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Transceiver

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Page 1: Transceiver

• transceiver

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html

Page 2: Transceiver

Transceiver

1 Technically, transceivers must combine a significant amount of the transmitter and receiver handling

Electronic circuit|circuitry

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Page 3: Transceiver

Transceiver - Radio technology

1 In radio terminology, a transceiver means a unit which contains both a receiver and a transmitter. From the

beginning days

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Page 4: Transceiver

Transceiver - Radio technology

1 An example of a transceiver would

be a walkie-talkie, or a CB radio.

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Page 5: Transceiver

Transceiver - RF Transceiver

1 The RF Transceiver uses RF modules for high speed data transmission. The micro electronic circuits in the digital-RF

architecture work at speeds up to 100GHz. The objective in the design was to bring

digital domain closer to the antenna, both at the receive and transmit ends using software

defined radio (SDR). The software-programmable digital processors used in the

circuits permit conversion between digital baseband signals and analog RF.

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Page 6: Transceiver

Transceiver - Telephony

1 On a wired telephone, the handset contains the transmitter and receiver for the sound reproduction|audio and in the 20th century was usually wired to the base unit by tinsel wire. The whole unit is colloquially referred to

as a receiver. On a mobile telephone or other radiotelephone, the entire unit is a transceiver, for both audio

and radio.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html

Page 7: Transceiver

Transceiver - Telephony

1 A cordless telephone uses an audio and radio transceiver for the

handset, and a radio transceiver for the base station. If a speakerphone is included in a wired telephone base

or in a cordless base station, the base also becomes an audio transceiver in addition to the

handset.

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Transceiver - Telephony

1 A modem is similar to a transceiver, in that it sends and receives a signal, but a modem uses modulation and demodulation. It modulates a signal being transmitted and demodulates

a signal being received.

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Page 9: Transceiver

Transceiver - Ethernet

1 Transceivers are called Transmission medium|Medium Attachment Units

(Medium Attachment Unit|MAUs) in IEEE 802.3 documents and were widely used

in 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 Ethernet networks. Fiber-optic gigabit Ethernet|gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet utilize

transceivers known as GBIC, SFP transceiver|SFP, SFP+, XFP, XAUI and C

Form-factor Pluggable|CFP.

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Page 10: Transceiver

Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders

1 A combination of a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver; it

converts an electrical signal to and from an optical signal.There is

usually types transceiver based on WDM technology.

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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders

1 ** Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers:Channel 17 to Channel 61 according to ITU-T.

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Page 12: Transceiver

Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders

1 A transponder can be made up of two transceivers placed after each

other: the first transceiver converting the 1550nm optical signal to/from an

electrical signal, and the second transceiver converting the electrical signal to/from an optical signal at the

required wavelength

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Page 13: Transceiver

Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders

1 See also Transponders#Optical_communicatio

ns|transponders (optical communications) for different

functional views on the meaning of optical transponders.

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Page 14: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver

1 SFP transceivers are designed to support SONET, Gigabit Ethernet,

Fibre Channel, and other communications standards

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Page 15: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 SFP transceivers are available with a variety of transmitter and receiver types, allowing users to select the

appropriate transceiver for each link to provide the required optical reach over the available optical fiber type

(e.g. multi-mode fiber or single-mode fiber). Optical SFP modules are commonly available in several

different categories:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html

Page 16: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 * for multi-mode fiber, with black or beige extraction

lever

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Page 17: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 ** 'SX' - 850nm, for a maximum of 550m at 1.25Gbit/s (Gigabit

Ethernet) or 150m at 4.25Gbit/s (Fibre Channel)

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Page 18: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 * for single-mode fiber, with blue extraction lever

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Page 19: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 ** 'LX' - 1310nm, for distances up to

10km

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Page 20: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 ** 'EX' - 1310 nm, for distances up to 40 km

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Page 21: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 ** 'ZX' - 1550 nm, for distances up to

80 km

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Page 22: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 ** 'EZX' - 1550 nm, for distances up to

120 km

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Page 23: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 ** 'BX' - 1490nm/1310nm, Single Fiber Bi-Directional Gigabit SFP

Transceivers, paired as 'BS-U' and 'BS-D' for Uplink and Downlink

respectively, also for distances up to 10km. Variations of bidirectional

SFPs are also manufactured which use 1550nm in one direction.

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Page 24: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 ** 'SFSW' – Single Fiber Single Wavelength transceivers, for bi-

directional traffic on a single fiber. Coupled with CWDM, these double

the traffic density of fiber links.

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Page 25: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 ** CWDM and DWDM transceivers at various wavelengths achieving various maximum

distances

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Page 26: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types

1 ** '1000BASE-T' - these modules incorporate significant interface

circuitry and can only be used for Gigabit Ethernet, as that is the

interface they implement. They are not compatible with (or rather: do

not have equivalents for) Fibre channel or SONET.

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Page 27: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+

1 The 'enhanced small form-factor pluggable' ('SFP+') is an enhanced

version of the SFP that supports data rates up to 10Data rate units|Gbit/s.

The SFP+ specification was first published on May 9, 2006, and

version 4.1 published on July 6, 2009.

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Page 28: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+

1 SFP+ supports 8Gbit/s Fibre Channel, 10 Gigabit Ethernet and Optical

Transport Network standard OTU2. It is a popular industry format supported by many network

component vendors.

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Page 29: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+

1 In comparison to earlier XENPAK or XFP modules, SFP+ modules leave

more circuitry to be implemented on the host board instead of inside the

module.

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Page 30: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+

1 Consideration has to be given to whether the module is linear or

limiting. Linear SFP+ modules are most appropriate for

10_Gigabit_Ethernet#10GBASE-LRM|10GBASE-LRM; otherwise, limiting

modules are preferred.

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Page 31: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Compatiblity

1 It is possible to design an SFP+ slot that can accept a standard SFP

module.SFF-8432, Abstract, Page 1: The mechanical dimensioning allows backwards compatibility between IPF

modules plugged into most SFP cages which have been implemented

to SFF-8074i

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Page 32: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Applications

1 SFP sockets are found in Ethernet switches and network interface cards. Storage

interface cards, also called HBAs or Fibre Channel storage switches, also make use

of these modules, supporting different speeds such as 2Gb, 4Gb, and 8Gb.

Because of their low cost, low profile, and ability to provide a connection to different types of optical fiber, SFP provides such

equipment with enhanced flexibility.

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Page 33: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Standardization

1 The related Small Form Factor transceiver is similar in size to the

SFP, but is soldered to the host board as a Through-hole technology|

through-hole device, rather than plugged into an edge-card socket.

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Page 34: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Standardization

1 However, as a practical matter, some networking equipment

manufacturers engage in vendor lock-in practices whereby they

deliberately break compatibility with generic SFPs by adding a check in

the device's firmware that will enable only the vendor's own modules.

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Page 35: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Signals

1 The SFP transceiver contains a Printed circuit board|PCB that mates with the SFP electrical connector in

the host system.

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Page 36: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - EEPROM information

1 The SFP MSA defines a 256-byte memory map into an EEPROM describing the transceiver's

capabilities, standard interfaces, manufacturer, and other information,

which is accessible over an I²C interface at the 8-bit address

1010000X (A0h).

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Page 37: Transceiver

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Digital diagnostics monitoring

1 Modern optical SFP transceivers support digital diagnostics monitoring (DDM)

functions according to the industry-standard [ftp://ftp.seagate.com/sff/SFF-8472.PDF SFF-8472]. This feature is also known as digital optical monitoring (DOM). Modules with this

capability give the end user the ability to monitor parameters of the SFP, such as

optical output power, optical input power, temperature, laser bias current, and

transceiver supply voltage, in real time.

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Page 38: Transceiver

PHY - Ethernet physical transceiver

1 The transceiver implements the Ethernet physical layer portion of the

1000BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 10BASE-T standards.

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Page 39: Transceiver

PHY - Ethernet physical transceiver

1 An Ethernet PHYceiver is a chip that implements the hardware send and receive function of Ethernet Data

frame|frames; it interfaces to the line modulation at one end and binary

Media Independent Interface|packet signaling at the other

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Page 40: Transceiver

PHY - Ethernet physical transceiver

1 An example are the Marvell Technology Group|Marvell Alaska

88E1310/88E1310S/88E1318/88E1318S Gigabit Ethernet transceivers

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Page 41: Transceiver

XFP transceiver

1 The 'XFP' (10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable) is a standard for

transceivers for high-speed computer network and telecommunication links that use optical fiber. It was defined by an industry group in 2002, along with its interface to other electrical components which is called 'XFI'.

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Page 42: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Description

1 XFP modules are hot-swappable and Communications protocol|protocol-independent. They typically operate at near-infrared wavelengths (colors)

of 850nm, 1310nm or 1550nm.

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Page 43: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Description

1 Principal applications include 10 Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gbit/s Fibre

Channel, synchronous optical networking (SONET) at OC-192 rates, synchronous optical networking STM-

64, 10 Gbit/s Optical Transport Network (OTN) OTU-2, and parallel

optics links.

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Page 44: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Description

1 They can operate over a single wavelength or use dense

wavelength-division multiplexing techniques.

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Page 45: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Description

1 They include digital diagnostics that provide management that were

added to the SFF-8472 standard.

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Page 46: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Description

1 XFP modules use an LC fiber connector type to achieve high

density.

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Page 47: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Description

1 The XFP specification was developed by the XFP Multi Source Agreement

Group. It is an informal agreement of an industry group, not officially

endorsed by any standards body. The first preliminary specification was published on March 27, 2002. The first public release was on July 19, 2002. It was adopted on March 3,

2003, and updated with minor updates through August 31, 2005.

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Page 48: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Description

1 The chair of the XFP group was Robert Snively of Brocade

Communications Systems, and technical editor was Ali Ghiasi of

Broadcom.

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Page 49: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Description

1 The organization's web site was maintained until 2009.

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Page 50: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - XFI

1 The XFI electrical interface specification was a 10 gigabit per

second chip-to-chip electrical interface specification defined as

part of the XFP multi-source agreement. It was also developed by

the XFP MSA group.

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Page 51: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - XFI

1 XFI provides a single lane running at 10.3125 Gbit/s when using a 64B/66B encoding

scheme.

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Page 52: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - XFI

1 A SerDes|serializer/deserializer is often used to convert from a wider

interface such as XAUI that has four lanes running at 3.125 Gbit/s using

8B/10B encoding.

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Page 53: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - XFI

1 XFI is sometimes pronounced as X F I and other times as

ziffie.

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Page 54: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Mechanical dimensions

1 The physical dimensions of the XFP transceiver are slightly larger than

the original small form-factor pluggable transceiver (SFP). One of the reasons for the increase in size is to allow for on-board heat sinks for

greater cooling.

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Page 55: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Types

1 XFP are available with a variety of transmitter and receiver types,

allowing users to select the appropriate transceiver for each link to provide the required optical reach over the available optical fiber type

(e.g. multi-mode fiber or single-mode fiber). XFP modules are commonly

available in several different categories:

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Page 56: Transceiver

XFP transceiver - Types

1 * LR - 1310 nm, for distances up to 10

km

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XFP transceiver - Types

1 * ER - 1550 nm, for distances up to 40 km

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XFP transceiver - Types

1 * ZR - 1550 nm, for distances up to 80 km

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XFP transceiver - Types

1 The XFP packaging was smaller than the XENPAK form-factor which had been published earlier (by almost a

year).

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Page 60: Transceiver

Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems

1 Collins was also the first to introduce a compact High frequency|HF

transceiver, the KWM-1, the year before

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Page 61: Transceiver

Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems

1 The 75S-1 receiver and 32S-1 transmitter, comprising the heart of the S/Line, operated

separately or together to transceive. The units included crystal Band-pass filter|bandpass filters and a new compact PTO design that provided stable, highly linear tuning across

200kHz Frequency range|band segments. The S/Line tuning dial mechanism was unique

when introduced. It used concentric dials and a gear mechanism that provided precise dial

resolution, better than 1kHz.

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Page 62: Transceiver

Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems

1 Within a few years Collins had introduced additional S/Line

components, including the 30S-1 kilowatt power amplifier, the 30L-1 desktop power amplifier, and the 62S-1 transverter, which provided

coverage of the 6 meter (50MHz) and 2 meter (144MHz) amateur bands. The KWM-2 transceiver replaced the KWM-1 using many of the S/Line’s design features and matching its

styling. Other accessories included speakers, microphones and control

consoles.

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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems

1 Illustrating the uniqueness of their new, smaller units in the market,

Collins advertisements in the 1950s and early 1960s emphasized the

S/Line’s physical styling and size as often as they did its

performance.WA3KEY Virtual Collins Radio Museum,

[http://www.wa3key.com/crads.html “Advertisement Archive”]

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Page 64: Transceiver

Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems

1 Collins continued to improve the S/Line, first introducing the S-2, then the S-3 units, the 75S-3 (and -3A, -3B and -3C) receiver, and the 32S-3 and

-3A transmitters. The -3A and -3C units were identical to the -3 and -3B

units, respectively, except they provided an extra set of heterodyne oscillator crystals enabling them to

cover extra bands – useful for military, amateur and Military Affiliate Radio System|MARS

operation, where operation just outside the regular amateur bands

was necessary.

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Page 65: Transceiver

Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems

1 Among amateur radio operators, the S/Line established its reputation as

perhaps the most solidly engineered equipment available – and the most

costly. As a result, S/Line equipment, and the A-Line and other

predecessors, are restored, prized, and operated on the air by collectors

today.

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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems

1 Collins continued to produce the S/Line well into the late 1970s and after its acquisition by Rockwell.

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Page 67: Transceiver

Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems

1 In 1978, with the move to Solid state (electronics)|solid state design, the S/Line came to an end after a two decade production run. The KWM-380 transceiver was introduced the

next year – a break with the past both in its use of transistors and digital technology, and its styling. It would be Collins’ final entry in the

amateur radio market until it was discontinued in the mid-1980s.WA3KEY Virtual Collins Radio Museum, [http://www.wa3key.com/collins.html

“Collins Amateur Equipment”]

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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units

1 These can be used for data-logging applications in remote areas, now a common practical use for Iridium's

services

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Page 69: Transceiver

Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units

1 *'Iridium Core 9523'mdash; Similar to the 9522B, a modular transceiver

released in 2012, designed to be an embedded solution.

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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units

1 *'Iridium 9522A'mdash; Based on the 9522, some variants have built in GPS and autonomous reporting

functions. Supports SBD.

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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units

1 *'Motorola 9522'mdash; Last Motorola transceiver, supports outgoing SMS but no

SBD.

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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units

1 *'Motorola 9520'mdash; Original transceiver module, does not support outgoing SMS or SBD. Designed for use in vehicles with accompanying

handset[http://www.outfittersatellite.com/iridium_9520.htm Iridium 9520].

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Page 73: Transceiver

Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units

1 Without an extra global navigation satellite system, receiver tracking is difficult, but not impossible, as the

position of a mobile unit can be determined using a Doppler shift

calculation from the satellite. These readings however can be inaccurate with errors in the tens of kilometers. Even without using Doppler shifts, a rough indication of a unit's position

can be found by checking the location of the spot-beam being used

and the mobile unit's timing advance.

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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units

1 The position readings can be extracted from some transceiver

units and the 9505A handset using the -MSGEO AT

command.[http://www.beamcommunications.com/index.php?

option=com_docmantask=doc_downloadgid=5 ISU Command Set] - p57

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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units

1 In the past, Iridium has used this method of tracking to block service

to U.S. embargoed countries, such as North Korea and other politically

unpopular regions, such as Northern Sri Lanka. It is also used to stop

geographically bounded plans from being used outside the designated

area.

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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units

1 The Iridium Extreme phone introduced in 2011 has a GPS location service embedded

in the device, which the user can use to locate themselves or include in SMS

messages. It can also be used to provide advanced services like Geo-fence|Geo-

fencing. A red emergency button on the top of the unit can be pressed to send the unit's position to emergency rescue agencies or

other number pre-programmed by the user or distributor.

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PHY (chip) - Ethernet physical transceiver

1 More specifically, the Ethernet PHY is a chip that implements the hardware send and receive function of Ethernet

Data frame|frames; it interfaces between the analog domain of

Ethernet physical layer | Ethernet's line modulation and the digital

domain of link-layer Media Independent Interface|packet

signaling.http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/75596/what-is-

the-difference-between-phy-and-mac-chip The PHY usually does not handle MAC addressing, as that is the data link layer|link layer's job

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PHY (chip) - Ethernet physical transceiver

1 Examples include the Vitesse Semiconductor SimpliPHY and

SynchroPHY VSC82xx/85xx/86xx family and Marvell Technology Group|

Marvell Alaska 88E1310/88E1310S/88E1318/88E131

8S Gigabit Ethernet transceivers.

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PHY (chip) - Ethernet physical transceiver

1 An Ethernet physical transceiver can also be referred to as a physical layer

transmitter and/or receiver, a physical layer transceiver, a PHY

transceiver, a PHYceiver, or simply a PHY. The term 'PHYceiver' is often shown as being TM (Trade Marked) but is not currently registered with

TESS [http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/in

dex.jsp 'United States Patent and Trademark Office'].

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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station

1 Typically a BTS for anything other than a picocell will have several

transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequency|

frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised

base stations)

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Page 81: Transceiver

Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station

1 A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via the base station control function (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The

BCF provides an operations and maintenance (OM) connection to the network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of

each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection.

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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station

1 There are vendors in which the BTS is a plain transceiver which receives information from the MS (mobile

station) through the Um air interface and then converts it to a TDM (PCM) based interface, the Abis interface,

and sends it towards the BSC

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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station

1 The BTSs are equipped with radios that are able to modulate layer 1 of

interface Um; for GSM 2G+ the modulation type is Gaussian

minimum-shift keying (GMSK), while for Enhanced Data Rates for GSM

Evolution|EDGE-enabled networks it is GMSK and 8-PSK

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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station

1 Antenna combiners are implemented to use the same antenna for several TRXs (carriers), the more TRXs are combined the greater the combiner loss will be. Up to 8:1 combiners are found in micro and pico cells only.

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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station

1 Frequency hopping is often used to increase overall BTS performance; this involves the rapid switching of

voice traffic between TRXs in a sector. A hopping sequence is

followed by the TRXs and handsets using the sector. Several hopping sequences are available, and the

sequence in use for a particular cell is continually broadcast by that cell so that it is known to the handsets.

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Page 86: Transceiver

Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station

1 A TRX transmits and receives according to the GSM standards, which specify eight Time division multiple access|TDMA timeslots per radio frequency. A TRX may lose some of this capacity as some information is required to

be broadcasting|broadcast to handsets in the area that the BTS serves. This information allows the handsets to identify the network and gain access to it. This signalling makes use of a channel known as the Broadcast

Control Channel (BCCH).

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Page 87: Transceiver

Gunning transceiver logic

1 'Gunning transceiver logic' or 'GTL' is a type of logic signaling used to drive

electronics|electronic backplane computer bus|buses

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Page 88: Transceiver

Gunning transceiver logic

1 All Intel front-side buses use GTL. As of 2008, GTL in these FSBs has a maximum frequency of 1.6 GHz. The front-side bus of the Intel Pentium Pro, Pentium II and Pentium III microprocessors

uses GTL+ (or GTLP) developed by Fairchild Semiconductor, an upgraded version of GTL

which has defined slew rates and higher voltage levels. AGTL+ stands for either assisted

Gunning transceiver logic or advanced Gunning transceiver logic. These are GTL signaling derivatives used by Intel microprocessors.

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Page 89: Transceiver

CWDM - Transceivers versus transponders

1 ** Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers: Channel 17 to Channel 61 according to ITU-T.

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Page 90: Transceiver

RF module - Transceiver modules

1 An RF Transceiver module incorporates both a transmitter and

receiver. The circuit is typically designed for Half-duplex operation, although Full duplex modules are

available, typically at a higher cost due to the added complexity.

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Page 91: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver

1 'Ultrasonic sensors' (also known as 'transceivers' when they both send

and receive, but more generally called 'transducers') work on a

principle similar to radar or sonar, which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio

or sound waves respectively

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Page 92: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Capabilities and limitations

1 This technology can be used for measuring wind speed and direction (anemometer), tank or channel level,

and speed through air or water

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Page 93: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Capabilities and limitations

1 Systems typically use a transducer which generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range, above 18 kHz, by

turning electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo turn

the sound waves into electrical energy which can be measured and

displayed.

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Page 94: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Capabilities and limitations

1 The technology is limited by the shapes of surfaces and the density or consistency of the material. Foam, in particular, can distort surface level

readings.[http://www.openchannelflow.com/blog/article/the-heady-

problem-of-foam-in-flumes-and-weirs Ultrasonic Flow Meters and Foam],

Openchannelflow.com

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Page 95: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers

1 An ultrasonic transducer is a device that converts energy into ultrasound,

or sound waves above the normal range of human hearing

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Page 96: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers

1 The location at which a transducer focuses the sound can be determined

by the active transducer area and shape, the ultrasound frequency, and the sound velocity of the propagation

medium. The diagrams show the sound fields of an unfocused and a focusing ultrasonic transducer in

water.

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Page 97: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers

1 Since piezoelectric crystals generate a voltage when force is applied to

them, the same crystal can be used as an ultrasonic detector. Some

systems use separate transmitter and receiver components while others combine both in a single

piezoelectric transceiver.

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Page 98: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers

1 Non-piezoelectric principles are also used in construction of ultrasound transmitters.

magnetostriction|Magnetostrictive materials slightly change size when exposed to a

magnetic field; such materials can be used to make transducers. A

Microphone#Condenser_microphone|capacitor microphone uses a thin plate which moves in response to ultrasound waves; changes in the electric field around the plate convert sound

signals to electric currents, which can be amplified.

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Page 99: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in medicine

1 Medical ultrasonic transducers (probes) come in a variety of

different shapes and sizes for use in making pictures of different parts of

the body. The transducer may be passed over the surface of the body or inserted into a body opening such as the rectum or vagina. Clinicians

who perform ultrasound-guided procedures often use a probe positioning system to hold the

ultrasonic transducer.

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Page 100: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in medicine

1 Air detection sensors are used in

various roles

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Page 101: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry

1 Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect movement of targets and to measure

the distance to targets in many automatic factory | automated

factories and process plants. Sensors with an on or off digital output are

available for detecting the movement of objects, and sensors with an analog output which varies

proportionally to the sensor to target separation distance are commercially available. They can be used to sense

the edge of material as part of a Web-guiding_systems|web guiding

system

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Page 102: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry

1 Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in automotive applications for parking assist technology. Ultrasonic sensors are being tested in a number of uses including ultrasonic people detection

and assisting in autonomous UAV navigation.

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Page 103: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry

1 Because ultrasonic sensors use sound rather than light for detection,

they work in applications where photoelectric sensors may not

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Page 104: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry

1 Passive ultrasonic sensors may be used to detect high-pressure gas or

liquid leaks, or other hazardous conditions that generate ultrasonic

sound.

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Page 105: Transceiver

Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry

1 High-power ultrasonic emitters are used in commercially available ultrasonic cleaning devices. An

ultrasonic transducer is affixed to a stainless steel pan which is filled with

a solvent (frequently water or isopropanol), and a square wave is applied to it, imparting vibrational

energy in the liquid.

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Page 106: Transceiver

Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers

1 Kenwood has offered lines of High frequency|HF, VHF/UHF, and Handie-

Talkie|portable amateur radio models, including some with built-in

digital data modes (Automatic Packet Reporting System, built on AX.25

packet radio) and modems needed to send and receive these protocols.

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Page 107: Transceiver

Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers

1 Among the product lines are the TS series of HF transceivers which cover the HF (high frequency) bands, from

1.8 to 30MHz.

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Page 108: Transceiver

Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers

1 Other series include the 100, 500, and the 2000 series. Kenwood also

offers a B model, which is a transceiver without display or

controls and is completely controlled by a remote computer or a separate

control unit.

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Page 109: Transceiver

Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers

1 * Radios with built-in digital data modes and

modems (for APRS)

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Page 110: Transceiver

Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules

1 | rowspan=4 | integrated Whip, chip or U.FL|U.FL connector, SMA connector|RPSMA

connector

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Page 111: Transceiver

Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules

1 | rowspan=2 | [http://www.digi.com/news/pressrelease.jsp?

prid=279scompany=1sproduct=18 Dec, 2006]

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Page 112: Transceiver

Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules

1 | Series 1 XBee-PRO [http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/9

0000982_A.pdf manual]

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Page 113: Transceiver

Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules

1 | Series 2 XBee ZB [http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/9

0000976_C.pdf manual]

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Page 114: Transceiver

Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules

1 | rowspan=2 | [http://www.ember.com/products_zigbee_soft

ware.html Ember ZNet]

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Page 115: Transceiver

Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules

1 | Series 2 XBee-PRO ZB [http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/9

0000976_C.pdf manual]

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Page 116: Transceiver

Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules

1 | deRFmega128-22M00 2.4 GHz [http://www.dresden-elektronik.de/funktechnik/service/downloads/docume

ntation/?eID=dam_frontend_pushdocID=1250

datasheet]

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Page 117: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver

1 Following an avalanche, and if the holder of the transceiver is safe and has not themselves been caught by the avalanche, they may switch the

transceiver from transmit into receive mode, allowing use as a radio direction finding device to search for

signals coming from other skiers' transmitter beacons who may be

trappedhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html

Page 118: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver

1 Early avalanche beacons transmitted at 2.275kHz (2275 Hertz|Hz). In 1986, the international frequency standard of 457kHz was adopted,

and this remains the standard today. Many companies manufacture beacons that comply with this

standard.

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Page 119: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver

1 An avalanche beacon is not considered a preventive measure against possible avalanche burial, but rather it is a way to reduce the

amount of time buried.

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Page 120: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - History

1 In 1968, Dr. John Lawton invented the first effective avalanche

transceiver at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in Buffalo, New York, with

the first units being sold in 1971 under the “Skadi” brand name. This

unit, functioning at 2.275kHz, converted the radio frequency to a simple tone audible to the human

ear. By following the tone to where it was loudest, the beacon operator could use it to locate the buried

beacon by using a grid searching technique.

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Page 121: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - History

1 In 1986, Internationale Kommisia fur Alpines Rettingwesen|IKAR adopted the frequency of 457kHz. In 1996

ASTM adopted the 457kHz standard.

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Page 122: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - History

1 The following are the currently accepted international standards for Avalanche Transceivers operating on

the 457kHz frequency.

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Page 123: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - History

1 * 200 hours transmitting at +10C (assumed inside protective

clothing)https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html

Page 124: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - History

1 * 1 hours receiving at −10C (assumed

handheld)

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Page 125: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - History

1 * carrier keying (pulse period) 1000±300 ms

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Page 126: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - History

1 Now that the frequency 457kHz had become an international standard,

and the problems of range had been discussed and analyzed, everyone was most interested in ease of use

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Page 127: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Types of beacons

1 There are two types of avalanche beacons: digital and analog. They both adhere to the international

standard as described above, and only differ in the method(s) used to

indicate to the user where the buried beacon is located. Most beacons currently being sold are digital,

because of their enhanced ease of use and higher recovery rates.

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Page 128: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Analog

1 The original avalanche beacon was an analog beacon which transmitted the pulsed signal as an audible tone

to the user. The tone gets louder when the user is closer to the

transmitting beacon. These beacons have also been augmented with Light

Emitting Diode|LEDs that provide a visual indication of signal strength,

and earpieces to increase the ability of the listener to hear the tone.

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Page 129: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Digital

1 Digital transceivers take the strength of the signal and the emitted dipole flux pattern and compute distance

and direction to the buried transceiver.ISSW 2000 In order to calculate the emitted dipole flux

pattern, a digital transceiver must have at least two antennas, although most modern transceivers have three

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Page 130: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - W-Link

1 Several high-end digital beacons are also equipped with a secondary

supplementary frequency referred to as W-Link. This frequency broadcasts

additional details to other transceivers capable of receiving the

W-Link signal. Advertised brand-independent features of W-Link

include:

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Page 131: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - W-Link

1 * The ability to resolve multiple, complex burial situations by better

differentiating individual transceivers

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Page 132: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - W-Link

1 * More reliable estimation of the number of burials

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Page 133: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - W-Link

1 * More reliable and quicker marking/unmarking of victims (i.e. forcing the transceiver to ignore an

already found victim)

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Page 134: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - W-Link

1 * Ability to transmit and receive additional data including wearer's vital signs or

identification

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Page 135: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Vitals Detection

1 The idea behind this is that if everyone in a group is wearing a

vitals-capable W-Link transceiver and some group members are buried in an avalanche, the remaining group members will be able to determine which of the buried victims are still alive, and focus rescue efforts on

those members.

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Page 136: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Vitals Detection

1 This helps mitigate the potential risk of mis-categorizing an alive victim as

dead because their beacon is not transmitting vitals data, and thus the

rescuer does not see the alive indicator on their transceiver.

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Page 137: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Controversies of W-Link

1 For this reason transceiver manufacturer Arva Equipment has elected to omit received vitals data from being displayed on their Link transceiver, although the beacon

does transmit them

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Page 138: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Controversies of W-Link

1 He quickly activates his transceiver and it gets a lock

on all three victims

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Page 139: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Controversies of W-Link

1 In this scenario, it is clear to distinguish between all three victims even though the transceiver does not

display their names; his wife is 33 meters behind him, while the other two people he just met are much closer, and close together, as well

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Page 140: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Frequencies and Technical Information

1 The W-Link frequency in use varies based on

geographical location

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Page 141: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques

1 Due to the highly directional nature of the 457kHz signal at the ranges common for avalanche burial (and

the range specified in the standards), there have been many techniques

developed to search for buried beacons

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Page 142: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques

1 The burial of a single beacon may involve search using one of several methods:

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Page 143: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques

1 * Induction search

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Page 144: Transceiver

Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques

1 These search methods are adapted and extrapolated to scenarios where there is more

than one burial.

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Page 145: Transceiver

SFP transceiver - Types

1 ** 'ZX' - 1550 nm, for distances up to 80 km, with green extraction lever

(see GLC-ZX-SM1) https://www.google.com/search?

q=GLC-ZX-SM1rls=com.microsoft:en-za:IE-SearchBoxoe=um=1ie=UTF-

8hl=entbm=ischsource=ogsa=Ntab=wiei=-iADU9axCYfY7AaqkYCwDA

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Page 146: Transceiver

SFP transceiver - SFP+

1 SFP+ supports 8Gbit/s Fibre Channel, 10-gigabit Ethernet and Optical

Transport Network standard OTU2. It is a popular industry format supported by many network

component vendors.

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Page 147: Transceiver

SFP transceiver - SFP+

1 SFP+ also introduces 10-gigabit_Ethernet#SFP.2B_Direct_Attach|Direct Attach for connecting two

SFP+ ports without dedicated transceivers.

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Page 148: Transceiver

SFP transceiver - Applications

1 SFP sockets are found in Ethernet switches, routers, firewalls and network interface

cards. Storage interface cards, also called HBAs or Fibre Channel storage switches,

also make use of these modules, supporting different speeds such as 2Gb, 4Gb, and

8Gb. Because of their low cost, low profile, and ability to provide a connection to

different types of optical fiber, SFP provides such equipment with enhanced flexibility.

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Page 149: Transceiver

Transceivers - RF Transceiver

1 The RF Transceiver uses RF module|RF modules for high speed data transmission.

The micro electronic circuits in the digital-RF architecture work at speeds up to 100GHz.

The objective in the design was to bring digital domain closer to the antenna, both at the receive and transmit ends using software

defined radio (SDR). The software-programmable digital processors used in the

circuits permit conversion between digital baseband signals and analog RF.

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Page 150: Transceiver

Base transceiver station

1 A 'base transceiver station' ('BTS') is a piece of equipment that facilitates wireless communication

between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs are devices like mobile

phones (handsets), Wireless local loop|WLL phones, computers with

wireless Internet connectivity.

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Page 151: Transceiver

Base transceiver station

1 The network can be that of any of the wireless communication

technologies like GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop, Wi-Fi, WiMAX or

other wide area network (WAN) technology.

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Page 152: Transceiver

Base transceiver station

1 BTS is also referred to as the radio base station (RBS), node B (in 3G

Networks) or, simply, the base station (BS). For discussion of the

3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE standard the abbreviation EnodeB|eNB for evolved node B is widely

used.

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Page 153: Transceiver

Base transceiver station

1 Typically a BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in

the case of sectorised base stations)

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Page 154: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - General architecture

1 ; Transceiver (TRX): Quite widely referred to as the driver receiver (DRX), DRX are either in form of single (sTRU), double(dTRU) or a

composite double radio unit (DRU). It basically does transmission and reception of signals. It also does

sending and reception of signals to and from higher network entities (like the base station controller in mobile

telephony).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html

Page 155: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - General architecture

1 ; Power amplifier (PA): Amplifies the signal from DRX for transmission

through antenna; may be integrated with DRX.

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Page 156: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - General architecture

1 ; Combiner: Combines feeds from several DRXs so that they could be sent out through a single antenna.

Allows for a reduction in the number of antenna used.

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Page 157: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - General architecture

1 ; Duplexer: For separating sending and receiving signals to/from

antenna. Does sending and receiving signals through the same antenna

ports (cables to antenna).

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Page 158: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - General architecture

1 ; Antenna: This is the structure that the BTS lies underneath; it can be

installed as it is or disguised in some way (Concealed cell sites).

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Page 159: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - General architecture

1 ; Alarm extension system: Collects working status alarms of various

units in the BTS and extends them to operations and maintenance (OM)

monitoring stations.

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Page 160: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - General architecture

1 ; Control function: Controls and manages the various units of BTS,

including any software. On-the-spot configurations, status changes,

software upgrades, etc. are done through the control function.

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Page 161: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - General architecture

1 ; Baseband receiver unit (BBxx): Frequency hopping,

signal DSP, .

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Page 162: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS

1 ; Diversity techniques: To improve the quality of the received signal, often two receiving antennas are

used, placed at an equal distance to an uneven multiple of a quarter of

wavelength (for 900MHz the wavelength it is 30cm). This

technique, known as antenna diversity or space diversity, avoids interruption caused by path fading.

The antennas can be spaced horizontally or vertically. Horizontal

spacing requires more complex installation, but brings better

performance.

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Page 163: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS

1 : Other than antenna or space diversity, there are other diversity

scheme|diversity techniques such as frequency/time diversity, antenna pattern diversity, and polarization

diversity.

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Page 164: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS

1 : Splitting refers to the flow of power within a particular area of the cell, known as a sector. Every field can

therefore be considered like one new cell.

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Page 165: Transceiver

Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS

1 Directional antennas reduce LORA interference

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Page 166: Transceiver

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast - Universal access transceiver

1 A universal access transceiver is a data link intended to serve the majority of the general aviation

community

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Page 167: Transceiver

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast - Universal access transceiver

1 The UAT system is specifically designed for ADS-B operation

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