diatoms; central part of the Polar Basin, 7% peridineans and

92% diatoms,

6. In accordance with the biogeographical nature of

the 0-30 (50) m layer, the predominant phytoplankton forma

are neritic-arctic and arctic-boreal (more than 60% of the

total composition), comprising completely the "spring" and

"late spring" flora. The arctic and arptic-boreal nature of

the plankton species examined is particularly emphasized in

the data on biomass which indicate thnse features in which

vegetation of algae takes place: freshened surface layer

(up to 30-50 ni) - the layer of Arctic waters without evident

influence of "fresh" waters of the Atlantic, and the influence

1■ '

43.

. of such an important ecologic factor as the presence of

ice.

7. According to predominance in biomass and

incidence or leading species, Porosira glacialis and

Chaetoceros socialis are first and the species of Thalassiosira

and Coscinodiscus polychorda are next. Although Nitzschia

frigida, N. seriata, species of Fragilaria and Achnanthes

taeniata are constantly encountered, their biomass in the

samples was not greater than 5%.

A very characteristic feature.of the collections is

the constant presence or benthonie diatona-cryophils:

species of Navicula, Pinnularia, Gomphonema and others. Their

-biomass in a layer of water attained an average of 4% (up to

15% in individual samples). Peridineans accounted for an

average of 4% of the entire mass of phytoplankton. -

8. During the examination of the distribution of

biomass of basic phyteplankton forms in tine, according to

layer, it was seen that in the 0-30 m layer, August encompassed

the entire basic period of vegetation of diatoms Chaetoceros

socialis (to nblooming n and the beginning.of the formation

of quiescent srores). At the beginning and end of vegetation

of phytoplankton, Poros ira, Thalassiosira, Cose4nsira

and others predaminated. Thus, another feature of polar

phytoplankton is the massive development of Chaetoceraceae

plankton (Chaetoceros socialis) in an extremely contracted

period- during a single month, August.

9. An analysis or the composition of polar région

phytoplankton from the point of view of seasonal nature

showed that for the entire period of vegetation arctic and

arctic-boreal species clearly predominated, which determined

the "spring" character in the composition of plankton.

"Summer" forms (boreal type) in appreciable quantity (up

to 22% of the biomass) only appear at the very end of

vegetation.

10. In comparing the appearance of the predominant

species Chaetoceros socialis in plankton and its massive

quantitative development to the time of "blooming" at the

Murman Coast and at the North Pole, we may say that spring '

in plankton for the North Pole occlirs after a "delay" of tour

months as compared to the southern regions of the Barents Sea.

45.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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S14.

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TRANSLATION BUREAU

FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION

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DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE

CANADA)

CITY

VILLE

DI VISION/ • RANCH

DIVISION/DIRECTION DEPARTMENT

MINISTRE

OUR NO. NOTRE N °

7557

SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT

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YOUR NO. VOTRE N °

Fisheries Research Office of the EditoI Ottawa Board of Canada

LANGUAGE

LANGUE

aerman and FRENCH into English

ANSLA TOR (INI TIALS) TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES)

E.C. 25 March 1969

DATE

RE GERMAN AND FRENCH TITLES IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RUSSIAN ARTICLE:

p. 208

(German) 34. GRAN, H.H., 1902. The plankton of the Norwegian Sea.

" 36. HUSTEDT,Fr.,1930T1959. The diatoms. x Rabenhorst's

cryptogamic flora of Germany, etc., Vol. 7.

(French) 37. MOUNIER, A. 1910. The microplankton of the Barents and

Kara Seas.

Translator's Note: "Kieselalgan" would seem to be a misprint. It is aSsumed this should read "Kieselalgen" (diatoms).

10..31

}, , t J iist. e 111'

IITEPATVPA

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