MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
(E-EDUCATION)
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of B.Tech in Information
Technology under Punjab Technical University , Jalandhar
Submitted by Jaskaran1149400
Submitted To:Er. Neeraj Mohan Er. Manpreet Kaur Basra(Associate
Prof. and HOD CSE/IT) (Asst. Prof CSE/IT)
Department Of Computer Science Engineering/ Information
TechnologyRBIEBT, SAHAURAN, KHARAR
2015
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled (E-EDUCATION) is
an authentic record of my own work carried out at SPIC under the
guidance of Mr. Ashok Kashav as requirement of six months training
for the award of degree of B.TECH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, RBIEBT,
during Jan to Jun 2015.
Jaskaran 1149400Date: ___________________
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this report is to give a brief idea what has been
done in the training project. This report comprises of various
activities orientations, programs. Our project was initiated to
reduce anxiety for both students and parent as choosing a right
career and a best guidance is not an easy task . So our project
provides career counselling guidance for the students who wish to
search their career . It has user friendly menu environment to ease
the use of the system. Overall project is combination of two
technologies namely JAVA and SQL server. During this session, we
also define the objectives of our project, goals, scopes and
problems treatment so that we can complete the project easily
referring to it.During the making of the project we found out that
this will not only revolutionize the management of various tasks in
the package but also will deliver the required information in a
very easy to use and ease to access manner.
Name:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank the Almighty, who has always
guided me to work on the right path of the life. I acknowledge with
deep sense of gratitude and most sincere appreciation, the valuable
guidance and unfailing encouragement rendered to me by Mr. Ashok
Kashav for their proficient and enthusiastic guidance, useful
encouragement and immense help. I have been deep sense of
admiration for them inmate goodness and inexhaustible
enthusiasm.
I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to Er. Neeraj Mohan
Associate. Prof. and HOD of CSE/ IT and Er. Manpreet Kaur Asst.
Prof. of CSE Department for their guidance, encouragement and
valuable suggestions which proved extremely useful and helpful in
completion of this industrial training.
My heartfelt gratitude and indebtedness goes to all teachers and
guidance group who with their encouraging, caring words,
constructive criticism and segmentation have contributed directly
or indirectly in a significant way towards completion of this
training. My special thanks go to my friends whose support and
encouragement have been a constant source of assurance, guidance,
strength, and inspection to me.
I am immensely grateful to my parents, my family. They have
always supported me and taught me the things that matter most in
life. I am proudly grateful to all of them.
Date: Jaskaran 1149400TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERCONTENTSPAGENO.SIGNATURE
1.COMPANY PROFILE1.1: Spic1.2: Introduction To Java9-17
2.SDLC2.1: SDLC 2.2: Brief Explanation Of Each
Phase2.3:Feasibility Study18-24
3.WORKUNDERTAKEN3.1:NETBEANS
3.2:JDBC3.3:HTML3.4:CSS3.5:JAVASCRIPT3.6:JQUERY3.7:SQL3.8:CLIENT
SIDE SCRIPTING AND SERVER SIDE SCRIPTING
25-37
4.PROJECT UNDERTAKEN4.1:Project defination4.2: Project
description4.3: Drawbacks of Project 4.4: Stages Of
Development4.5:System analysis & design4.6:Future
enhancement4.7:Advantages of project4.8: Requirements38-40
5.STRUCTURE DESIGN5.1: Introduction5.2:DFDs5.3: E-R
diagram5.4:Flow Chart41-50
6.SQL TABLES51-56
7.SNAPSHOTS57-73
8.TESTING STRATERGY8.1 Unit Testing8.2 Integration Testing8.3
System Testing8.4 Testing Techniques Used8.5 Debugging74-78
9.EXPERIENCE THROUGHOUT TRAINING79
10.FUTURE SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS80
CONCLUSIONBIBLIOGRAPHYREFERENCES8182
INDEX OF FIGURE
CHAPTER.NOFIGUREPAGE.NOSIGNATURE
2 Figure 118
3 Figure 225
5 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 535
6 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7
51-53
7 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12
Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure
19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25
Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure
32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38
Figure 39
57-71
72
1. INTRODUCTION
COMPANY PROFILE
1.1 Society for Promotion of IT in Chandigarh(SPIC) The Society
for Promotion of IT in Chandigarh (SPIC) has been set up under the
ages of the Department of Information Technology, Chandigarh
Administration for implementing the various plans of the
Administration to promote the IT industry in Chandigarh. The
Chairperson of the Society is the Adviser to the Administrator. The
Department of Information Technology was setup in March 2000.
Information Technology is an important and extremely effective tool
through which development and progress can take place with the
co-operation of all strata of society including government and the
public. Chandigarh Administration is committed to provide
responsive and effective administration for the welfare of the
public keeping in view of the national objectives. Now a days SPIC
is one of the most trustable institutes for industrial training in
various fields of engineering like IT, Computer Science,
Electronics, Electrical, etc. both in 6 weeks and 6 months. In IT,
SPIC provides training in languages such as Java, .NET, PHP, C, C++
and in Networking. Most of the Hospitality Management Projects in
Chandigarh are handled by SPIC.
Corporate Training in SPIC-SPIC provides training which helps
the organization/department build the right skill levels amongst
workforce to support various IT projects. SPIC training programs
cover a range of domains to take care of organizations/departments
total training requirements. SPIC provides customized corporate
training programs under which SPIC specialize in assessing training
needs, designing, developing, delivering, administrating and even
evaluating corporate training solutions. SPIC has developed
customized courses in IT and Soft Skills. SPIC has been in the
training field since the last 7 years. SPIC has an in-depth
understanding of what the learner desires. The synergy from SPIC
training and software development field gives SPIC edge to develop
and deliver training.Centre of ExcellenceSPIC and Microsoft
Technologies have jointly setup a Centre of Excellence at Punjab
Engineering College, Chandigarh (PEC). Under the aegis of
Department of IT. The Centre is state-of-the-art Complex spread
over an area of 3500 sq. ft. It consists of Spacious Conference
Room, Hi-Tech classrooms, 30 workstations, a Meeting Room and all
the latest technological equipment for Training, Software
Development and Presentation. Under this understanding the
partnership will work towards computerizing organizations in
Chandigarh U.T., building skilled technical resources, develop
expertise in providing technical consultancy, developing custom
applications. Microsoft, in return will provide access to training
and skills transfer on Microsoft Corporation Technology. The centre
is offering various courses like MCSE, MCSD, MCDBA, VB and SQL.
Microsoft is carrying out training for the faculty, the students
and employees of Chandigarh Administration on its new
technologies/products for bench marking and demonstrating an array
of Microsoft products, solutions and inter-operability with other
platforms at this Centre. The Centre of Excellence being used as
for the development os skills for the emerging software industry in
Chandigarh U.T. The Centre also provides organized short-term
courses for corporate executive companies.
1.1.1 The major objectives of SPIC are as follows:1. To promote
application of Information Technology in the Union Territory of
Chandigarh in accordance with the IT Policy of Chandigarh
Administration. 2. To carry out all such activities that are
commensurate with the IT vision of the Chandigarh Administration as
outlined in IT Policy. 3. To promote e-Governance, Software
Exports, create IT Infrastructure, generate jobs in IT as outlined
in the IT Mission of the Chandigarh Administration. 4. To
facilitate the establishment and functioning of data processing
computer centers. 5. To provide consultancy services and impart
training in various disciplines of Information Technology. 6. To
facilitate the development of software packages as well as related
items and undertake turnkey project / assignments in India and
abroad in Information Technology by public and private sector
companies in the Union Territory of Chandigarh in order to promote
the application of Information Technology for the benefit of
citizens of Chandigarh.
Information TechnologySPIC approach, which blends management and
IT expertise with domain knowledge, is unique in its ability to
provide customized consulting solutions spanning the policy and
planning levels to enablement at the operational level through
people, processes and technology.
Having experience of business and technology expertise and an
in-depth understanding of the government sector, SPIC has carried
out studies for government entities at all levels, developed entire
automated systems, and worked with diverse hardware and software
technologies. SPIC thus accumulated a rich fund of experience in
areas ranging from perspective planning, restructuring and
institutional strengthening to development of information systems
and technology plans (ISTPs), and application development and
implementation.Our business proposition is all about depth. Our
collaboration framework guiding execution of that business
proposition, and the way clients respond, makes it quite unique. We
provide the compulsory qualities of Cost effectiveness, Technical
expertise, offshore delivery, and Quality. From concept to finish -
SPIC goes all the extra miles needed to enable clients to reach
their goals.
1.1.2 Advantages of SPICSPIC places a great deal of emphasis on
value creation which has led us to strive to be in step with
clients, build trust-based relationships and continuously
anticipate their business needs. This had led SPIC to create a
knowledge capital culminating meaningful experiences, understanding
of pertinent industry issues and challenges, providing us with
better levers to guide client pursuits in solving real business
problems. SPIC enjoys exceptional client satisfaction and very high
levels of repeat business, resulting in trust-based partnerships.
Our collaboration model and flexible ways of doing business, helps
us accommodate rapidly changing business needs of our clients. It's
why clients that start with us usually stay with us for the long
term. 1.1.3 ServicesSPIC offers the following services:
Business services:1. IT strategy formulation.1. IT architecture
and planning. 1. IT process review and planning. 1. Application
design and development. 1. Application maintenance and support. 1.
Leveraging IT for e-governance. 1. Portal development. 1.
Institutional development strategy study. 1. Feasibility study.
We also offer special services that aid governments to be more
transparent and responsive in their functioning. Among them are: 1.
Prime architect (strategy formulation, IT blueprint, IT
architecture, implementation of roadmaps, and information systems
and technology planning) 1. Advisory services (Organizational
restructuring, business process re-engineering, marketing strategy
and planning, human resource development, institutional
strengthening) 1. Systems and application development (back-end
computerization, web-enablement of legacy systems, development of
portals and web sites, knowledge management, collaborative
groupware applications) 1. System integration (We assist in the
vertical and horizontal integration of governments, delivering
solutions that are required by our clients, identifying the entire
architecture 1.2 INTRODUCTION TO JAVAJava is the entire component
has been developed using java technology. It is the product of
oracle. Java has been chosen as the platform because of its feature
rich nature. The java platform provides robust end to end solution
for networked applications as well as a trusted standard for
embedded applications. So java was a natural choice for development
process.There were five primary goals in the creation of the java
language:1. It should be "simple, object-oriented and familiar"1.
It should be "robust and secure"1. It should be
"architecture-neutral and portable"1. It should execute with "high
performance"1. It should be "interpreted, threaded, and
dynamic"1.2.1 LIBRARIES 1.2.1.1 java.lang: Provides classes that
are fundamental to the design of the Java programming language. The
most important classes are Object, which is the root of the class
hierarchy, and Class, instances of which represent classes at run
time. Frequently it is necessary to represent a value of primitive
type as if it were an object. The wrapper classes Boolean,
Character, Integer, Long, Float, and Double serve this purpose. An
object of type Double, for example, contains a field whose type is
double, representing that value in such a way that a reference to
it can be stored in a variable of reference type. The class Math
provides commonly used mathematical functions such as sine, cosine,
and square root. The classes String, StringBuffer similarly provide
commonly used operations on character strings. Class Throwable
encompasses objects that may be thrown by the throw statement.
Subclasses of Throwable represent errors and exceptions. 1.1.2.2
java.io: Provides for system input and output through data streams,
serialization and the file system. Unless otherwise noted, passing
a null argument to a constructor or method in any class or
interface in this package will cause a NullPointerException to be
thrown. 1.1.2.3 java.applet: Provides the classes necessary to
create an applet and the classes an applet uses to communicate with
its applet context. The applet framework involves two entities: the
applet and the applet context. An applet is an embeddable window
(see the Panel class) with a few extra methods that the applet
context can use to initialize, start, and stop the applet. The
applet context is an application that is responsible for loading
and running applets. For example, the applet context could be a Web
browser or an applet development environment. 1.1.2.4 java.sql:
Provides the API for accessing and processing data stored in a data
source (usually a relational database) using the Java programming
language. This API includes a framework whereby different drivers
can be installed dynamically to access different data sources.
Although the JDBC API is mainly geared to passing SQL statements to
a database, it provides for reading and writing data from any data
source with a tabular format. The reader/writer facility, available
through the javax.sql.RowSet group of interfaces, can be customized
to use and update data from a spread sheet, flat file, or any other
tabular data source.
1.1.2.5 java.awt: Contains all of the classes for creating user
interfaces and for painting graphics and images. A user interface
object such as a button or a scrollbar is called, in AWT
terminology, a component. The Component class is the root of all
AWT components. See Component for a detailed description of
properties that all AWT components share. Some components fire
events when a user interacts with the components. The AWT Event
class and its subclasses are used to represent the events that AWT
components can fire. See AWT Event for a description of the AWT
event model. A container is a component that can contain components
and other containers. A con trainer can also have a layout manager
that controls the visual placement of components in the container.
The AWT package contains several layout manager classes and an
interface for building your own layout manager. See Container and
LayoutManager for more information. 1.1.2.6 javax.swing: Provides a
set of "lightweight" (all-Java language) components that, to the
maximum degree possible, work the same on all platforms.
1.2.3: The basic features that make Java a powerful and popular
programming language:1. Platform Independence0. The
Write-Once-Run-Anywhere ideal has not been achieved (tuning for
different platforms usually required), but closer than with other
languages.1. Object Oriented 1. Object oriented throughout - no
coding outside of class definitions, including main().1. An
extensive class library available in the core language packages.1.
Compiler/Interpreter Combo2. Code is compiled to bytecodes that are
interpreted by a Java virtual machines (JVM) .2. This provides
portability to any machine for which a virtual machine has been
written. 2. The two steps of compilation and interpretation allow
for extensive code checking and improved security.1. Robust3.
Exception handling built-in, strong type checking (that is, all
data must be declared an explicit type), local variables must be
initialized. 1. Several dangerous features of C & C++
eliminated:4. No memory pointers4. No preprocessor4. Array index
limit checking 1. Automatic Memory Management5. Automatic garbage
collection - memory management handled by JVM.1. Security6. No
memory pointers6. A program runs inside the virtual machine
sandbox. 6. Array index limit checking 6. Code pathologies reduced
by 3. bytecode verifier - checks classes after loading3. class
loader - confines objects to unique namespaces. Prevents loading a
hacked "java.lang.SecurityManager" class, for example. 3. security
manager - determines what resources a class can access such as
reading and writing to the local disk.1. Dynamic Binding7. The
linking of data and methods to where they are located, is done at
run-time. 7. New classes can be loaded while a program is running.
Linking is done on the fly.7. Even if libraries are recompiled,
there is no need to recompile code that uses classes in those
libraries.
This differs from C++, which uses static binding. This can
result in fragile classes for cases where linked code is changed
and memory pointers then point to the wrong addresses.1. Good
Performance8. Interpretation of byte codes slowed performance in
early versions, but advanced virtual machines with adaptive and
just-in-time compilation and other techniques now typically provide
performance up to 50% to 100% the speed of C++ programs. 1.
Threading9. Lightweight processes, called threads, can easily be
spun off to perform multiprocessing. 9. Can take advantage of
multiprocessors where available9. Great for multimedia
displays.
2. SDLC PHASES2.1 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE(SDLC)
Figure 1
S/W DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE:Every software development consists
several phases, have certain predefined works and at the end of
each phase document is prepared. This phase is based on certain
Software Development Model.Software Development Model:Software
engineering is a discipline that integrates process, methods, and
tools for the development of computer software. To solve actual
problems in an industry setting, software engineer or a team of
software engineers must incorporate a development strategy that
encompasses, methods, and tools. This strategy is often referred to
as a process model or a software-engineering paradigm.A number of
different process models for the software engineering have been
proposed, each exhibiting strengths and weaknesses, but all having
a series of generic phases in common. Some of the commonly used
software process models are: The linear sequential model The
prototyping model The RAD model The incremental model The spiral
modelA particular process model for software engineering is chosen
on the nature of the project and the application at hand, the
methods and the tools to be used, and the controls are required.All
software development can be characterized as a problem-solving loop
in which four distinct stages are encountered: Status Quo Problem
Definition Technical Development Solution Integration2.2 BRIEF
EXPLANATION OF EACH PHASE1. FEASIBILITY STUDYIn this phase the
system feasibility is checked that the system is feasible for
handling operations of the project or not.2. REQUIREMENT ANALYSISIn
this phase all the information is gathered which is required for
developing the software. This should be done in detailed so that
there is no problem in future regarding the requirement. The
requirements gathering process is intensified and focused
specifically on software. To understand the nature of the
program(s) to be built, the software engineer (analyst) must
understand the information domain for the software, as well as
required function, behavior, performance, and interfacing.
Requirements for the both the system and the software are
documented and reviewed with the customer.3. DESIGNDesigning of
actual software is done in this phase. It includes physical as well
as external designing. Designing can be done using top down or by
using bottom up approach.Software design is actually a multi-step
process that focuses on four distinct attributes of a program: data
structures, software architecture, interface representations, and
procedural (algorithm) detail. The design process translates
requirement into a representation of the software that can be
assessed for quality before code generation begins. 4. CODINGCoding
of the software is done in this phase. Designed software is coded
into machine understandable form using different languages. The
design must be translated in to a machine-readable form. The
testing process focuses on the logical internals of the software,
assuring that all statements have been tested and on the functional
externals that is, conducting tests to uncover errors and ensure
that defined inputs will produce actual results that agree with
required results.5. TESTINGThe software developed is tested in case
there is some error in the actual software, than what was required.
This testing can be done by programmer itself or by some in-house
department or by third party testers. This phase is very important
and is done in different steps. Effective testing contributes to
delivery of higher quality software product, more satisfied users,
lower maintenance cost and more accurate and reliable results. 6.
IMPLEMENTATIONThe software is now ready to run. The software and
other applications required by the software are loaded in the
computer. The users that are going to use the software are given
the necessary training for the better use of software. Once code
has been generated, program testing begins. The testing process
focuses on the logical internals of the software, assuring that all
statements have been tested and on the functional externals that
is, conducting tests to uncover errors and ensure that defined
inputs will produce actual results that agree with required
results
7. MAINTENANCEThe software should be checked timely for this
better performance in future. Its maintenance should be done
timely. In case the user wants some modifications, it should be
done with minimum time and cost. Software will undoubtedly undergo
change after it is delivered to the customer (A possible exception
is embedded software).Change will occur because errors have been
encountered, because the software must be adapted to accommodate
change in its external environment (e.g. A change required because
of a new operating system or peripheral device), or because the
customer requires functional or performance enhancements.
2.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY:- INTRODUCTION:- Feasibility is the
measure of how beneficial or practical the development of the
system will be to the organization. It is a preliminary survey for
the systems investigation. It aims to provide information to
facilitate a later in-depth investigation. The report produced at
the end of the feasibility study contains suggestions and reasoned
arguments to help management decide whether to commit further
resources to the proposed project. Within the scheduled duration we
were assigned to study both the positive and negative aspects of
the current manual system, in which we have come up with a number
of drawbacks that prevent the progress of the clinic if it is
continued to function manually. Having gone through all measures of
feasibility we report to the management to figure out if the
objectives of the new system are met. For e.g.: Is the system
within the budget allowed for it? Will the organizations needs, be
met by the new proposed system as originally envisaged? TYPES OF
FEASIBILITY:There are various measures of feasibility that helps to
decide whether a particular project is feasible or not. These
measures include: Technical Feasibility Operational Feasibility
Economical FeasibilityEach of these types will be explained in
detail throughout the project report.1. Technical FeasibilityBased
on the outline design of system requirements in terms of inputs,
outputs, files, procedures and staff, the technical issues raised
during technical feasibility include: Does the necessary technology
exist to do what is proposed? Does the proposed equipment have the
technical capacity to hold the data required to use in the new
system? Adequate responses provided by the proposed system? Is the
system flexible enough to facilitate expansion? Is there any
technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and
data security?
2. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY:-A system often fails if it does not
fit within existing operations and if users resist the
change.Important issues a systems developer must look into are:
Will the new system be used if implemented in an organization? Are
there major barriers to implementation or is proposed system
accepted without destructive resistance?If we are considering the
performance and response time for each task, it is very much faster
since there is less paper work to be completed. When entering data
into the system to relieve the user from additional work and typing
incorrect data, the system provides options such as combo boxes,
check boxes, option buttons and etc. if the users type in incorrect
data they would be informed immediately about the error by the
error detection control. The new system is more user-friendly,
which enables the end-user to complete his/her work efficiently and
accurately with interest. After taking the above fact into
consideration we can state the operating of the proposed system
within the organization is feasible.
3. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY:-The proposed system must be
justifiable in terms of cost and benefit, to ensure that the
investment in a new/changed system provide a reasonable return.
Even though finding out the costs of the proposed project is
difficult we assume and estimate the costs and benefits as
follows.According to the computerized system we propose, the costs
can be broken down to two categories:1. Costs associated with the
development of the system.1. Costs associated with operating the
system.
The Prototyping Model is a systems development method (SDM) in
which a prototype (an early approximation of a final system or
product) is built, tested, and then reworked as necessary until an
acceptable prototype is finally achieved from which the complete
system or product can now be developed. This model works best in
scenarios where not all of the project requirements are known in
detail ahead of time. It is an iterative, trial-and-error process
that takes place between the developers and the users. There are
several steps in the Prototyping Model: 1. The new system
requirements are defined in as much detail as possible. This
usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all
the departments or aspects of the existing system.1. A preliminary
design is created for the new system.1. A first prototype of the
new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is
usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of
the characteristics of the final product.1. The users thoroughly
evaluate the first prototype, noting its strengths and weaknesses,
what needs to be added, and what should to be removed. The
developer collects and analyzes the remarks from the users.1. The
first prototype is modified, based on the comments supplied by the
users, and a second prototype of the new system is constructed.1.
The second prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the
first prototype.1. The preceding steps are iterated as many times
as necessary, until the users are satisfied that the prototype
represents the final product desired.1. The final system is
constructed, based on the final prototype.1. The final system is
thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried out
on a continuing basis to prevent large-scale failures and to
minimize downtime.
3. WORK UNDERTAKEN3.1 NETBEANSThe NetBeans Platform is a
reusable framework for simplifying the development of Java Swing
desktop applications. The NetBeans IDE bundle for Java SE contains
what is needed to start developing NetBeans plugins and NetBeans
Platform based applications.Applications can install modules
dynamically. Any application can include the Update Center module
to allow users of the application to download digitally-signed
upgrades and new features directly into the running application.
Reinstalling an upgrade or a new release does not force users to
download the entire application again.
Figure 2
The platform offers reusable services common to desktop
applications, allowing developers to focus on the logic specific to
their application. Among the features of the platform are:1. User
interface management (e.g. menus and toolbars)1. User settings
management1. Storage management (saving and loading any kind of
data)1. Window management1. Wizard framework (supports step-by-step
dialogs)1. NetBeans Visual Library1. Integrated development
toolsNetBeans IDE is a free, open-source, cross-platform IDE with
built-in-support for Java Programming Language. 3.2 JDBCThe JDBC is
a set of the database access classes. The very term JDBC stands for
"Java database Connectivity" it was developed by Javasoft. JDBC
technology is an API (application program interface) that allows
visual access to any tabular data source from java programming
languages by mean of some connecting software called drives. it
provide cross-DBMS connectivity to wide range of SQL database JDBC
allows java applets, servlets and applications to access data in
famous database management system.It also provides access to other
tabular data source such as spread sheets or flat files. The JDBC
API allows developer to take advantage of the java platforms write
once, run anywhere" capabilities for industrial strings cross
platforms applications that require access to enterprise data. The
JDBC API is the industry standard for data base-independent
connectivitys between the java programming language and a wide
range of the database. The JDBC API makes it possible to do three
things - Establish a connection with a database or access tabular
data source. -Send SQL statements and process the results.
3.3 HTMLHyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a language for
describing how pages of text, graphics and other information are
organized, formatted and linked together. It is not really a
programming language in the sense of COBOL or Visual Basic, but it
does provide powerful capabilities for text formatting and output
display. The original purpose of HTML was primarily as a tool for
making text documents readily available on the Internet. HTML
provides the necessary nuts and bolts for building web pages. It
was developed specifically for the use on the system of links,
which can be non-sequential in order. It is not a programming
language. It is a markup language used for linking one piece of
information to another. Using a markup language means that tags can
be added to the words in the document and web enable them. A tag is
a set of descriptive formatting codes used in HTML document that
instructs a web browser how to display text and graphics on a web
page. HTML 2.0 is the first standard of HTML specification,
released in 1996. HTML 3.6 was the next specification to be
developed. It was a joint effort of many software companies like
Microsoft, IBM, Sun Microsystems, Novell and others. HTML 4.0 is
the latest version of HTML, which includes CSS and dynamic HTML
features.There are three general categories of electronic
markup:
1. Presentational markup: It is used by traditional
word-processing systems, binary codes embedded in document text
that produced the WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) effect.1.
Procedural markup: It is embedded in text and provides instructions
for programs that are to process the text. Well-known examples
include troff, LaTeX and PostScript.1. Descriptive markup: It is
used to label parts of the document rather than t provide specific
instructions as to how they should be processed. The objective is
to decouple the inhernt structure of the document from any
particular treatment or rendition of it. Such a markup is often
described as semantic.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language
for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed
in a web browser.HTML is written in the form of HTML elements
consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like ), within the
web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like and ,
although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired,
for example . The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the
second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and
closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text,
further tags, comments and other types of text-based content.The
purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them
into visible or audible web pages. The following is an example of
the classic Hello world program, a common test employed for
comparing programming languages, scripting languages and markup
languages. This example is made using 9 lines of code:
This is a title
Hello world!
ElementsHTML documents are composed entirely of HTML elements
that, in their most general form have three components: a pair of
tags, a "start tag" and "end tag"; some attributes within the start
tag; and finally, any textual and graphical content between the
start and end tags, perhaps including other nested elements. The
HTML element is everything between and including the start and end
tags. Each tag is enclosed in angle brackets.The general form of an
HTML element is therefore: content. Some HTML elements are defined
as empty elements and take the form . tag.
3.4 CSS (Cascade Style Sheet) CSS is used to control the style
and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. With CSS, all
formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a
separate file. CSS gives you total control of the layout, without
messing up the document content.Using Styles: When a browser reads
a style sheet, it will format the document according to it. There
are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
3.4.1 External Style Sheet: An external style sheet is ideal
when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style
sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing
one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the tag. The
tag goes inside the head section.
3.4.2 Internal Style Sheet : An internal style sheet should be
used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal
styles in the head section with the tag.
body {background-color: red}
p {margin-left: 20px}
3.4.3 Inline Styles : An inline style should be used when a
unique style is to be applied to a single occurrence of an
element.To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the
relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The
example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a
paragraph :This is a paragraph
To learn more about styles, visit our CSS tutorial.Style
TagsTagDescriptionDefines a style definitionDefines a resource
referenceDefines a section in a documentDefines a section in a
documentDeprecated. Use styles insteadDeprecated. Use styles
insteadDeprecated. Use styles instead
LIST OF MARKUP LANGUAGES:There are more than 98 markup
languages. All of them are listed below:0. Application Markup
Language (AML)0. Architecture Description Markup Language (ADML)0.
Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML)0. ASN.1 Markup
Language (AML)0. Astronomical Instrument Markup Language (AIML)0.
Automatic Site Markup Language (ASML)0. Bean Markup Language
(BML)0. Better Markup Language (BML)0. Bibliography Markup Language
(BibML)0. Bioinformatics Sequence Markup Language (BSML)0.
BIOpolymer Markup Language (BIOML)0. Board Game Markup Language
(BGML)0. Business Rules Markup Language (BRML)0. Comics Markup
Language (ComicsML)0. Chemical Markup Language (CML)0. Claris
Dynamic Markup Language (CDML)0. DARPA Agent Markup Language
(DAML)0. Description Logic Markup Language (DLML)0. Directory
Services Markup Language (DSML)0. Document Template Markup Language
(DTML)
3.5 JAVASCRIPTJavaScript is used in Web pages to add
functionality, validate forms, communicate with theserver, and much
more. A scripting language is a lightweight programming language.
JavaScript is programming code that can be inserted into HTML
pages.
Tag:To insert a JavaScript into an HTML page, use the tag. The
and tells where the JavaScript starts and ends. The lines between
the and contain the JavaScript.Example:
document.write (Hello World);
Location For Javascript Code:There are three general areas that
JavaScript can be placed for use in a webpage.1. Inside the head
tag.1. Within the body tag of the document.1. In an External
file.
3.5.1 EXTERNAL JAVASCRIPTS: Scripts can also be placed in
external files. External files often contain code to be used by
several different web pages. External JavaScript files have the
file extension .js. To use an external script, point to the .js
file in the "src" attribute of the tag.Example:< script src
=script1.js >
Manipulating JavaScript Elements:To access an HTML element from
JavaScript, you can use the document.getElementById(id)method. Use
the "id" attribute to identify the HTML element:
Comments in JavaScript: Comments will not be executed by
JavaScript. Comments can be added to explain theJavaScript, or to
make the code more readable. Single line comments start with
//..3.5.2 EVENTS IN JAVASCRIPT: Events are signals generated when
specific actions occur. JavaScript is aware of these signals, and
scripts can be built to react to these events.There are several
events in JavaScript like:1. Page Events1. Form Events1. Keyboard
Events1. Mouse Events
3.6 SQL SQL Structured Query Language is a special-purpose
programming language designed for managing data held in a
relational database management system (RDBMS).Originally based upon
relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a
data definition language and a data manipulation language. The
scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema
creation and modification, and data access control. Although SQL is
often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative
language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements.SQL was one of
the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational
model, as described in his influential 1970 paper "A Relational
Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks".Despite not entirely
adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became
the most widely used database language. SQL became a standard of
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of
the International Organization for Standards (ISO) in 1987. Since
then, the standard has been enhanced several times with added
features. Despite these standards, code is not completely portable
among different database systems, which can lead to vendor lock-in.
The different makers do not perfectly adhere to the standard, for
instance by adding extensions, and the standard itself is sometimes
ambiguous.SQL stands for structured query language, better known as
"sequel". It is used for:1) Querying a database by editing the SQL
statement2) Querying a database with a program.3) Defining the data
organization.4) Administrating data.5) Accessing multiple data
server.6) Managing transaction. 3.6.1 QUERIES: These are used to
retrieve the data based on specific criteria. This is the most
important element of sql.CREATE: create creates an object (a table)
in the database.Syntax: create table tablename (column1 datatype1
(size), column2 datatype2 (size),.);
INSERT: insert adds rows (formally tuples) to an existing table,
e.g.:Syntax: insert into tablename (column1, column2,.)
values(value1,value2,.);DELETE: delete removes existing rows from a
table.Syntax: delete tablename where condition;
SELECT: Select retrieves data from one or more tables, or
expressions.Syntax: select * from tablename;3.7 SERVER-SIDE VS
CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTINGSimply put there are two distinct operations
involved in displaying any web page to the visitor the first being
server side operations and the second client side operations.Server
Side OperationsServer side operations are concerned with the
sending of the web page data from the server to the web page
visitors browser. In the case of Static Web Pages the data is
simply served immediately upon request for the data from the
visitors browser. If the requested page is a Dynamic Web Page then
any pre processing of the page is carried out and the output is
then served to the visitor.PHP and ASP(vbscript) are server side
scripting languages that are used to pre process pages and output
HTML before the page is sent to the visitor. HTML is the language
that the browser understands that tells it how to display the
page.Client Side OperationsClient side operations are performed on
the visitors computer by the users Internet browser to display the
web page as the data is received from the server.HTML is
interpreted as it is read by the browser resulting in the display
of the web page within the browser. Once the page has loaded HTML
cannot be reprocessed without refreshing the page.The visitors
experience on the web page can however be enhanced by means of a
client side scripting language, typically Javascript used in
conjunction with dynamic html and cascading style sheets, which
enable interactive menu systems, hi-lighting effects, image
effects, data manipulation and many other actions to be performed
on the page without reloading or refreshing the page.Suppose you
wanted to display the current time on a web page. You have a number
of options, you have the choice of displaying the current time
according to the web server or the current time according to the
visitors computer.If you want to use the server time then server
side pre processing will be required to determine the current time
on the server and write it to the output in html format before the
page is sent to the visitor.To use the visitors local time, the
current time on the visitors computer is used to determine the time
and display it on the page. Since Javascript is running on the
client side the time can be updated and displayed in real time on
the page without having to reload or refresh the page.This is not
possible with server side scripting as the page needs to be re
processed on the server to determine and output the new time and re
send to the visitor in order for the new time to be displayed.The
server time could of course be written to the page as a Javascript
variable which Javascript could then use to set a local page time
variable which could then be used to keep time. However one must
bear in mind that time would elapse between the server creating and
writing output for the Javascript time variable and Javascript
actually reading in the variable upon page loading. Also one must
remember that the updating of the clock would still be performed as
a client side Javascript operation.Whether you choose to display
the local time on the server side or client side or any of the
standard times such as GMT, PST, EST is irrelevant as both server
and client operations use the respective local time and the time
zone where the server or client is located to determine the time in
the aforementioned standard times.Although primarily a client side
scripting language, Javascript does offer some server side
functionality however server side scripting languages such as PHP
and ASP are generally far better suited to performing server side
operations.
3.8 CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTING VS SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTINGClient-side
scripting generally refers to the class of computer programs on the
web that are executedclient-side, by the user's web browser,
instead of server-side (on the web server). This type of computer
programming is an important part of the Dynamic HTML (DHTML)
concept, enabling web pages to be scripted; that is, to have
different and changing content depending on user input,
environmental conditions (such as the time of day), or other
variables.Client-side scripts are often embedded within an HTML or
XHTML document (hence known as an "embedded script"), but they may
also be contained in a separate file, to which the document (or
documents) that use it make reference (hence known as an "external
script"). Upon request, the necessary files are sent to the user's
computer by the web server (or servers) on which they reside. The
user's web browserexecutes the script, then displays the document,
including any visible output from the script. Client-side scripts
may also contain instructions for the browser to follow in response
to certain user actions, (e.g., clicking a button). Often, these
instructions can be followed without further communication with the
server.By viewing the file that contains the script, users may be
able to see its source code. Many web authors learn how to write
client-side scripts partly by examining the source code for other
authors' scripts.In contrast, server-side scripts, written in
languages such as Perl, PHP, ASP.NET, Java, and server-side
VBScript, are executed by the web server when the user requests a
document. They produce output in a format understandable by web
browsers (usually HTML), which is then sent to the user's computer.
The user cannot see the script's source code (unless the author
publishes the code separately), and may not even be aware that a
script was executed. Documents produced by server-side scripts may,
in turn, contain client-side scripts.Server-side scripts require
that their language's interpreter be installed on the server, and
produce the same output regardless of the client's browser,
operating system, or other system details. Client-side scripts do
not require additional software on the server (making them popular
with authors who lack administrative access to their servers);
however, they do require that the user's web browser understands
the scripting language in which they are written. It is therefore
impractical for an author to write scripts in a language that is
not supported by popular web browsers.Due to security restrictions,
client-side scripts may not be allowed to access the user's
computer beyond the web browser application. Techniques like
ActiveX controls can be used to sidestep this
restriction.Client-side scripting is not inherently unsafe. Users
are encouraged to always keep their web browsers up-to-date to
avoid exposing their computer and data to vulnerabilities that are
discovered.The latest group of web browsers and web pages tend to
employ a heavy amount of client-side scripting, accounting for an
improved user interface in which the user does not experience the
unfriendly "refreshing" of the web page, but instead sees perhaps
an animated GIF file indicating that the request occurred and the
page will be updated shortly. Ajax is an important addition to the
JavaScript language, allowing web developers to communicate with
the web server in the background without requiring a completely new
version of the page to be requested and rendered. This leads to a
much improved user experience in general.Unfortunately, even
languages that are supported by a wide variety of browsers may not
be implemented in precisely the same way across all browsers and
operating systems. Authors are well-advised to review the behavior
of their client-side scripts on a variety of platforms before they
put them into use. 4. PROJECT UNDERTAKEN
4.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION Our project is initiated to reduce
anxiety for both students and parent as choosing a right career and
a best guidance is not an easy task .Our project provides career
counselling guidance for the students who wish to search their
career.4.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Every student is unique, and so are
their college planning needs. College planning can be stressful at
times, and that it should strive to reduce anxiety for both
students and parent.Today, education is very much compulsory to
build a good career. Students are used to wandering here and there
for right career and best guidance. Here we provide career
counselling guidance for the students who wish to search their
career .Modules:1. Administrator module1. User module4.3 DRAWBACKS
OF EXISTING SYSTEM:-1. Data redundancy and formatting: The various
files are likely to have different formats and therefore lead to
redundancy and inconsistency.a) Maintaining registers is costly:
Traditionally documents have been stored in batches and they field
in file cabinets and boxes. A numerical system is they assigned.
Specifically a consumer number assigned to organize the files.b)
Error prone: Existing systems are error prone, since manual work is
required. More time is consumed and errors may propagate due to
human mistakes.c) Low security feature: Due to maintenance's of
records manually and shared and could view easily by anyone. Also
these could be possible lose of data and confidential information
due to some disaster in the form of fire, theft etc.
4.4 VARIOUS MENUS & STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT:- 1. PROBLEM
DEFINITION1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS2 FEASIBILITY STUDY3 ANALYSIS4
DESIGN5 IMPLEMENTATION6 POST IMPLEMENTATION7 MAINTAINANCE
4.5 SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN:-System development, a process
consisting of the two major steps of systems analysis and design,
starts when management or sometimes system development personnel
feel that a new system or an improvement in the existing system is
required. The systems development life cycle is classically,
thought of as the set of activities that analysts, designers and
users carry out to develop and implement an information system.
4.6 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS:-In the software development process the
implementation stage is not the last stage and the development
process. As the time progresses user requirements increases and at
one time the current software seems unable to cope up with them.
Hence regular updating of the software is needed.4.7 ADVANTAGES OF
PROJECT:1. It facilitates paper free work.1. It provides instant
information.1. It opens an account very easily.1. It replaces all
required files and registers.1. It is very easy to run.1. It is
free of cost after installation.1. It can store records of
thousands of files as long as we want to store.1. It can easily
update.1. It is time saving project.
4.8 REQUIREMENTS 4.8.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS1. The platform used
for this project is Windows 7.1. NetBeans 7.3 is used to run JAVA
code and execute database queries.1. Database used in the project
is SQL server.1. Technologies used are JAVA, CSS, HTML,
JAVASCRIPT.1. JDBS,JDK Required.1. Browser.4.8.2 HARDWARE
REQUIREMENTS1. PC with Core2 Duo Processor1. Window 7/XP1. 1GB
RAM1. Minimum 80GB hard disk space.4.8.3 ENVIRONMENT TO BE USED1.
JAVA (As Front End)1. SQL (As Back End)1. Connectivity ( SQL
Connection)
5. STRUCTURE DESIGNING5.1 Introduction:Software design sits at
the technical kernel of the software engineering process and is
applied regardless of the development paradigm and area of
application. Design is the first step in the development phase for
any engineered product or system. The designers goal is to produce
a model or representation of an entity that will later be built.
Beginning, once system requirement have been specified and
analyzed, system design is the first of the three technical
activities -design, code and test that is required to build and
verify software. The importance can be stated with a single word
Quality. Design is the place where quality is fostered in software
development. Design provides us with representations of software
that can assess for quality. Design is the only way that we can
accurately translate a customers view into a finished software
product or system. Software design serves as a foundation for all
the software engineering steps that follow. Without a strong design
we risk building an unstable system one that will be difficult to
test, one whose quality cannot be assessed until the last
stage.During design, progressive refinement of data structure,
program structure, and procedural details are developed reviewed
and documented. System design can be viewed from either technical
or project management perspective. From the technical point of
view, design is comprised of four activities architectural design,
data structure design, interface design and procedural design.
NormalizationIt is a process of converting a relation to a
standard form. The process is used to handle the problems that can
arise due to data redundancy i.e. repetition of data in the
database, maintain data integrity as well as handling problems that
can arise due to insertion, updation, deletion anomalies.
Decomposing is the process of splitting relations into multiple
relations to eliminate anomalies and maintain anomalies and
maintain data integrity. To do this we use normal forms or rules
for structuring relation.
Insertion anomaly: Inability to add data to the database due to
absence of other data.Deletion anomaly: Unintended loss of data due
to deletion of other data.Update anomaly: Data inconsistency
resulting from data redundancy and partial updateNormal Forms:
These are the rules for structuring relations that eliminate
anomalies.
FIRST NORMAL FORM:A relation is said to be in first normal form
if the values in the relation are atomic for every attribute in the
relation. By this we mean simply that no attribute value can be a
set of values or, as it is sometimes expressed, a repeating
group.SECOND NORMAL FORM:A relation is said to be in second Normal
form is it is in first normal form and it should satisfy any one of
the following rules.1. Primary key is a not a composite primary
key1. No non key attributes are present1. Every non key attribute
is fully functionally dependent on full set of primary key.
THIRD NORMAL FORM:A relation is said to be in third normal form
if their exits no transitive dependencies.
5.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMA data flow diagram is graphical tool used
to describe and analyze movement of data through a system. These
are the central tool and the basis from which the other components
are developed. The transformation of data from input to output,
through processed, may be described logically and independently of
physical components associated with the system. These are known as
the logical data flow diagrams. The physical data flow diagrams
show the actual implements and movement of data between people,
departments and workstations. A full description of a system
actually consists of a set of data flow diagrams. Using two
familiar notations Yourdon, Gane and Sarson notation develops the
data flow diagrams. Each component in a DFD is labeled with a
descriptive name. Process is further identified with a number that
will be used for identification purpose. The development of DFDS is
done in several levels. Each process in lower level diagrams can be
broken down into a more detailed DFD in the next level. The
lop-level diagram is often called context diagram. It consists a
single process bit, which plays vital role in studying the current
system. The process in the context level diagram is exploded into
other process at the first level DFD.The idea behind the explosion
of a process into more process is that understanding at one level
of detail is exploded into greater detail at the next level. This
is done until further explosion is necessary and an adequate amount
of detail is described for analyst to understand the process.Larry
Constantine first developed the DFD as a way of expressing system
requirements in a graphical from, this lead to the modular design.
A DFD is also known as a bubble Chart has the purpose of clarifying
system requirements and identifying major transformations that will
become programs in system design. So it is the starting point of
the design to the lowest level of detail. A DFD consists of a
series of bubbles joined by data flows in the system.DFD SYMBOLS:In
the DFD, there are four symbols1. A square defines a
source(originator) or destination of system data1. An arrow
identifies data flow. It is the pipeline through which the
information flows1. A circle or a bubble represents a process that
transforms incoming data flow into outgoing data flows.1. An open
rectangle is a data store, data at rest or a temporary repository
of data
CONSTRUCTING A DFD:Several rules of thumb are used in drawing
DFDS: 1. Process should be named and numbered for an easy
reference. Each name should be representative of the process.1. The
direction of flow is from top to bottom and from left to right.
Data traditionally flow from source to the destination although
they may flow back to the source. One way to indicate this is to
draw long flow line back to a source. An alternative way is to
repeat the source symbol as a destination. Since it is used more
than once in the DFD it is marked with a short diagonal.1. When a
process is exploded into lower level details, they are numbered.1.
The names of data stores and destinations are written in capital
letters. Process and dataflow names have the first letter of each
work capitalized.A DFD typically shows the minimum contents of data
store. Each data store should contain all the data elements that
flow in and out.Questionnaires should contain all the data elements
that flow in and out. Missing interfaces redundancies and like is
then accounted for often through interviews.SAILENT FEATURES OF
DFDS1. The DFD shows flow of data, not of control loops and
decision are controlled considerations do not appear on a DFD.1.
The DFD does not indicate the time factor involved in any process
whether the dataflow take place daily, weekly, monthly or yearly.1.
The sequence of events is not brought out on the DFD.
TYPES OF DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS1. Current Physical1. Current
Logical1. New Logical1. New Physical
DFD LEVEL 1
User Admin Login
I/P O/P
DFD LEVEL 2
Login Reg I/P (User)
O/P (Logout)
DFD LEVEL 3
University EntryCollege EntrySchool Entry I/P (Admin)
University Type Master
Admin Pages
Login
Course Master Logout
Board Master State Master City Master
5.3 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM An E-R model is an abstract way
of describing a database. In the case of a relational database
which stores data in tables, some of the data in these tables point
to data in other tables - for instance, your entry in the database
could point to several entries for each of the phone numbers that
are yours. The ER model would say that you are an entity, and each
phone number is an entity, and the relationship between you and the
phone numbers is 'has a phone number'. Diagrams created to design
these entities and relationships are called entityrelationship
diagrams or ER diagrams.The building blocks: entities,
relationships, and attributes An entity is a fundamental thing of
an organization about which data may be maintained. An entity has
its own identity, which distinguish it from other entity. An entity
type is the description of all entities to which a common
definition and common relationship and attributes apply. For
example, in our application user is in entity, whose information is
to be maintained by the user. It is denoted by rectangle, name of
the entity is written within them.
User
A relationship is a reason for associating two entity types.
These relationships are sometimes called a binary relationship
because they involve two entity types. For example, in my
application an entity can have groups. It is denoted by a diamond
symbol, the relationship is written within diamond symbol.
GroupsUserhas
Each entity type has an attribute associated with it. An
attribute is a property or characteristics of an entity that is of
interest to the organisation. Following are example of entity types
and their attributes:USER: User_ID, name, type, MailID, mobileNo,
Alternate_MailId.GROUP: Group_ID, name, addresses.
Database
Login Manage(User/Admin) ID & Password
Enter details Database
Enter data into respective tables
ER-Diagram 1
Contact us About us
Website
LanLan
Search University Search School
State nameUniversity TypeState nameSchool TypeBoard Type
Lan
Search College
University TypeCollege TypeState name
5.4 Flow chart: Aflowchartis a type ofdiagramthat represents
analgorithmorprocess, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds,
and their order by connecting them with arrows. This
diagrammaticrepresentationsolution to a givenproblem. Process
operations are represented in these boxes, and arrows; rather, they
are implied by the sequencing of operations. Flowcharts are used in
analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program
in various fields. Flowcharts are used in designing and documenting
complex processes or programs. Like other types of diagrams, they
help visualize what is going on and thereby help the viewer to
understand a process, and perhaps also find flaws, bottlenecks, and
other less-obvious features within it. There are many different
types of flowcharts, and each type has its own repertoire of boxes
and notational conventions. The two most common types of boxes in a
flowchart are:1. a processing step, usually calledactivity, and
denoted as a rectangular box1. a decision, usually denoted as a
diamond. A flowchart is described as "cross-functional" when the
page is divided into differentswim lanesdescribing the control of
different organizational units. A symbol appearing in a particular
"lane" is within the control of that organizational unit. This
technique allows the author to locate the responsibility for
performing an action or making a decision correctly, showing the
responsibility of each organizational unit for different parts of a
single process. Flowcharts depict certain aspects of processes and
they are usually complemented by other types of diagram. For
instance,Kaoru Ishikawadefined the flowchart as one of the seven
basic tools of quality control, next to thehistogram,Pareto
chart,check sheet,control chart,cause-and-effect diagram, and
thescatter diagram. Similarly, inUML, a standard concept-modeling
notation used in software development, theactivity diagram, which
is a type of flowchart, is just one of many different diagram.
6. SQL TABLESTables:1. User Registration :Sr. No. :Coloum Name
:Data Type :
1.Sname Varchar(50)
2.EmailVarchar(40)
3.UsernameVarchar(50)
4.PwdVarchar(50)
5.SaddressVarchar(50)
6.NumVarchar(50)
Table 12. Login :Sr. No. :Columns Name :Data Type :Constraints
:
1.UseridIntPrimary key
2.UsernameVarchar(40)
3.PwdVarchar(50)
Table 2
3.Board_master :Sr. No. :Coloum Name :Data Type :Constraints
:
1.Board_idintPrimary key
2.Board_nameVarchar(20)
Table 3
4.City_master:Sr. No. :Columns Name :Data Type :Constraints
:
1.City_idintPrimary key
2.City_nameVarchar(40)
3.State_idint
Table 4
5.College_main :Sr. No. :Coloum Name :Data Type :Constraints
:
1.cidintPrimary key
2.College_nameVarchar(30)
3.Un_idInt
4.U_typeInt
5.Course_idint
6.St_idVarchar(max)
7.Ct_idInt
8.College_addressVarchar(50)
9.PhoneBigint
10.Email_idVarchar(30)
Table 56.College type master :Sr. No. :Columns Name :Data Type
:Constraints :
1.cidintPrimary key
2.TypenameVarchar(30)
Table 6
7.Course master :Sr. No. :Coloum Name :Data Type :Constraints
:
1.Course_idintPrimary key
2.Course_nameVarchar(30)
Table 7
8. School_main:Sr. No. :Coloum Name :Data Type :Constraints
:
1.School_idIntPrimary key
2.School_nameVarchar(50)
3.bidInt
4.Stype_idInt
5.St_idInt
6.Ct_idInt
7.School_addressVarchar(50)
8.Phone_noBigint
9.emailVarchar(30)
9. Schooltype_master:Sr. No. :Coloum Name :Data Type
:Constraints :
1.Stype_idIntPrimary key
2.Stype_nameVarchar(30)
10. State_master:Sr. No. :Coloum Name :Data Type :Constraints
:
1.State_idIntPrimary key
2.State_nameVarchar(40)
11. tblblog:Sr. No. :Coloum Name :Data Type :
1.BlogidInt
2.blognameVarchar(200)
3.detailsVarchar(200)
4.useridInt
12. tblblogdetail:Sr. No. :Coloum Name :Data Type :
1.AnsidInt
2.Blog_idint
3.ansVarchar(50)
4.auseridInt
13. university_main:Sr. No. :Coloum Name :Data Type :Constraints
:
1.Univ_idIntPrimary key
2.Univ_nameVarchar(50)
3.U_typeInt
4.St_idInt
5.Ct_idInt
6.Univ_addressVarchar(50)
7.PhoneBigint
8.Email_idVarchar(30)
14. universitytype_master:Sr. No. :Coloum Name :Data Type
:Constraints :
1.UidIntPrimary key
2.typenameVarchar(30)
7. SNAPSHOTSHome page
Figure 3-4
Registration form:
Figure 8
College search
Figure 9
Figure 10College details:
Figure 11
University Search:-Search university by-
Figure 12University type:Figure 13
Uniiversity name:
Figure 14University details:
Figure 15
School Search:Search school by:
Figure 16
School name:
Figure 17
Figure 18School details:
Figure 19
About Us:
Figure 20Admin Login:
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Engineering:
Figure 24Medical:
Figure 25
Commerce:
Figure 26Arts:
Figure 27
Blogs:
Figure 28
Figure 29
Terms and Conditions:
Figure 30
Privacy Policy:
Figure 31Why us:
Figure 32FAQs:
Figure 33
Contact us:
Figure 34Gallery:
Figure 35
Database Snapshot:State master:
Figure 36School main:
Figure 37
City master:
Figure 38
Diagram:
Figure 39
8. Testing StrategyTo uncover the errors of the modules of my
project I used the testing strategies such as UnitTesting,
Integration Testing, Validation Testing, System Testing, Alpha
Testing and Beta Testing.8.1 Unit TestingUnit testing focuses
verification efforts on the smallest unit of software design- the
software component or module. Using the component-level design
description as a guide, important control paths are tested to
uncover errors within the boundary of the module.The unit testing
is White Box oriented and the step can be conducted in parallel for
multiple components.
Unit Test ConsiderationsThe module interface is tested to ensure
that information properly flows into and out of the program unit
under test. The local data structure is examined to ensure that
data stored temporarily maintain its integrity during all steps in
an algorithms execution. Boundary conditions are tested to ensure
that the module operates properly at boundaries established to
limit or restrict processing. All independent paths through the
control structure are exercised to ensure that all statements in a
module have been executed at least once. And finally, all error
handling paths are tested.
Unit Test ProceduresUnit testing is normally considered an
adjunct to the coding step. After source level code has been
developed, reviewed and verified for correspondence to component
level design, unit testing case design begins. Because a component
is not a stand-alone program, driver or stub software must be
developed for each unit test. Driver is nothing but a main program
that accepts test case data, passes such data to the component and
prints relevant results. Stubs serve to replace module that are
subordinate the component to be tested. Drivers and Stubs represent
overhead. That is, both are software that must be written but that
is not delivered with the final software product. If drivers and
stubs are dept simple, actual overhead is relatively low.
8.2 Integration Testing:The integration testing for the software
is very important if it contains number of module. As stated above,
my software contains four modules. The errors may occur after
integration of each module. It is the testing of the interface
among system modules. I faced lots of problem during this testing.
I used bottom-up approach to integrate the modules. 8.3 System
TestingAfter completion of Integration testing, I used system
testing to test my system. The purpose of unit testing is to
determine that each independent module is correctly implemented.
This gives little chance to determine that the interface between
modules is also correct, and for this reason system testing must be
performed. System testing aims at evaluating a product in terms of
the expectation of the client; not with respect to a specifications
or a standard.Alpha TestingThe alpha test is conducted at the
developer site (i.e. me) in the presence of the customer. The
software is used in a natural setting by all errors and me and
usage problems are recorded for maintenance. This test is conducted
in a controlled environment to uncover errors.Beta TestingThe beta
test is conducted by the end-users of the software. Therefore the
beta test is a live application of the software in an environment
that cannot control by the developer. They recorded all the
problems that are encountered during their testing and reported
these problems to me. As a result of problems reported during beta
tests, I made modifications leading to completion of my software
project.
0. Testing Techniques Used:
White Box TestingThe supporting arguments that help me to
decide, to choose this testing technique are as:0. My project
contains lots of paths in every module. This testing guarantee that
all independent paths within a module have been executed al least
once.0. My project contains lots of logical decisions. This testing
exercises all logical decisions on their true and false side.0. My
project also contains loops. The testing is done to execute all
loops at their boundaries and their operational bounds.0. At last I
tested internal data structures to ensure their validity.
Black Box TestingThis testing focuses on the functional
requirements of the software. Black-Box testing enables me to drive
sets of input conditions that will fully exercise all functional
requirements for software. The reasons that force me to do this
test are given bellow:0. In this software there are lots of
functions. I had checked incorrect or missing functions.0. The
software contains four modules and each interface with each other.
To check the interface errors, I had used this technique.0. The
software is developed for the intranet. The data are stored on the
remote machine and one should have to access the external
database.0. The software totally based on the intranet, the
performance errors must be test. To test this I had used this
technique.
8.5 Debugging:Debugging occurs as a sequence of successful
testing. That is, when a test case uncovers error, debugging can
and should be orderly process; it is still much an art.The
debugging process will always have one of the two outcomes:0. The
cause will be found, corrected, removed or0. The cause will be
found.The software was tested vigorously before implementation and
when error was found they were corrected and removed.
1. Experience throughout TrainingTraining is given on four basic
grounds:1. New candidates who join an organization are given
training. This training familiarize them with the organizational
mission, vision, rules and regulations and the working conditions.
1. The existing employees are trained to refresh and enhance their
knowledge. 1. If any updations and amendments take place in
technology, training is given to cope up with those changes. For
instance, purchasing new equipment, changes in technique of
production, computer implantment. The employees are trained about
use of new equipments and work methods. 1. When promotion and
career growth becomes important. Training is given so that
employees are prepared to share the responsibilities of the higher
level job. The benefits of training can be summed up as:1. Improves
morale of employees- Training helps the employee to get job
security and job satisfaction. The more satisfied the employee is
and the greater is his morale, the more he will contribute to
organizational success and the lesser will be employee absenteeism
and turnover. 1. Less supervision- A well trained employee will be
well acquainted with the job and will need less of supervision.
Thus, there will be less wastage of time and efforts. 1. Fewer
accidents- Errors are likely to occur if the employees lack
knowledge and skills required for doing a particular job. The more
trained an employee is, the less are the chances of committing
accidents and any kind of data loss in job and the more proficient
the employee becomes. 1. Chances of promotion- Employees acquire
skills and efficiency during training. They become more eligible
for promotion. They become an asset for the organization.
10. Future scope and Applications Education seekers get a
personalised experience on our site, based on educational
background and career interest, enabling them to make well informed
course and college decisions. The decision making is empowered with
easy access to detailed information on career choices, courses and
colleges. Taking students further : All the way to the course &
college of their choice.
11. CONCLUSIONWhat value I have added to my knowledge?Domain
experienceSPIC Microsoft center is the company who had increased my
knowledge and made me capable oftaking responsibilities
individually. I have learnt a lot in SPIC.Exposure to entirely
different technologyWorking on java was an enriching experience. I
had never worked on this platform earlier. So, itadded to my list
of knowledge.Database implementationI have made database earlier
but worked on sqlsever for the first time. I have learnt many
newconcepts about database creation, stored procedure etc. I have
learnt many things theoretically as apart of our curriculum but
here i got a chance to apply my knowledge practically and enhance
italso at the same time.
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following books are being used to fulfill the requirements
of proposed project and are helpful in understanding, development
and the maintenance of the project.1. Software Engineering Roger S.
Pressman1. Java K.A Mugal1. Database Concepts Sumita Arora, Henry
F.korth 1. Structured Query Language Ivas Bayros1. Java Complete
Reference Tata McGrawHill 1. Fundamentals of database systems
Elmasri Navathe
REFERENCES1. www.java.sun.com1. www.wikipedia.com1.
www.stackoverflow.com1. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/java
