TRANSIT ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT: SOME
REFLECTIONS
Arturo Ardila-Gomez
Global Lead Urban Mobility
Transport and ICT Global Practice
TDD Framework Presentation #1
November 2, 2016
3-D VS. 3-d AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
We want urban development around 3-D:
Dense, Diverse, Design
1
3-D VS. 3-d AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
But frequently we get 3-d:
disperse, distant, disconnected
2
H + T + I =
good housing
3-D VS. 3-d AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
8/9/2017 3
Public transportation Automobile
Buenos Aires, Argentina
***Using Free Flow Speeds
3-D VS. 3-d AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Good urban transport is critical to achieving
3-D and not 3-d.
But which kind of urban transport?
4
WHAT WE WANT: HITS!
HITS
Hierarchically
Integrated
Transit
System
HITS
New York City
Tokyo
Seoul
Paris
London
Washington DC
Santiago de Chile
Quito (coming soon)
Mexico city (hopefully coming soon)
Rio de Janeiro?
5
WHAT WE WANT: HITS!
Hierarchically
Metro corridors
BRT corridors
Feeder buses
Buses in mixed
traffic
Integrated
Physical
Fare
Operational
Transit
System
Good-quality
public
transport
service that
serves clients’
at minimum
cost
6
HITS AND TRANSIT ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT
7
Transit
Oriented
Development
Density Diversity Design
NO HITS
Lower
capacity,
lower density
Long
commutes
on poor
Negative
externalities
HITS
Higher
capacity,
higher
density
More
diversity as
travel is
easier
Positive
externalities
EXAMPLE OF QUITO AND ITS HITS
8
EXAMPLE OF QUITO AND ITS HITS
9
OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
1.Let market forces work, but guide them
10
OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
11
Example: allow higher densities around
mass transit (Arlington Virginia, USA)
Source: Brosnan, 2010.
OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
2. Have Enabling
Legislation, e.g.:
1.Mixed land use
2. Public spaces
12
OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
2. Have Enabling
Legislation, e.g.:
3. High floor area
ratio.
4. Value capture
mechanisms
13
OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
3. Have a very good Property Tax System:
1.Cadastre updated yearly
2.Enforcement
3.Ability to manage complaints
14
OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
15
Vallejo and Soler, 2012.
EXAMPLE OF TOD: ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA,
USA, AFTER 4O YEARS
16
Source: Brosnan, 2010.
TOD AND POOR AREAS
17
3-d
TOD AND POOR AREAS
18
3-d
TOD AND POOR AREAS
19
3-D
TOD AND POOR AREAS
Example of Bogotá
20
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Poor areas Middle class areas Wealthy areas
Density (people per Km2)
PARADOX
21
Wealthy areas meet cannons of TOD
yet they have the lowest density.
3-D costs more than 3-d
PARADOX IS SOLVED VIA:
22 Presentation Title
Economic growth and higher income
per capita make 3-D affordable
Yet higher income can bring about
changes in preferences
HOUSING CAR USE
23 Presentation Title
HOWEVER, NEW GENERATIONS
SEEM TO:
1. Prefer public transport and NMT
over private car.
2. Prefer higher urban densities
and mixed land use.
24
HOWEVER, NEW GENERATIONS
SEEM TO:
Are these changes intra-
generational or inter-generational?
Fashionable or structural change?
25
AND BENEFITS OF TOD SEEM TO BE
SOLID AND RESILIENT
26
Attribute United States Arlington
Metro
Corridor
Households
with zero cars
10% 17.9%
Households
with 2 or more
cars
55% 25%
Commute by
transit
4.7% 23.3%
CONCLUSIONS
1.We want 3-D: Dense, Diverse, Design
2.We want HITS!
3.We want market forces at work
27
CONCLUSIONS
4. We want good enabling legislation
5. We want a very good property tax system
6. We want economic growth and income
growth
28
29
REFERENCES
Brosnan Robert, 2010. “40 Years of Transit Oriented Development.” A Presentation
to the Reston Land Use Task Force.
Vallejo, Gabriel and Diego Soler. 2012. “Manejo del Sistema Catastral: Caso
Bogota.”
Paez, Daniel, Juan Bocarejo, et al. 2017. “Mobility and urban life quality in a
developing city.” World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR 2016
Shanghai. 10-15 July 2016
Salat Serge and Ollivier Gerald. 2016. “The 3V Framework: Maximizing Economic
Opportunities in TOD station Areas by Matching Place, Node, and Market
Potential Value. World Bank.
30
REFERENCES
Hiroaki Suzuki, Robert Cervero, and Kanako Luchi. 2013. “Transforming Cities with
Transit.” World Bank.
Hiroaki Suzuki, Murakami, Jin, Hong, Yu-Hong, Tamayase, Beth. 2015. “Financing
Transit Oriented Development with Land Values: Adapting Land Value Capture
in Developing Countries.”
31
Transit oriented development: some reflections
3-D vs. 3-d and public transport
3-D vs. 3-d and public transport
3-D vs. 3-d and public transport
3-D vs. 3-d and public transport
What we want: HITS!
What we want: HITS!
HITS and Transit Oriented Development
Example of Quito and its HITS
Example of Quito and its HITS
Other elements for Tod
Other elements for Tod
Other elements for Tod
Other elements for Tod
Other elements for Tod
Other elements for Tod
Example of tod: Arlington, Virginia, Usa, after 4o years
TOD and poor areas
TOD and poor areas
TOD and poor areas
TOD and poor areas
PARADOX
PARADOX IS SOLVED VIA:
Yet higher income can bring about changes in preferences
However, new generations seem to:
However, new generations seem to:
AND BENEFITS OF TOD SEEM TO BE SOLID AND RESILIENT
Conclusions
Conclusions
Slide Number 30
References
References
