Training & Conditioning 15.7

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T&C OCTOBER 2005 1 ATHLETICBID.COM

Special Focus

14 Reading LabelsComplying with NCAA bylaw 16.5.2.g, which restricts what supplements Division I schools can distribute to its athletes, is complicated. Understanding the ingredients and the 30-percent protein rule are key.By Greg Scholand

Optimum Performance

23 A Lot of TalentCoaching great, natural athletes is not as easy as it seems. They often need to be challenged and communicated with in unique ways.By Vern Gambetta

Treating The Athlete

28 To The LimitIn the NBA, players are often pushed to their physical limits. When one player complained of hamstring pain, it took a specialized reconditioning program to get him back to full strength.By Dr. Micheal Clark and Aaron Nelson

Leadership

35 Here Come the ParentsToday’s parents are more protective, vocal, and involved when it comes to their kids. And today’s high school athletic trainers need to deal with them.By Abigail Funk

Sport Specific

41 Peaking for the PostseasonA meticulously planned, year-long strength program helped Arizona State finish third in the College World Series last spring.By Rich Wenner

Comeback Athlete

5 Lamont Robinson Salem (N.J.) High School, University of Oklahoma

Nutrition Roundup

10 ACSM Review By Dr. Christopher Mohr

Sideline

50 Hydrating for Basketball

56 Advertisers Directory

Product Pages

46 Pain Management51 Hot & Cold52 Catalog Showcase53 Sports Massage57 More Products

CEU Quiz

60 For NATA and NSCA Members

October 2005, Vol. XV, No. 7

CONTENTS

14 23 41

Cover Photo: © Getty Images

Water is a good thirst quencher for those times when you only need to quench your thirst.The case for drinking Gatorade® during exercise.

There are plenty of good things to say about water. It’s easily available, often free, it quenches thirst

and it’s definitely better than nothing at all. There are even some occasions when water is good

enough – at meals, while studying, or during a light workout. But when your team is working hard and

sweating hard, a scientifically formulated sports drink like Gatorade beats water hands down.

Hydration from a sweat gland’s point of view:

Exercise increases an athlete’s core body temperature, thereby triggering

the production of sweat. Beyond this “sweat threshold,” as exercise intensity

increases, so does the rate of sweat production. Furthermore, the increased

rate of production limits the reabsorption of electrolytes.

So, when your team is working hard and sweating hard, they’re losing more sodium,

chloride and potassium. Water doesn’t replace these electrolytes, which is one reason

why a scientifically formulated sports drink like Gatorade beats water hands down.

Now you know,

water is fine for reading the playbook, not for reading the defense.

Untitled-5 1 8/2/05 3:08:59 PM

©2005 S

-VC

, Inc.

Learn more at gatorade.com/athletictrainers

Untitled-5 1 8/2/05 3:08:59 PM

Circle No. 101


Publisher Mark Goldberg

Editorial Staff

Eleanor Frankel, DirectorR.J. Anderson, Kenny Berkowitz, Abigail Funk, David Hill, Dennis Read,Greg Scholand, Laura Smith

Circulation Staff

David Dubin, DirectorJohn Callaghan

Art Direction

tuesdaythursday Brand Advertising

Production Staff

Kristin Ayers, DirectorAdam Berenstain, Jonni Campbell,Jim Harper

IT Manager

Mark Nye

Business Manager

Pennie Small

Special Projects

Dave Wohlhueter

Administrative Assistant

Sharon Barbell

Advertising Materials Coordinator

Mike Townsend

Marketing Director

Sheryl Shaffer

Marketing/Sales Assistant

Danielle Catalano

Advertising Sales Associates

Diedra Harkenrider(607) 257-6970, ext. 24Rob Schoffel(607) 257-6970, ext. 21

T&C editorial/business offices:

2488 N. Triphammer RoadIthaca, NY 14850 (607) 257-6970Fax: (607) [email protected]

October 2005 Vol. XV, No. 7

Marjorie Albohm, MS, ATC/LDirector of Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Research,Orthopaedics Indianapolis

Jon Almquist, ATCSpecialist, Fairfax County (Va.) Pub. Schools Athletic Training Program

Brian Awbrey, MDDept. of Orthopaedic Surgery,Massachusetts General Hospital,and Instructor in Orthopaedics,Harvard Medical School

Jim Berry, MEd, ATC, SCAT/EMT-BDirector of Sports Medicineand Head Athletic Trainer,Myrtle Beach (S.C.) High School

Leslie Bonci, MPH, RDDirector, Sports Medicine Nutrition Program, University of PittsburghMedical Ctr. Health System

Christine Bonci, MS, ATCAsst. A.D. for Sports Medicine,Women’s Athletics, University of Texas

Cynthia “Sam” Booth, ATC, PhDManager, Outpatient Therapyand Sportsmedicine,MeritCare Health System

Debra Brooks, CNMT, LMT, PhDCEO, Iowa NeuroMuscular Therapy Center

Cindy Chang, MDHead Team Physician,University of California-Berkeley

Dan Cipriani, PhD, PTAssistant Professor, Dept. of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State Univ.

Gray Cook, MSPT, OCS, CSCSClinic Director, Orthopedic & Sports Phys. Ther., Dunn, Cook, and Assoc.

Bernie DePalma, MEd, PT, ATCHead Athl. Trainer/Phys. Therapist,Cornell University

Lori Dewald, EdD, ATC, CHESAthletic Training Program Director and Associate Professor of Health Education, University of Minnesota-Duluth

Jeff Dilts, Director, Business Development & Marketing, National Academy of Sports Medicine

David Ellis, RD, LMNT, CSCSSports Alliance, Inc.

Boyd Epley, MEd, CSCSAsst. A.D. & Dir. of Athletic Perf.,University of Nebraska

Peter Friesen, ATC, NSCA-CPT, CSCS, CAT, Head Ath. Trainer/ Cond. Coach, Carolina Hurricanes

Lance Fujiwara, MEd, ATC, EMTDirector of Sports Medicine,Virginia Military Institute

Vern Gambetta, MA, President, Gambetta Sports Training Systems

Joe Gieck, EdD, ATC, PTDirector of Sports Medicine and Prof., Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia

Brian Goodstein, MS, ATC, CSCS, Head Athletic Trainer, DC United

Gary Gray, PT, President, CEO, Functional Design Systems

Maria Hutsick, MS, ATC/L, CSCSHead Athletic Trainer, Boston University

Christopher Ingersoll, PhD, ATC, FACSM Director, Graduate Programs in Sports Medicine/Athletic TrainingUniversity of Virginia

Jeff Konin, PhD, ATC, PTAssistant Athletic Director for Sports Medicine, James Madison University

Tim McClellan, MS, CSCSDirector of Perf. Enhancement,Makeplays.com Center for Human Performance

Michael Merk, MEd, CSCSDirector of Health & Fitness,YMCA of Greater Cleveland

Jenny Moshak, MS, ATC, CSCSAsst. A.D. for Sports Medicine,University of Tennessee

Steve Myrland, CSCSOwner, Manager, Perf. Coach,Myrland Sports Training, LLCInstructor and Consultant,University of Wisconsin Sports Medicine

Mike Nitka, MS, CSCSDirector of Human Performance,Muskego (Wisc.) High School

Bruno Pauletto, MS, CSCSPresident, Power Systems, Inc.

Stephen Perle, DC, CCSPAssociate Prof. of Clin. Sciences,University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic

Brian Roberts, MS, ATC, Director, Sport Performance & Rehab. Ctr.

Ellyn Robinson, DPE, CSCS, CPTAssistant Professor, Exercise Science Program,Bridgewater State College

Kent Scriber, EdD, ATC, PTProfessor/Supervisor of Athletic Training, Ithaca College

Chip Sigmon, CSCSStrength and Conditioning Coach,Carolina Medical Center

Bonnie J. Siple, MS, ATCCoordinator, Athletic Training Education Program & Services, Slippery Rock University

Chad Starkey, PhD, ATCAssociate Professor, Athletic Training Educ. Program,Northeastern University

Ralph Stephens, LMT, NCTMBSports Massage Therapist,Ralph Stephens Seminars

Fred Tedeschi, ATCHead Athletic Trainer, Chicago Bulls

Terrence Todd, PhD, Co-Director, Todd-McLean Physical Culture Collection, Dept. of Kinesiology & Health Ed., University of Texas-Austin

Training & Conditioning (ISSN 1058-3548)

is published monthly except in January

and February, May and June, and July and

August, which are bimonthly issues, for

a total of nine times a year, by MAG, Inc.,

2488 N. Triphammer Rd., Ithaca, NY

14850. T&C is distributed without charge

to qualified professionals involved with

competitive athletes. The subscription

rate is $24 for one year and $48 for two

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one year and $60 for two years in Canada.

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2005 by MAG, Inc. All rights reserved. Text

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Editorial Board

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Salem (N.J.) High SchoolLamont Robinson

Robinson’s aid, pulling him from the water and initiating life-saving procedures, after which Robinson regained con-sciousness. He was then taken by ambulance to Christiana Hospital in New Castle, Del., where he underwent surgery the next day to repair a partially dislocated right eye, frac-tures to his nasal bone and zygomatic arch, and open facial wounds requiring 60 stitches. A round of MRIs and X-rays revealed fractures to cervical vertebrae five and six (C-5 and C-6) and thoracic vertebrae eight and nine (T-8 and T-9). Be-cause of the nature of Robinson’s spinal injuries, doctors at Christiana told him his football career was finished.

The news hit him like a ton of bricks. “After God and my family, football is third on my priority list,” says Robinson. “To tell me I would never be able to play again was unacceptable. I knew I had to find another opinion.” The prognosis was es-pecially hard to accept because other than his facial injuries, Robinson wasn’t in very much pain. In fact, from the neck down, he felt perfectly normal.

Eight days after the accident, Robinson was transferred to Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, where he was treated by Patrick O’Leary, MD, a spinal surgeon who works with the New York Jets and New York Giants. O’Leary told Robinson

It was the homecoming football game at Salem (N.J.) High School, and the school’s athletic trainer, Heidi Bower, ATC, was holding her breath. As Bower looked on, Lamont Robinson, the school’s blue-chip linebacker and running back, made his 2004 season debut.

It’s a tense moment for any athletic trainer when a rehabbed athlete returns to play. But this case was special. Robinson had a bright future as one of the most sought-after college football prospects in the country when he fractured four ver-tebrae in a car accident the spring of his junior year. He dog-gedly rejected the prognosis that he would never play again and his road back included detours and numerous doctors’ visits in search of a physician who would clear him to play. In the process, Bower became not just Robinson’s athletic trainer, but his de facto case manager.

On that October night last year, six games into the season, Robinson was anxiously trying to adapt to the game’s speed, looking to find the rhythm that had made him one of the top-ranked players in the country. After a few missed tackles, the senior finally made his presence felt, slamming an opposing running back to the turf. “I’m back!” Robinson yelled.

But, it wouldn’t be until the end of the season that Bower could completely exhale. “The nerves for the first game were tremendous,” she says. “Most athletic trainers have never dealt with a kid who broke his neck and wanted to come back and play football, let alone one who actually did. Other athletic trainers asked me, ‘How did you make it through the practices and games given what his injury was?’ I told them, ‘The doctors cleared him and put their names on the line for Lamont, and I followed all the legal avenues that I could. And then, I just hoped for the best.’

“Would I want to be put in that situation again? Heck no!” she continues. “I hope this was a one-time deal.”

Five months before Robinson’s return, it was hard to envi-sion him hitting anybody. On May 19 of his junior year, Rob-inson was driving home from a family member’s house when he swerved to miss a dog in the road. He lost control of his vehicle and crashed through a chain link fence. Robinson was ejected upon impact and landed in a lake. He was un-conscious and severely injured.

A passerby who witnessed the accident quickly came to

AthleteComeback

A linebacker and running back, Robinson scored six touch-

downs in the last five games of his high school career.


AthleteComeback

and his family that there were three or four options for treating his spinal injuries—one of which might allow him to play foot-ball again. For Robinson, the decision was a no-brainer. On June 1, his C-5 and C-6 vertebrae were fused with a graft tak-en from his right ilium. O’Leary determined that the fractures to the T-8 and T-9 were minor, and could heal on their own. The surgery was a success, and two days later Robinson was is-sued a hard neck collar and released from the hospital.

Robinson recovered quickly, going to a soft neck brace af-ter a month. Five days later, O’Leary determined that he had regained enough strength in his neck to perform everyday functions, and he removed the soft brace. However, he was not allowed to participate in any physical activity, and Robin-son spent the next month doing little more than sitting around watching television. The inactivity caused him to drop nearly

30 pounds, and his muscular 6’2”, 220-pound body was los-ing bulk and definition.

After a few weeks, Robinson began to get antsy. Though O’Leary hadn’t cleared him for any physical rehabilitation, he felt as though his body could withstand some conditioning. He decided to take matters into his own hands and began self-imposed (and self-supervised) rehab, secretly doing 100 to 200 pushups and calf raises a day.

“The doctor told me I was healed, but at the same time he didn’t want me to do any work,” says Robinson. “But I know my body—at that point I felt good. And believe me, I started off very slowly and didn’t do anything that involved my neck.”

At Robinson’s third visit with O’Leary, he learned that all the

fractures, including the fusion, had healed. O’Leary cleared Robinson to begin physical activity, but advised against par-ticipating in contact football. However, the 17-year old heard a different message.

“When Dr. O’Leary released me at the end of August, I thought I was released to play, but he really meant I could start working out again—running and lifting weights,” says Robin-son, who immediately joined his teammates for preseason practices. “I started team drills and conditioning because camp had already begun.” Practicing without equipment, Robinson and his teammates were hitting blocking sleds and doing contact-free conditioning drills.

Three days after his appointment with O’Leary, Robinson met with his family physician for a mandatory preseason physical. The physician told Robinson he would clear him only if O’Leary faxed him a note saying that he had already done so. When the note arrived, it said Robinson could at-tend school and do just about anything except play football. Though devastated by this setback, Robinson continued working out on his own. He was determined to somehow get back on the field.

A month later, on Sept. 27, Robinson visited O’Leary again and had another round of X-rays, which confirmed his injuries had fully healed. Robinson reported no difficulties with con-ditioning activities or with hitting the blocking sleds. Despite this, O’Leary still felt uncomfortable releasing Robinson to play football that soon after surgery. He said he would have no problem releasing him six months post-surgery, but that was two months away and would only allow Robinson to play in one or two games.

“He came from the standpoint of what decision he would make if he were my father,” says Robinson. “I understood where he was coming from, but I was desperate to get back on the field. So I asked him if there was anything more I could do—see another doctor or something like that. That’s when he told me that if ‘Dr. Torg’ cleared me, he would go along with the decision.”

■ Lamont Robinson

Injury: Fractures to cervical vertebrae five and six (C-5 and C-6) and thoracic vertebrae eight and nine (T-8 and T-9) as well as various facial fractures resulting from a car accident.

Rehab Hurdle: Obtaining the medical and legal clearance to participate in his final high school season.

Result: Rejoined team halfway through season and obtained a scholarship to play football at the University of Oklahoma.

Quote: “I asked Dr. O’Leary if there was anything more I could do to get back on the field—see another doctor or something like that. That’s when he told me that if ‘Dr. Torg’ cleared me, he would go along with the decision.”

Robinson decided to take matters into his own hands and began

self-imposed (and self-supervised) rehab, secretly doing 100 to 200

pushups and calf raises a day.

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THE ATHLETE

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AthleteComeback

After conducting a fruitless Internet search to find Torg’s address and phone number, a frustrated and depressed Robinson paid a visit to Bower. “He came into my office and said, ‘I need your help to find Dr. Joseph Torg,’” Bower says. “At that point, I told him he first needed to come clean with me about what he had been doing on his own for condition-ing. That’s when he told me everything.

“When I found out he was doing exercises on his own, I cringed,” she continues. “I told him he was very lucky that he hadn’t undone something the doctor did to fix him. I also told him that I wasn’t trying to make it more difficult for him to play. I wanted him to play, but I wanted him to be completely healthy when he did.”

Bower went on to tell Robinson that not only did she know who Dr. Torg was, but that he did, too. “He said, ‘I’ve never met this man,’ and I said, ‘No, but you’ve watched his video before every football season,’” says Bower. Joseph Torg, MD, a well-respected neck and spine specialist, hosts the video “Prevent Paralysis: Don’t Hit With Your Head,” which is re-quired viewing for the Salem football team.

Bower obtained Torg’s office number from a colleague who warned her that she might have a hard time getting an appointment. Torg was semi-retired and seeing patients only three days a week. In her call to his office, Bower explained Robinson’s situation, and Torg agreed to see him five days later. Bower accompanied Robinson and his mother to Torg’s office at Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia.

“Between the doctors’ concerns, an athlete who wanted to play now, and coaches who wanted him yesterday, I was being pulled in a lot of directions,” Bower says. “But I knew that I had to go through the proper channels to make sure the athlete was safe. I also knew that we needed a paper trail, and that took work—it didn’t happen overnight.”

On Oct. 5, after looking at Robinson’s collection of MRIs, X-rays, and CAT scans and performing a physical evaluation that included lateral and forward flexion and extension of the spine, Torg gave Robinson a complete medical release with no restrictions—including football. “Lamont left the office dancing through the hallway, screaming at the top of his lungs that he was going to play football again,” says Bower with a laugh.

However, Robinson’s elation was short-lived. His return to the field still faced several obstacles.

On Oct. 7, at Bower’s urging, the school’s athletic direc-tor held a meeting with Robinson, his parents, and Bower to discuss what needed to happen for Robinson to resume his career at Salem. They concluded that the school’s insurance provider would have to check off on Robinson’s injury before he could return and that as a stipulation of his return, Robin-son would consult with Bower after each practice and game. It was also decided that Salem’s Team Physician, Joseph LaCavera, MD, would have the final say on whether Robin-son could suit up.

The next day, Robinson, his parents, and Bower met with LaCavera, who told them that Robinson would be cleared upon the arrival of the paperwork from O’Leary, as long as it agreed with Torg’s assessment. Four days later that paper-work arrived, but O’Leary still maintained he would prefer

Robinson wait six months post-surgery to return. Because of the conflicting opinions, LaCavera delayed his decision until he could speak with each of the doctors. On Oct. 15, nearly five months post-surgery, after consulting with both O’Leary and Torg, LaCavera released Robinson to play football.

Even though the process of getting cleared to play frus-trated him, Robinson is thankful for the treatment and care he received from the doctors and from his athletic trainer. “Although I wasn’t always getting the answers that I wanted, I knew that I was in the best hands,” he says. “And Heidi was very instrumental in everything. She made sure I did every-thing I needed to do and was always there with words of en-couragement if I had any problems.”

Weighing 217 pounds at the time of his release, Robinson hadn’t regained all of the weight and strength he had lost, but he was close. There were also some equipment adjustments. Robinson would have to get used to the addition of shock pads, a cowboy collar, and a visor on his helmet to protect the injuries to his face and eye. After a week of pain-free practice, Robinson played his first game of the season.

With its captain back on the field, Salem earned a trip to the state playoffs, losing in the first round. Despite playing in only

four and a half games, Robinson notched 40 tackles, forced two fumbles, and had two fumble recoveries. On offense, he scored six touchdowns and six two-point conversions on his way to earning second team all-conference honors at lineback-er and running back and first team all-area as a linebacker.

Robinson was equally dedicated in the classroom, earn-ing a 4.27 GPA and graduating seventh in his class. And his ordeal failed to scare off college recruiters. In December, Robinson signed a letter of intent to attend the University of Oklahoma, where he is playing linebacker.

As for his experience last season, Robinson feels it has only made him stronger. “It was tough, but I think it’s going to make me a better person, a better man, and a better athlete,” he says. “To have something prematurely taken away from me at a time when I wasn’t ready to give it up, and the experience of having to come back, makes me appreciate my abilities and the opportunity I have in front of me.” ■

Send Us Your Success Stories!To nominate an athlete to be featured in this Comeback Athlete section, please send your name, the athlete’s name, his or her rehab story, and contact information to:2488 N. Triphammer Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850 [email protected], fax: 607-257-7328 or call us at: 607-257-6970, ext. 18

“I knew that I had to go through the proper channels to make sure the athlete was safe. I also knew that we needed a paper trail, and that took work—it didn’t happen overnight.”

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ACSM ReviewEach year, the largest sports medicine organization in

the world gathers to discuss the latest research in a

variety of areas, including exercise physiology, medicine,

rehabilitation, and nutrition. With thousands of attendees

from around the world, the 52nd Annual Meeting of the

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) proved to

be another exciting gathering. In the following, we report

on three research presentations from the convention that

focus on nutrition and competitive athletes.

Testing High-Energy Drinks

Energy drinks seem to be all the rage. They are popular across many age groups and sometimes used in athletics for a performance boost. Most beverages in this category include similar ingredients: hefty doses of caffeine and sugar, some B-vitamins, and a sprinkle of amino acids. This particular study tested Red Bull, the self-described “original” drink in this category. Red Bull contains taurine, glucoronolactone, caffeine, niacin, vitamin B-6, pantothenic acid, vitamin B-12, sucrose, and glucose.

The purpose of this study (“The Effects of a Commercial Energy Drink on Repeated High Intensity Anaerobic Cycling Performance,” by Stefan M. Pasiakos, Robert Petrancos-ta, John Wygand, and Robert M. Otto) was to measure the effects of Red Bull on anaerobic cycling performance. The study was a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial in which 13 male subjects participated. Trials consisted of a modified Wingate Anaerobic Power Test after consumption of either Red Bull or a Red Bull-flavored placebo drink. The Wingate Anaerobic Power Test used in this trial consisted of six bouts of 15-second supramaximal cycling with a load equal to 0.1 kg/body weight with 45 seconds of recovery time between bouts. The data from this test can be extrapolated to other high intensity sports, such as sprinting, basketball, and soccer.

The results showed that some of the resting metabolic vari-ables, including heart rate and respiratory exchange ratio, were significantly higher in the group that consumed Red Bull vs. the placebo group. In addition, exercising heart rate and lactate levels were significantly higher in the experimental

Sponsored by

vs. the placebo group. There were no significant differences seen, however, in repeated anaerobic cycling performance in the two groups.

Take home message: Considering there were no dif-ferences in performance outcomes, it is recommended that athletes not rely on Red Bull or similar energy drinks when looking for performance assistance. Because such drinks raise athletes’ heart rates and respiratory exchange ratios, they should especially be avoided by athletes exercising in extreme heat.

Supplementing Soccer Players

Soccer is considered a power-endurance sport, and in pre-season and in-season training, soccer players’ bodies are under a great deal of stress as they attempt to maintain high levels of both strength and endurance. This maintenance is obviously crucial so that athletes can perform near maximal capacity in season. This study (“The Impact of Nutritional Supplementation on Performance and Muscle Breakdown in Collegiate Soccer Players,” by Shawn M. Arent, Joseph Pellegrino, David DiFabio, John Greenwood, and Carey A. Williams) was conducted to examine the physiological chang-es and metabolic parameters in collegiate soccer players in preseason training if a particular dietary supplement was introduced.

The subjects in the study included 24 NCAA Division I male soccer players. VO2max, the onset of blood lactate accumulation (which could determine onset of fatigue), the time to fatigue, and the creatine kinase (CK) response (which is a marker of muscle damage) were all measured. Athletes were given either a dietary supplement containing three ingredients—superoxide dismutase, coenzyme Q10, and branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)—or an isocaloric placebo. Superoxide dismutase can act as an antioxidant. Coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) is produced endogenously and used in an energy pathway in the body—some suggest addi-tional COQ10 is useful as an antioxidant and for energy pro-duction. BCAA are amino acids that are often recommended for recovery.

Results showed significant changes from the beginning to end of preseason in all the measurements across groups. This is not surprising since the athletes are in much better shape after intense training. CK levels also increased sig-nificantly, meaning muscle breakdown was higher, so the improvements in the first three outcome parameters came

Christopher Mohr, PhD, RD, is the President of Mohr Results,

Inc., based in Louisville, Ky., where he provides nutrition and

training consultations for individuals and corporations. He can

be reached through his Web site at: www.MohrResults.com.

RoundupNutrition

by Dr. Christopher Mohr

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Circle No. 105


despite the increased muscle breakdown. In terms of the use of dietary supplements, there did appear

to be modest differences between the experimental and control groups—better cardiovascular capacity, increased VO2max, and longer time to fatigue for the experimental group—but these differences were not significant. The researchers drew the conclusion that this particular combination of ingredients may enhance some of the parameters measured. But the short-term effects were moderate.

Take home message: More research is necessary with this particular concoction of ingredients, as the effects were only moderate, and the study was completed on a small test group. The best advice for enhancing recovery from high-intensity training is still to eat a varied diet, drink plenty of flu-ids, and ensure adequate rest.

Caffeine & Agility

Caffeine is a known ergogenic aid. It has been shown through numerous studies to enhance endurance perfor-mance and increase mental focus. This study (“The Effects of Caffeine on Athletic Agility,” by Andrew J. Lorino, Lisa K. Lloyd, Sylvia H. Crixell, John L. Walker, and Jack W. Ransone) was conducted to examine whether caffeine also has an ef-fect on athletic agility and, therefore, on overall anaerobic per-formance.

Sixteen adult men performed two trials of two drills with two to three days of rest in between. They participated in a pro-agility run test (to measure agility) and a 30-second Wingate test (to measure anaerobic power). Subjects were not blinded for this study. They all received six mg of caffeine per kg of body weight before one of the testing days, and a placebo on the other. The order in which they received the supplement was random.

The researchers found no significant differences between either the placebo or caffeine trials in either of the outcome measurements. They suggested a number of possible limita-tions to this study, however. The caffeine dosage may have been too low, habitual caffeine use by some of the athletes may have hindered the results, and training status of subjects could have influenced the results.

Take home message: Caffeine does work for many out-come parameters, but this study did not prove it affects agility and anaerobic performance. Most researchers suggest that athletes be very careful before using caffeine as an ergogenic aid, and this study reiterates that view. ■

■ All three of these studies were also published in the May 2005 issue of Medicine and Science

in Sports and Exercise, the official journal of the ACSM. It can be accessed at: www.ms-se.com.

RoundupNutrition

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When the NCAA im-plemented bylaw 16.5.2.g in August of 2000, restricting which nutritional

supplements Division I institutions could distribute to their athletes, the Univer-sity of Texas was confident it had taken all the necessary steps to comply. Athlet-ic department staff members evaluated every supplement they gave out to make sure it fit the requirements. They even submitted breakdowns of the products’ nutritional content to NCAA Member-ship Services to verify that everything was acceptable. And all the supplements had been cleared through the National Center for Drug Free Sport to ensure that

BY GREG SCHOLAND

Greg Scholand is an Assistant Editor

at Training & Conditioning. He can be

reached at: [email protected].

ReadingLabels

NCAA PHOTOS

Complying with NCAA bylaw 16.5.2.g, which restricts what supplements schools

can distribute to their athletes, is complicated. Understanding the ingredients and

the 30-percent protein rule are key.

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they contained no banned substances.Then, this spring, the Fort Worth

Star-Telegram revealed that Texas had spent $90,000 on impermissible supple-ments since the rule took effect. “We had no idea we were doing anything wrong,” says Tina Bonci, MS, ATC, Assistant Athletic Director for Sports Medicine at Texas. “We absolutely be-lieved we had done everything the legis-lation required.”

Indeed, the NCAA acknowledged that Texas had not intentionally broken any rules. But the association also agreed with the Star-Telegram report conclud-ing that the purchases were in violation.

Despite all its precautions, the universi-ty had been distributing impermissible supplements for several years—and until an outside investigation uncovered the problem, the athletic department was completely unaware of it.

The Longhorns are hardly alone in having struggled with the rule—Texas Tech, Texas A&M, Indiana University, Purdue University, San Diego State Uni-versity, and the University of Minnesota have all learned this year that they were distributing at least one supplement that ran afoul of 16.5.2.g. The specific prod-ucts varied from school to school, but many of the incidents shared a common thread: a misunderstanding of exactly what is not permissible, combined with uncertainty about how to properly eval-uate the supplements being given out.

None of the schools have been sanc-tioned, but the NCAA released a clari-fication of its supplement rules in May and warned that future violations could result in penalties. It also noted that in-stitutions need to do a better job of eval-uating the supplements they provide to athletes. In this article, we’ll take a close look at the now five-year-old legislation and talk to athletic trainers about how to keep your program in compliance.

LETTER OF THE LAWBylaw 16.5.2.g was put in place for two very specific reasons. “The primary con-cern that drove this rule was an escalat-

ing trend of institutions providing dietary supplements to student-athletes, despite the fact that the supplement industry is not very well regulated,” explains Mary Wilfert, NCAA Assistant Director of Education Outreach and Chief Liaison to the Committee on Competitive Safe-guards and Medical Aspects of Sport, which recommended the proposal to the Management Council in 1999. “So, first of all, we wanted to restrict dietary sup-plement distribution.”

The second concern, Wilfert says, was competitive balance. Before the bylaw was implemented, schools with deeper pockets were able to offer supplements

that helped athletes build muscle, gain weight, and increase their energy level. In the NCAA’s view, this gave them a competitive advantage over programs with less money to spend.

The bylaw places strict limitations on what types of products schools can distribute to student-athletes. “It es-sentially allows institutions to provide things that will replace the calories, electrolytes, and fluids lost during ath-letic participation,” Wilfert says. “They are not allowed to hand out any supple-ments that contribute to performance enhancement or promote weight gain.”

According to the NCAA’s guidelines, a supplement must satisfy three sepa-rate tests to be permissible. First, it must fall into one of four general categories:

carbohydrate/electrolyte drinks, energy bars, carbohydrate boosters, or vitamins and minerals. These were identified as acceptable by the NCAA because they typically don’t contribute to perfor-mance enhancement. In addition, they are generally accepted and widely used by the public at large.

If a supplement fits into one of the categories, the next step is determin-ing the percentage of its calories that come from protein. By rule, no more than 30 percent of calories can come from protein, a figure the association says represents a calories-from-protein ratio comparable to a typical balanced meal. Wilfert also notes that protein ratios above 30 percent are frequently found in muscle-building and weight-gain supplements. To calculate the per-centage of calories from protein in any product, multiply the protein content (in grams) by four, then divide by the total calories. For example, a product with six grams of protein and 100 calo-ries per serving is permissible because according to the formula, 24 percent of its calories come from protein (6 x 4 = 24, 24 / 100 = .24, or 24 percent).

A supplement that fits an accepted category and falls below the protein limit must also meet one more test: It may not contain any ingredient speci-fied by the NCAA as impermissible (see “Not Allowed” on page 18). The im-permissible list includes several popular supplements and compounds consid-ered to be performance enhancing, such as ginseng, tribulus, and ginkgo bi-loba. It also includes protein powders, because any product containing added protein from non-whole-food sources cannot be distributed to athletes. Such sources are often referred to on labels as a “protein blend” or “proprietary

The specific products varied from school to school, but many of the incidents shared a common thread:

a misunderstanding of exactly what is not permissible, combined with uncertainty about how to properly

evaluate the supplements being given out.

II AND III RULESII AND III RULES

NCAA bylaw 16.5.2.g applies only to Division I institutions, but the other divisions have their own restrictions. In Division II, bylaw 16.5.1.h contains nearly identical lan-

guage, and the intent and application are the same as in Division I. A recent update to the Division II version, which took effect on Aug. 1, was for clarification only and did not make any substantive change to the rule. In Division III, no supplements of any kind may be provided to student-athletes.

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protein.” Products that contain added amino acids or amino acid chelates are also impermissible.

Wilfert emphasizes that the imper-missible list is not exhaustive, and that schools must understand the spirit of the legislation rather than focus ex-clusively on the names that appear on the list. “Our list contains examples of things that aren’t allowed. It does not include every impermissible substance and ingredient, because it’s practical-ly impossible to keep up with all the new products on the market,” she says. “Unless something creates such a level of danger that it comes to the attention of the FDA, there’s no real oversight of supplement ingredients. If an institu-tion is unsure about a specific ingredi-ent that’s not on the list, they should contact Membership Services for fur-ther clarification.”

It’s also important to remember that a label may call an impermissible in-gredient by a different name than that found on the list. For example, L-lysine and L-proline are both specific amino acids that make a product impermissi-ble, though the list only identifies “ami-no acids” as a general category.

LEARNING FROM MISTAKESPassing the impermissible ingredients test has proven to be the biggest stum-bling block for athletic programs. In Texas’s case, its supplements were in violation of the bylaw’s prohibition on added amino acids (also known as free-form amino acids). As the build-ing blocks of protein molecules, ami-no acids are naturally present in any product containing protein, but when they’re added artificially—that is, when they show up on a product’s ingredient list—that product cannot be distributed to athletes.

Before the noncompliance was un-covered, Texas believed it was follow-ing all the right steps in analyzing its supplements. The sports-medicine staff calculated the protein content of each supplement and sent the information to NCAA Membership Services for verifi-cation. But focusing on the 30-percent provision of the rule, and not the in-gredient list, turned out to be a critical oversight.

“When we sent our product infor-mation to the NCAA, we had already evaluated the products ourselves, and we were looking for an interpretation that considered the entire legislation,”

Bonci says. “But the NCAA didn’t see the ingredients, so they were just look-ing at the breakdowns we provided in which we calculated the protein per-centages. They said we had interpreted that part correctly, and we took that to mean the supplements were okay to distribute.”

As soon as the sports-medicine staff learned otherwise, they re-evaluated the supplements that had been found impermissible and immediately stopped distributing them. The compliance of-fice then self-reported the violation. “We also submitted the products to the

NCAA a second time,” Bonci says, “just to verify and document that the supple-ments were in fact impermissible.”

Purdue’s run-in with 16.5.2.g be-gan in much the same way Texas’s had. Just over a month after the first Star-Telegram article, the Indianapolis Star reported that its own investigation had uncovered a combined $47,000 in im-permissible supplement purchases by the athletic departments at Purdue and Indiana. Among the culprits at Purdue were a recovery drink that contained “branched chain amino acids” on the ingredient list, and a supplement that

NOT ALLOWEDNOT ALLOWED

The following ingredients are impermissible in any supple-ment that an NCAA Division I institution distributes to its student-athletes. The list is not exhaustive and contains

substances that may be found on product labels under different names. The NCAA advises schools that are unsure about the permissibility of any supplement or specific ingredient to contact Membership Services for additional guidance.

Amino acids (including amino acid chelates)Chondroitin*ChrysinCLA (conjugated linoleic acid)Creatine and compounds containing creatineGarcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid)Gingko bilobaGinsengGlucosamine*GlutathioneGlycerol**Green teaHMB (hydroxy-methybutyrate)MelatoninMSM (methylsulfonyl methane)Protein powdersSt. John’s wortTribulusWeight gainersYohimbe

* Chondroitin and Glucosamine may be provided by an institution to a student-athlete for medical purposes if prescribed by a medical doctor to treat a specific, diagnosed medical condition.** Glycerol or glycerine is permissible as a binding ingredient in a supplement product.


SPECIAL FOCUS

had an ingredient identified as a “pro-tein blend.”

Dennis Miller, ATC, PT, Head Ath-letic Trainer at Purdue, says his depart-ment took what it believed were all the necessary steps to ensure that nothing unsafe or illegal was being provided to student-athletes. “We felt then, and we still feel, that we complied with the spirit of the legislation completely,” he explains. “When we originally evaluat-ed our supplements, we looked at sev-eral things to make sure they fit within the rules and determined that they were alright.”

Like Texas, Purdue had focused on the 30-percent provision and did not recognize that the words “protein blend” on an ingredient list meant that a supplement was impermissible. The supplement in question had a total protein content, including the protein blend, under 30 percent of its calories, and the athletic department even found out from the manufacturer that the source of the protein was natural—it came from beef, whey, and eggs. None-theless, since the label did not specify the nature of the protein additive, the

NCAA ruled the supplement to be im-permissible.

Purdue’s case also raised a separate question: Can the name of a product render it impermissible? One of the sup-plements purchased by the athletic de-partment had the words “Heavyweight Gainer” in its name, even though its protein content and ingredients did not appear to make it a weight gainer based on the NCAA’s criteria. According to Wilfert, that posed a bit of a riddle.

“We placed ‘weight gainers’ on the impermissible list because products that are marketed that way are usu-ally high in protein and contain a lot of amino acids,” she says. “But in con-tinuing to review this rule, we realized that some products called ‘weight gain-ers’ really aren’t weight gainers. Techni-cally, if it meets all of our criteria, even something that’s sold as a weight gainer could be considered permissible.”

The bottom line, says Miller, is that correctly interpreting the rules on sup-plement distribution can be tricky, and the key is closely scrutinizing anything that your department gives out. “We understand that as a member institution

it’s our job to evaluate all the products we use, and that’s certainly what we try to do,” he says. “We really look hard at the labels on all the products that we consider, and we won’t order anything without giving it a close look to make sure it won’t create a problem.”

TEAM APPROACHGiving everything that “close look” means athletic trainers or strength coaches should not be trying to comply with this rule by themselves. Because it can take a trained eye to recognize an individual amino acid or a specific impermissible compound among a long list of ingredients, Texas has assembled a team of trained eyes to review supple-ments before they make it onto the ath-letic department’s shelves.

All the school’s supplement purchas-es are supervised by a panel that in-cludes members of the sports-medicine and strength and conditioning staffs, the head team physician, a consulting nutritionist, the director of compli-ance, and the chair of the pharmacol-ogy department. After a product has been checked for banned substances

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using the National Center for Drug Free Sport’s Resource Exchange Cen-ter, its ingredients and nutritional con-tent are reviewed by the panel to ensure that it is permissible under 16.5.2.g. If it fails, it is not purchased. If it passes, the panel documents its findings and the supplement is approved for distri-bution. If questions arise, the director

of compliance seeks a specific interpre-tation from the NCAA.

It’s also important that everyone in the athletic department—not just the athletic trainers and strength and condi-tioning staff—understands the limits on what can be distributed. “Many times the marketers of a supplement will con-

tact one of the sport coaches, and give them a pitch about a new product that they claim can have amazing results,” says Carolyn Peters, MA, ATC, CSCS, Assistant Athletic Trainer at San Diego State University. “They’ll sometimes of-fer a free or reduced-price trial, and if that coach isn’t fully aware of all the details of the NCAA rules, they may ac-

cept it because at first glance it doesn’t throw up any red flags.

“Also, just because a marketer says a product doesn’t contain anything that is banned by the NCAA, that doesn’t mean it’s okay for the institution to dis-tribute,” Peters continues. “Obviously the institution has to follow stricter rules

when it comes to distributing the supple-ment, so there needs to be good commu-nication among the compliance director, every sport’s coaching staff, directors of operations, strength and conditioning coaches, and athletic trainers about any supplements that may come in. All those people need to be kept updated about what is not allowed.”

THE SAFE ROUTEIf the potential for confusion and the time-consuming evaluation of product labels sounds unappealing, there is one simple way to steer clear of supplement distribution problems: Don’t distrib-ute supplements. At Butler University, this strategy has kept the athletic de-partment from having to worry about breaking rules, not to mention any con-cern about the safety of supplements being handed out.

The only substance that student-ath-letes at Butler can ever expect to receive from someone on staff is a sports drink, according to Bruce Willard, ATC, Di-rector of Sports Medicine. “So many supplements are really unproven, not only in terms of their effectiveness but

“Many times the marketers of a supplement will contact one of the sport coaches and give them a pitch about a new product that they claim can have amazing

results … If that coach isn’t fully aware of all the details of the NCAA rule, he or she may accept it because at first glance it doesn’t throw up any red flags.”

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also in terms of unanticipated effects they may have,” he explains. “Our pol-icy was established primarily for the welfare of our athletes. It’s difficult to know exactly what some of these sup-plements do—both in the short term and the long term—and we didn’t want to be a part of distributing something that was potentially harmful.”

Butler’s staff also promotes the phi-losophy that eating a balanced diet and working hard in the weightroom are the best ways to achieve optimum perfor-mance, and the athletic department sup-plying any kind of supplements would contradict that ideal. “In college athlet-ics we don’t spend enough time telling kids to work harder and eat better and do the simple things to be more success-ful,” Willard says. “At Butler, we say that if you work hard and take care of your body, good things will happen. Do some athletes enjoy positive gains from certain things they take? Of course. But at what cost? That’s the big question, and it’s one we can’t answer.”

The downside of not distributing any supplements is that some athletes may choose to seek out products on their

own, which can pose even greater risks. Willard recognizes this, so all Butler stu-dent-athletes are strongly encouraged to consult an athletic trainer whenever they are considering a supplement—to determine whether it’s safe, to check for banned substances, and to discuss po-tential effects and side-effects.

Butler’s athletic trainers also discuss with athletes whether the goals they’re looking to achieve with a supplement could be reached instead through di-etary changes. That argument can be a tough sell sometimes, particularly with athletes who want to gain weight or strength, but it’s a message Willard strongly believes in.

“One thing we’ll do is have them keep a journal for a couple of weeks, and then talk to them about foods they can sub-stitute to accomplish a goal that they might otherwise turn to a supplement for,” he explains. “For instance, if some-one wants to gain weight and we find out that they’re ingesting a lot of empty calories, we’ll suggest some specific al-ternatives that can put them on the right track. We would always rather talk to athletes about nutrition and eating the

right things than talk to them about sup-plements.”

THE RIGHT FOCUSFor schools that do choose to distrib-ute supplements, Wilfert suggests fo-cusing on the intent behind the NCAA rule, and remembering that basic nutri-tion should always be the top priority. “The first thing to do when evaluating any supplement for distribution is to see if it meets the intent of calorie, fluid, and electrolyte replacement,” she says. “Those are the types of products that this legislation has no problem with. For anything besides replenishment, we want to emphasize that student-ath-letes should get their nutrition through whole foods, and that’s what this bylaw is really about.”

Bonci, for one, has taken that ad-vice to heart. “We want to make sure that we understand the rules and that we are following them completely,” she says. “But above all, we never want to do anything that could endanger the health and safety of our athletes in any way. That alone is enough reason to be very, very careful.” ■

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OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE

A LotLot of Talent

BY VERN GAMBETTA

When we start our coaching careers, our dream is often to work with greatathletes—those gift-

ed individuals who can naturally run, jump, and move better than everyone around them. I know that was my mind-set. And, in a sense, I had my dream come true in my first coaching assignment.

I was hired as an assistant coach for a high school track and field team, and the best athlete in the school, in fact one of the best athletes in southern Cal-ifornia, was a shot putter in the group that I was coaching. Initially I remem-ber being slightly intimidated, but the head coach told me to just be myself and coach him.

It was a great experience. The ath-lete was very cooperative and worked to fine tune his technique and improve his strength. He even helped with the younger shot putters. He was every-thing a coach could hope for. He won the state championship in spite of my coaching.

It is not always like this, however. In fact, in the many years since, I have found that working with a gifted ath-lete rarely turns out to be an easy en-deavor. More typically, exceptional athletes have achieved their success because they have superior ability and have not had to work hard at strength and conditioning. When you challenge them to pay attention to their foot an-gles in agility drills or dig down for that last rep, they are not really interested.

They are not worried about losing their starting position. They can get

Vern Gambetta is the President of

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Coaching great, natural athletes is not as easy as it seems. They often need to be challenged and communicated with in unique ways.


OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE

the team-best time in the agility drill without paying attention to their foot angles. Their ability and performance have always been good enough.

Yet it is still our job as strength and conditioning coaches to make them bet-ter. How do we do this? We need to un-derstand this athlete—both physically and psychologically. We need to com-

municate with him or her more. And we need to challenge him or her in dif-ferent ways.

OWNING THE ASSESSMENTI believe that every athlete we work with should be involved in a complete self assessment as a starting point to a strength and conditioning program.

And this is even more important for the athletically gifted. To get them inter-ested in their off-field work, I’ve found they must take some ownership of it. And having them involved in their ath-letic assessment is a great place to start.

Most important, the self assessment can show them that there is room for improvement. Because none of their

teammates may be able to challenge them in drills, they may not have much motivation to improve their perfor-mance in strength and conditioning. But if we ask them to assess themselves against another standard, we introduce a new motivation.

For example, you can ask them to perform a test and show them how their

scores compare to those of higher-level or more accomplished athletes. Get a scouting report and let them know how other people objectively view them—this can be a huge wake-up call. Show them a videotape of themselves per-forming, and point out a deficiency. Or compare the athlete to herself or him-self—test a movement from both the dominant and nondominant side, then challenge him or her to improve their nondominant side score.

This challenge should not be public, but a one-on-one contract between you and the athlete that sets the bar higher. Show that there is room for improve-ment, what it will take to improve, and the benefits of accepting the challenge. Sell the athlete on assuming ownership of their program.

WHO ARE THEY?Along with testing the athlete physi-cally, it’s important to take the time to assess the athlete psychologically. This does not mean any formal psychologi-cal evaluation, but just taking the time to get a sense of where they are coming from, their insecurities, and their hesi-tations.

To start, find out the role of any past coaches in their lives. Often, the gift-ed athlete has had a dominant coach at some stage in their development to whom they ascribe much of their suc-cess. It is very tough if your ideas about training conflict with the ideas of that coach. It may not have been the best training, but the athlete thinks it is. In this case, you’ll need to take things slowly and find a way to get the athlete to trust your ideas.

Ask about their training background. Many gifted athletes transitioning from high school to college have never taken part in a weight lifting program before and may be embarrassed to see that their new teammates all know how to properly position themselves and lift weights. For this type of athlete, some one-on-one instruction away from teammates may be needed.

Get a sense of whether they like to stand out as the best or not. More often than not the exceptional female athlete prefers to blend in. This type of athlete wants to get along with teammates and not be put on a pedestal. In this situa-tion, group pressure is a good motiva-tor, but asking her to perform in a way that shows up her teammates will not work, and you’ll have to find another

REACHING REACHING THE ALL-STARTHE ALL-STAR

Even at the professional level of sports, working with super-star athletes can be a struggle. I recently worked with a professional baseball player who was coming off of a rehab

and getting ready to go back on the field. He was an all-star player and a veteran, and the biggest roadblocks were his sport coaches, who were intimidated by his natural abilities. They didn’t want to introduce anything new to the athlete for fear he would not be receptive.

In this situation, I tried to work closely with the athlete to figure out what would work for him. First, I asked him what he had done in the past and what he had found successful in the past. I worked hard to relate to him and uncover what his fears might be.

Then, I was honest with him about his deficiencies and gave him specifics on what he could do to improve. I presented my ideas to him, then sought his input on them. From there, we were able to move forward and get him back on the field with success.

I found that with this approach the athlete was very receptive to the program. I treated him as an equal, not a superstar, and he appreciated my honesty and my confidence in my own ability to help him improve.

This challenge should not be public, but a one-on-one contract between you and the athlete that sets the bar higher. Show that there is room

for improvement, what it will take to improve, and the benefits of accepting the challenge.


OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE

strategy, such as one-on-one work.On the opposite end of the spectrum

is the athlete who has no problem show-ing proficiency. In fact, he or she thrives on being the best at everything the coaches ask the team to do. This athlete could care less what teammates think and will not be motivated by peer pres-sure. But he or she may rise to a chal-lenge that puts them in the spotlight.

It’s also important to understand the psychology of the gifted athlete who ap-pears lazy by your standards. The aver-age athlete who is a little less physically gifted learns the value of work early on. He or she learned perseverance because it was the only way he or she could suc-ceed. The gifted athlete missed this as-pect of development. In a sense, he or she was denied this self discovery and character-building process.

Their success exceeds the effort they have exerted, but they don’t know it. In their eyes they may be putting out the effort, but you see an athlete coasting on raw ability while slacking off when it comes to work. I have found this common with the young college athlete who had great success in high school

and expects to step into college compe-tition and dominate as they did in high school.

As coaches, we can clearly see the folly of their ways, but for the athlete to admit that they must now work on their deficiencies is a bitter pill to swallow. We must understand where they have come from. Because they were so good

no one has confronted them with the reality of being objective about their abilities. You may be the first person to challenge them on this, which can take patience and perseverance from you.

Furthermore, remember that this ath-lete may have never experienced failure. And they may be scared to face it. This is

especially true for the gifted athlete who is a perfectionist. Our job is to get them to understand and accept their limita-tions without thinking that we expect less from them. Sometimes we need to set up the conditioning program as a time to take the pressure off. It can be a time to take a risk and try new things where there is little or no consequence

for not being able to reach their perfec-tionist standards.

SPORT COACH ON BOARDWith the athlete’s buy-in and your un-derstanding where he or she is coming from, the next step is to get on the same page with the sport coach regarding

It’s also important to understand the psychology of the gifted athlete who appears lazy by your standards. The average athlete who is a little less physically gifted learns the value of work early on … The gifted athlete often misses this aspect of development.

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Circle No. 114


OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE

the athlete. Unfortunately, many times the sport coach’s attitude with the gift-ed athlete is: Don’t mess them up. The coaches are satisfied to see the athlete stay put.

This attitude backfires time and again. The athlete does not get stron-ger or faster and is eventually passed by someone with a shade less ability but a superior work ethic. Frankly, I have never met an athlete who could not get better, regardless of their physical gift. I have seen how hard Michael Jordan worked each off-season to keep improv-ing his skills and get stronger even af-ter he was already considered one of the best to ever play the game.

In these cases, talk with the sport coach about how to improve the ath-lete without compromising anything. Explain how your program will pre-vent injuries and make them better, not change their athletic prowess. It is tru-ly critical to have the coach’s support if you are to motivate the gifted athlete. Without it, the athlete can more easily take the easy route if things get tough. With it, the athlete understands that playing time may be affected by what

he or she does in strength and condi-tioning sessions.

Also, talk to coaches about the chal-lenge of motivating this athlete so you’re in agreement. Discuss the psychological hurdles you both face in working with this athlete and how to use consistent strategies. Agree on what is needed and how to get there, together.

Strength coaches should also explain to the sport coach that even though the gifted athlete is a great performer, he or she may not be the best athlete in the weight room. And the sport coach needs to have patience with this. He or she must be realistic about the athlete’s performance and help them develop the right perspective.

NEW STRATEGIESOnce you have the athlete and sport coach on board, think about what strategies will work with this particular athlete, keeping in mind where they are coming from. The areas I concentrate on are communication, how to chal-lenge them, and how to approach their deficiencies.

As with the athlete at any level, the

key to good coaching is communicat-ing your expectations. Also remember that communication is not just telling the athlete what to do, but listening to their feedback. The athlete may have things that he or she feels have contrib-uted directly to their success, and while you may not necessarily agree, it may be best to work that into your program for them.

Communication will also help un-cover any fears or reservations excep-tional athletes have with your program. They may not be able to admit to any-one fears of failing a certain aspect of the off-field work, or they may not want to tell you they are completely un-motivated by the program because it is too easy. Either way, asking them how things are going will reveal any prob-lems they are encountering.

Of course, many gifted athletes will excel in your strength and conditioning program without much effort and need to be challenged differently than their teammates. This is where you need to look closely at their self assessment and your psychological evaluation of them and determine what will work best.

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OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE

For example, if the athlete is motivat-ed by making it to the next level, then base his or her program on what ath-letes at the next level are accomplishing. If the athlete’s weakness is the nondom-inant side, then challenge him or her with drills to improve that side. If a big ego is part of the athlete’s personality, motivate them by showing the athlete videotape of themselves and pointing out areas ripe for improvement. Show that they aren’t perfect, but that they have potential.

The third area I concentrate on is improving the athlete’s deficiencies. A good idea here is to make them part of a group. They may appreciate not being singled out. If the athlete has a glaring deficiency they may not want to admit it, but if they are put in a group where everyone is working on the same defi-ciency they will not stand out.

I also give the gifted athlete a lot of positive reinforcement when they are working on a deficiency. This athlete probably has never failed, and now you are asking them to do things they are not good at. To them this is failure, not an opportunity for improvement. So

you’ll need to continually remind them of the big picture—how the drill will help them reach new levels on the field or court.

What do you do when none of these strategies work? It is important to not let the star become a distraction to the other athletes and you. If they refuse to comply sometimes the best action is no

action. Ignore them. I have seen this be quite effective. Their teammates also ig-nored them. Pretty soon they figure out that their behavior is not appreciated and they come around to the program.

BIG PICTUREThe gifted athlete usually does not fit into a cookie cutter. Some are going to be bored with your program and tough

to motivate. Others may get easily frus-trated with your program because they fear failure. And of course some are go-ing to be the best athletes you’ve ever worked with and embrace your pro-gram with gusto.

The key is to understand each par-ticular athlete’s strengths, weakness-es, fears, and motivations. Understand

what challenges them, and then chal-lenge them to challenge themselves.

Remind them of the big picture to get them through the daily obstacles, whether that is playing at the next level or winning a championship. And remind yourself of the big picture as a coach: to teach them, challenge them, and bring them to a level they didn’t know they could reach. ■

I also give the gifted athlete a lot of positive reinforcement when they are working on a deficiency. This athlete probably has never failed, and now you are asking them to do things they are not good at. To them this is failure, not an opportunity for improvement.

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TREATING THE ATHLETE

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The initial diagnosis was simple: a strained left hamstring. The athlete was a nine-year veteran in the NBA, no stranger

to physical play, and eager to get back on the court.

He complained of left proximal ham-string pain during all functional activi-ties. There was pin-point tenderness in the proximal attachment of the ham-string complex near the sacrotuberous ligament. And the athlete had severe limitations in ROM, strength, and function.

A traditional course of rehab was ini-tiated, including modalities, stretch-ing, and strengthening, but the athlete was not showing improvement. He had missed six games during the traditional rehabilitation before being referred to us for further treatment.

In the NBA, players are pushed to their physical limits. Games almost ev-ery night, physical play, and a long sea-son leave bodies sometimes in need of specialized rehab and reconditioning. This athlete fit that description to a tee. His hamstring pull was affecting many more muscles, joints, and ligaments in his body than just his hamstring, and he needed a full body analysis and re-hab program to get back on the court.

THE APPROACHOur philosophy in treating athletes is to take into account the interrelated work-ings of the human body to identify the underlying factors that might be caus-ing pain. Before we tell you more about this athlete’s case study, let us explain our rationale:

Movement represents the integrated functioning of many systems within the human body, primarily the muscular, articular, and nervous systems. These systems form an interdependent triad which, when operating correctly, allows for optimum structural alignment, neu-

romuscular efficiency (coordination), and movement. Each of these outcomes is important in establishing normal length-tension relationships, which en-sure proper length and strength of each muscle around a joint, known as mus-cle balance.

Muscle balance is essential for op-timal recruitment of force couples to maintain precise joint motion and ulti-mately decrease excessive stress placed on the body. All of this translates into efficient transfer of forces to accelerate, decelerate, and stabilize the intercon-nected joints of the body—what many refer to as the kinetic chain.

However, for many reasons, such as repetitive stress, impact trauma, or im-mobilization, dysfunction can occur in the muscular, articular, or nervous systems. And if one or more of these systems are altered, muscle balance, muscle recruitment, and joint motion will follow suit, leading to changes in structural alignment, neuromuscular control (coordination), and movement patterns. The result is a human move-ment system impairment.

When a human movement system impairment exists, some muscles are overactive, some muscles are underac-tive, and joints are affected. The terms “overactive” and “underactive” refer to the activity level of a muscle relative to another muscle or muscle group, not necessarily to its own normal function-al capacity.

Any muscle, whether in a shortened or lengthened state, can be underac-tive or weak. Underactive muscles ex-hibit less than optimal force production capabilities. This results in an altered recruitment strategy and ultimately an altered movement pattern. Alterations in muscle activity will change the bio-

mechanical motion of the joint and lead to increased stress on the tissues of the joint, which eventually results in injury.

When a muscle is overactive, it is working harder than it should and fa-tigues more easily. It can then cause ten-derness, which decreases performance. This may add stress to the tissues and lead to the joint being pulled out of po-sition. (See “Under & Over” on page 30 for a look at muscles prone to over- and underactivity.)

COMPLETE ASSESSMENTTo begin our evaluation of the injured NBA athlete, we gave him a compre-hensive “Human Movement System” assessment. The aim of this is to reveal any underlying muscle imbalances, joint dysfunctions, and neuromuscular inef-ficiency that could be causing the lack of progress and persistent complaints of pain and stiffness.

The player first underwent an Inte-grated Movement Assessment (Body Map) to determine transitional move-ment efficiency, integrated flexibility, and neuromuscular efficiency. This eval-uation required the athlete to perform an overhead squat while we watched and analyzed his ability to perform in-tegrated kinetic chain movements.

In most cases, if an athlete has proper flexibility, balance, core strength, func-tional segment strength, and neuromus-cular efficiency, he or she should be able to squat to a parallel position or below without compensating at the foot/ankle, knee, lumbar spine, or upper extrem-ity. However, if the athlete has altered length-tension relationships (overactiv-ity of a muscle or muscle group), altered force-couple relationships (underactivity of a muscle or muscle group with com-pensation from a secondary synergist), or joint hypomobility/hypermobility, we will see abnormal movements. We care-fully look at three areas when assessing these problems:

Foot/ankle: We look for any signs of pronounced eversion, which may be caused by overactive peroneals and lat-eral gastrocnemius and underactive posterior tibialis, anterior tibialis, and medial gastrocnemius. It may also be a result of decreased mobility of the ta-lus. In addition, we check for excessive external rotation, which can be caused

Micheal Clark, DPT, MS, PT, NASM-PES, is the President and Aaron Nelson, MS, ATC,

NASM-PES, is an Athletic Trainer at the National Academy of Sports Medicine. Nelson is

also Head Athletic Trainer for the Phoenix Suns. They can be reached at: www.nasm.org.

In the NBA, players are often pushed to their physical limits. When one player complained of hamstring pain, it took a specialized reconditioning program to get him back to full strength.

BY DR. MICHEAL CLARK & AARON NELSON



by overactivity in the soleus, lateral gas-trocnemius, and short head of the biceps femoris and underactivity in the medial gastrocnemius, medial hamstring com-plex, gracilis, and sartorius. It can also be linked to decreased mobility of the talus and proximal tibio-femoral joint.

Knee: Here, we assess any problems with abduction, which may be caused by overactivity in the piriformis, gluteus me-dius, and biceps femoris and underactiv-ity in the adductor complex and medial

hamstring complex. Another cause is de-creased mobility in the hip (iliofemoral) joint. We also look for problems with the knee’s adduction, which can be caused by overactivity in the adductor complex, medial hamstring complex, gluteus min-imus, and tensor fascia latae (TFL) and underactivity in the gluteus medius and maximus. It also can be caused by de-creased mobility in the talo-tibial joint and the iliofemoral joint.

Lumbo-Pelvic-Hip Complex: We evaluate for excessive extension, which can be caused by overactivity in the erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, and pso-as and underactivity in the rectus abdo-minus, external obliques, and intrinsic spinal stabilizers. It can also be caused by decreased mobility in the lumbar facet joints. Problems with flexion can be a result of overactivity in the rectus abdominus, external obliques, ham-strings, and gluteus maximus and un-

deractivity in the erector spinae, psoas, latissimus dorsi, and intrinsic spinal stabilizers.

We also tested ROM through a gonio-metric assessment, performed manual muscle testing, and conducted positional kinematics to test relative joint position. In addition, we performed soft tissue pal-pation and neuro-dynamic testing.

In evaluating this specific athlete, we found that his left foot everted and, at

the knees, the left femur adducted and internally rotated. His ROM tests indi-cated a handful of positional problems with the left side of his lower torso:

• Dorsiflexion was eight, with normal being 20.

• Hamstring 90/90 was 55 degrees, with normal being 10 degrees.

• Hip internal rotation was nine, with normal being 45.

• Hip extension was 19 with tight-ness, with normal being -5.

• All of the above tests were also infe-rior to his right side scores.

His manual muscle tests (using Dan-iels and Worthingham criteria) were at three/five for the left posterior tibialis, left medial gastrocnemius, and left glu-teus medius. Normal would be at five.

Positional kinematics showed a de-creased posterior and lateral glide of the talus and decreased flexion and ro-tation of the left sacral base. Our soft tissue palpation revealed tenderness greater than 7/10 in the left soleus, left short head of the biceps femoris, left gluteus minimus, left piriformis, and left adductor magnus. Neuro-dynam-ic testing showed a positive slump test, with problems indicated at the left sci-atic nerve in the peroneal branch.

Most concerning to us, to start, was the left foot eversion, limited ankle dor-siflexion, and decreased muscle activa-tion of the medial gastrocnemius and posterior tibialis. This combination can have a far reaching effect throughout the human movement system.

For example, when the ankle does not properly dorsiflex during functional movements (cutting, running, jumping, etc.), increased frontal and transverse plane movements occur throughout the human movement system. This can lead to increased femoral adduction and de-creased internal rotation (which we did see during the assessment).

Lack of internal hip rotation of the iliofemoral joint causes increased fron-tal plane demand (femoral adduction). This causes a greater demand on the eccentric function of the gluteus medi-us (and this muscle tested weak during muscle testing).

If the gluteus medius is underactive, then other muscles in the hip compen-sate for the lack of force production in the gluteus medius through load sharing or synergistic dominance. This compen-sation includes overactivity in the TFL (frontal plane hip abduction and eccen-tric control of adduction). Overactivity

UNDER & OVERUNDER & OVERThe following shows which muscles are typically prone to under- and overactivity:

Underactive MusclesAnterior TibialisPosterior TibialisVastus Medialis Oblique (VMO)Gluteus Maximus/MediusTransverse AbdominusInternal ObliqueMultifidusSerratus AnteriorMiddle/Lower TrapeziusRhomboidsTeres MinorInfraspinatusPosterior DeltoidDeep Cervical Flexors

Overactive MusclesGastrocnemiusSoleusAdductorsHamstringsPsoasTensor Fascia LataeRectus FemorisPiriformisQuadratus LumborumErector SpinaePectoralis Major/MinorLatissimus DorsiTeres MajorUpper TrapeziusLevator ScapulaeSternocleidomastoidScalenes

Most concerning to us, to start, was the left foot eversion, limited ankle dorsiflexion, and decreased muscle

activation of the medial gastrocnemius and posterior tibialis. This combination can have a far reaching effect

throughout the human movement system.

perfhealth154.indd 1 4/25/05 11:35:43 AM

ATC, LMT, CSCS, NCTMB

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of the TFL may then cause an anterior rotation of the iliosacral joint, which lengthens the gluteus maximus and may force the hamstrings (primarily the bi-ceps femoris) to become more synergisti-cally dominant. Since the bicep femoris attaches to the sacrum via the sacrotu-berous ligament, an overactive biceps femoris can create unilateral extension and rotation of the sacrum. This chain reaction rang true for this particular athlete, as he had pain on the sacrotu-berous ligament (ongoing back pain).

Underactivity of the gluteus medius may also lead to load sharing of the piriformis. An overactive piriformis decreases internal hip rotation and ex-ternally rotates the sacrum. Lack of il-iofemoral internal rotation and lack of sacral flexion and right rotation may create increased mechanical tension through the sciatic nerve. This seemed to be the case, as the athlete had a posi-tive slump test on the left sciatic nerve.

Therefore, lack of ROM (decreased hip

extension overactive TFL, decreased hip internal rotation overactive pir-iformis, decreased knee extension

overactive biceps femoris), lack of muscle activation (underactive gluteus medius), and altered joint arthrokinematics (de-creased posterior glide of the talus, hip internal rotation, and sacral extension) may have lead to increased demand on this athlete’s low back.

REHAB SOLUTIONSThis athlete received a comprehensive manual therapy approach to correct joint and muscle imbalances. The tech-niques used included the following:

Soft Tissue Release Therapy: The goal here was to increase soft tissue extensi-bility in those muscles that had been in an overactive, shortened position. The muscles treated included the left soleus, lateral gastrocnemius, short head of bi-ceps femoris, vastus lateralis, TFL, piri-formis, and adductor magnus.

Active Release Therapy: We used ART to increase soft tissue extensibility and

antagonist activation in the same mus-cles mentioned above. As an addition to this treatment, we used the athlete’s vol-untary contraction of the antagonist to stretch the tight muscle. For example, we had the athlete contract the anterior and posterior tibialis as we performed active release on the lateral gastrocnemius and soleus. This allowed us to develop im-proved neuromuscular control in the an-tagonist muscles in this new ROM.

Joint Mobilization Techniques: To improve joint mobility in those seg-ments with limited mobility we used basic joint mobilization techniques (Maitalind and Mulligan). The joints treated included the left talus (posterior mobilization), the left iliofemoral joint (lateral traction), and the left sacroiliac joint (flexion/rotation).

Neuromobilization: To increase neu-ral tissue mobilization of the sciatic nerve, we conducted neural-flossing, which aims to stretch the connective tis-sue around the affected nerve. The ath-

lete began in a sitting position while we put pressure on the left sacroiliac base. He put his left leg onto a treatment table (hip flexion, knee extension, femoral ad-duction, femoral internal rotation). We then had the athlete extend his lumbar spine and dorsiflex his left foot as we ap-plied force to his left sacroiliac base. We repeated this technique for 10 reps and held each rep for two seconds.

Along with manual therapy, this ath-lete was given a comprehensive correc-tive exercise program. The focus of the program was to inhibit and lengthen overactive muscles, activate underac-tive muscles, and then integrate the new ROM and muscle activation into func-tional movements.

We started the athlete with self myo-fascial release using a foam roll, which inhibits overactive muscles. He per-formed one rep of 30 seconds on each tender point in the left soleus, left lat-eral gastrocnemius, left biceps femoris, left TFL/ITB, and left piriformis. To lengthen overactive muscles, he did two

To address the underactive muscles, we used muscle activation, which helps to improve neuromuscular

efficiency by specifically focusing on intra-muscular coordination. Specific contraction of each muscle in

the synergy helps prevent synergistic dominance from a stronger muscle in the synergy.

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reps for 30 seconds of static stretching on each of the same muscles.

To address the underactive muscles, we used muscle acti-vation, which helps to improve neuromuscular efficiency by specifically focusing on intra-muscular coordination. Spe-cific contraction of each muscle in the synergy helps pre-vent synergistic dominance from a stronger muscle in the synergy. It also serves as a form of active isolated flexibility and preparation for the integrated strength exercises that will follow. Each muscle activation exercise was performed for two sets of 20 reps on the left posterior tibialis, left me-dial gastrocnemius, and left gluteus medius.

Next, the athlete performed integrated neuromuscular training, including core, balance, and reactive training. For core training, he performed an iso-abdominal series (2x30-second holds) prone with isometric holds and then sidely-ing. He also completed a stability ball core series (2x15) of bridges, crunches, and prone cobras.

For neuromuscular stabilization exercises, he did single-leg stability with multi-planar reaching (3x10 in each plane of motion). Exercises were performed following a progres-sion using unstable surfaces to facilitate increased proprio-ceptive activity. We started with a foam roll, moved to an Airex pad, and then to a pivot plate. These exercises by themselves are not “functional,” but they prepare the ath-lete for transitional and dynamic movements.

We also included reactive neuromuscular stabilization exercises. The athlete performed multi-planar single-leg hops for balance. The protocol was 2x10 in each plane of motion (frontal, sagittal, and transverse).

Lastly, we gave him a total body integrated strength exer-cise program to perform. Included was a tube walking series in which we put tubes around the ankles and had him take 10 steps (2 reps). These tube exercises involved side-to-side walking in an athletic stance with an emphasis on perfect form (feet straight ahead and no hip-hiking) and front-to-back walking straight and diagonal.

BACK ON TRACKThe athlete progressed nicely and was able to return to full function with no pain by the end of the rehab program. On his left side, he increased his dorsiflexion to 20 (a 250 per-cent improvement), his hamstring 90/90 to 30 (a 150 percent improvement), his hip internal rotation to 45 (a 500 percent improvement), and his hip extension to 9 (a 211 percent im-provement). In terms of strength, all muscle testing scores returned to 4+ or greater. All joint positions were restored to normal limits. And his slump test was negative.

After missing those initial six games following a traditional rehab progression, he was able to play within three treatment sessions of manual therapy and corrective exercise. The rehab process took us three weeks, and he continued the recondi-tioning phase throughout the rest of the season to prevent re-occurence of the injury.

Athletes often suffer from overuse injuries. This case study demonstrates that human movement impairments may cause tissue overload in an isolated anatomical loca-tion (e.g., hamstring) but the neuro-musculo-skeletal im-balances may need to be identified and corrected to fully rehabilitate, recondition, and return an athlete to the game. If executed correctly, this type of approach can save the athletic trainer and athlete a lot of time and pain. ■


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Are you preparedfor concussions?

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Abigail Funk is an Assistant Editor at

Training & Conditioning. She can be

reached at: [email protected].

PARENTSPARENTSToday’s parents are more protective, vocal, and involved when it comes to their kids. And today’s high school athletic trainers need to deal with them.

BY ABIGAIL FUNK

DDuring football preseason a few years ago, Chris Snoddy, MA, LAT, ATC, Head Athletic Trainer at Skyline Medical Center

and Goodpasture High School in Madi-son, Tenn., received a phone call from the father of the team’s starting center. The athlete had been ill and severely de-hydrated the day before (he needed two bags of IV fluid) and Snoddy had deter-mined he should not play in the annual football jamboree, a big crowd-drawing, two-quarter length game held the week before the season opener. But the father, who was also a physician, told Snoddy

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that he wanted his son back on the field for the event. He announced that he had cleared his son to play and expected that it would happen.

As a physician and the athlete’s par-ent, he did have the right to clear his son for competition. But Snoddy was deter-mined to honor his professional com-mitment to the health of the athlete. He spoke with the football coach, explain-ing the importance of resting the athlete so he would be healthy for the season, and the coach agreed. The coach called the father and explained that he want-ed to give the second-string center some more experience and that the son would

not play. The father didn’t like the deci-sion, but accepted it, realizing that the coach determines playing time.

The athlete started in the season open-er the following week, and ended up starting 15 games that year, including the state championship game. He also went on to play at the collegiate level.

There was a chance that the athlete would have been fine playing in the jam-boree, but there was also a good chance he could have gotten sick again if he

HERE COME HERE COME

THETHE

LEADERSHIP


LEADERSHIP

NO TALKING ALLOWEDNO TALKING ALLOWED

At the high school level, the key to dealing with parents is figuring out an effective communication strat-egy. At the college level, however, the opposite is often true. You need to figure out an okay way to not communicate with them. Once a student-athlete turns 18, they have the right to not share their medical

information with their parents, and that can be a source of major headaches for college athletic trainers.The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule is a national law that pro-

tects medical records of individuals over the age of 18, and basically gives injured athletes more control over their health information. The Privacy Rule states that a “covered entity,” which includes most colleges and universities, may not disclose an athlete’s health care information without his or her permission, either verbally or through a HIPAA Information Release Form.

“It’s not up to us to talk to a parent,” says Jon Heck, MS, ATC, Coordinator of Athletic Training at Richard Stockton College. “If a kid is leaving on a stretcher, you have to get to him and ask, ‘Hey, can I call your parents and tell them you got hurt?’ It seems strange, but those are the kinds of things you have to do to cover yourself.”

At Western Michigan University, each athlete has the option to sign a HIPAA Information Release Form so their parents can stay apprised of any injury situation. If they don’t sign the form, however, the athletic trainer’s hands are tied when a parent calls wanting information.

“I once had a student-athlete who suffered a head injury and was also in the process of gaining eman-cipation from his parents,” says Jennifer O’Donoghue, MA, ATC, CSCS, Athletic Training Program Director at Western Michigan. “His father called and wanted to know all this information, but I said I couldn’t tell him. He threatened to sue the school and did see a lawyer about doing so, but because we were backed up by our protocol, there were no grounds for a lawsuit. It was a very tricky situation.”

Both Heck and O’Donoghue have found that most parents and student-athletes are oblivious to the law—that students just assume you would call their parents and don’t understand why you’d need their permission to do so. At Western Michigan, information is sent to both student-athletes and parents at the beginning of each season, explaining HIPAA and that unless the student-athlete signs the HIPAA Information Release Form, no medical information will be provided to parents. Nevertheless, some parents don’t read or understand the materials sent home.

In these situations, Heck tells the parents he will call them back once the athlete comes in for treatment. “I tell them that way they’ll get the most updated information on how their child is doing,” he says. “And at the same time I can get the athlete’s okay when he or she comes in.”

O’Donoghue often has her athletes call their parents themselves. “It’s really important to put yourself in the parental role sometimes,” says O’Donoghue. “Sometimes it’s better to hear it from your own son or daughter that they suffered an injury. Just don’t give the athlete the worst case scenario of their injury, or that’s all they’ll tell their parents.”■ For more information about how HIPAA’s privacy regulations affect college athletic departments, see “Honing in on HIPAA” in the April 2004 issue of Training & Conditioning. It can be accessed online by typing “HIPAA” into the search window at: www.AthleticSearch.com.

pushed himself too hard too early. Snod-dy was glad he stuck by his medical anal-ysis of the situation. “Dad didn’t really like the decision,” he says. “But it ended up that the jamboree didn’t mean a thing later on.”

Whether they are orthopedic sur-geons, stock brokers, or soccer moms, today’s parents can be pushy. They want what they feel is best for their son or daughter and often won’t let anyone stand in their way, even when it means

defying common sense and good judge-ment. If you work in a high school set-ting, dealing with parents is part of the job, and it can be frustrating. But, as the above story points out, there are ways to solve parent problems.

LAYING THE GROUNDWORKMany problems with parents can be avoided before they start by making sure the entire athletic community un-derstands your role in the department.

As Snoddy’s story illustrates, being on the same page as your coaches is criti-cal. When the football player’s father wouldn’t listen to reason, the coach did, and his ability to decide who gets to play made the resolution easier for the father to accept.

Partnering with coaches is also im-portant because parents will often go to the coach with a complaint before they approach the athletic trainer, even if it pertains to sports medicine. “If a parent


LEADERSHIP

goes to the coach instead of you as the athletic trainer, you want to make sure the coach will refer the parent to the right place,” says Jennifer O’Donoghue, MA, ATC, CSCS, Athletic Training Program Director at Western Michigan University. “It’s important to develop a hierarchy of communication, and tact-fully define the boundaries of your role as a certified athletic trainer.”

From there, ask the coach if you can have 10 minutes to talk at the pre-season parents’ meeting. At Charlottes-ville (Va.) High School, Head Athletic Trainer Ian Rogol, MEd, LAT, ATC, uses that time to talk about what his job entails, his athletic training experi-ence, and his educational background.

“Many of today’s parents did not have athletic trainers when they were in high school,” says Rogol. “They don’t neces-sarily understand the role of a certified athletic trainer, so I talk about my edu-cation and experience, and that seems to put their minds at ease. Now they view me as more of a health care profession-al instead of a janitor that happens to know how to tape an ankle.”

At these meetings, Rogol says it’s

important to come across as a respect-ed member of the athletic department staff. Have the coach introduce you at the meeting, and have him or her help explain your return-to-play procedure. If parents can see that the coach values your expertise and medical opinion, you can more easily gain their trust.

At the same time, Ryan Schroeder, LAT, ATC, Head Athletic Trainer at Muskego (Wis.) High School, suggests making it clear that you are a medical professional, not a coach who can tape ankles. “Communicating that to par-ents is important,” says Schroeder. “You have to convince them that you’re there because you know what you’re doing.”

CONTINUING COMMUNICATIONOnce you’ve established your credibili-ty as a medical professional, you’ll need to gradually build trust with parents. Schroeder not only makes himself avail-able for questions before the season, but continues to make himself visible on the sidelines at games and practices.

Many athletic trainers follow the man-tra that parents must always be kept in the loop, even when injuries are minor.

Rogol recommends that when a student-athlete suffers an injury, you call the athlete’s parents no matter what—even if the injury was just an ankle sprain and the student-athlete simply sat out of practice for 20 minutes to ice it. A fol-low-up call in the evening is also a good idea as parents will appreciate you tak-ing the time to contact them, which fos-ters trust and respect.

Schroeder uses an injury sheet that each student-athlete who receives medi-cal attention at school is required to take home to their parent, no matter how trivial the injury is. “It’s so that parents are aware of the situation in case the kid goes home and tells them nothing,” says Schroeder. “There is a list of signs and symptoms for the par-ent to look for, and they are encouraged to call if they have any questions.”

Snoddy spends a lot of time on his cell phone with parents. “I have every parent’s work, home, cell phone, and pager number, and that list never strays far from me, especially when we’re on the road,” he says. “Parents appreciate that you care enough to call and apprise them of any injury situation with their

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child. Fostering trust is all about build-ing relationships.”

When an athlete is in rehab, Rogol makes sure that the phone calls home are consistent. “We send home forms and call each day to let them know of any progress,” he says. “Some parents are more willing to talk on the phone

than others, but usually your attempt to let them know what’s going on is ap-preciated.”

HIGH-MAINTENANCE PARENTSSometimes, it doesn’t matter how much effort you make to earn a parent’s trust.

Once their child is injured, their mind-set immediately changes and you’re back to square one. This is where your professionalism, patience, and people skills must come to the forefront.

O’Donoghue suggests putting your-self in the shoes of the parent to un-derstand what they may be thinking.

“From there you can develop a com-munication strategy that presents and reinforces information from a knowl-edgeable perspective while also calm-ing the parent,” she says. “You also have to be careful to explain things in a way that parents will understand with-

out being belittling or self-promoting. Talking down to parents only leads to distrust and anger.”

If a parent wants their child to return to play before you think they’re ready, take the time to communicate your re-turn-to-play protocol and your concerns for the athlete. “When Mom or Dad wants their son or daughter back play-ing, and I know the athlete isn’t ready, I explain to them the demands of the par-ticular sport,” says Rogol. “I’ll tell them, ‘If he or she can’t bear full weight, isn’t able to make a hard cut, and can’t land steadily after jumping, then he or she is not ready.’

“Sometimes you need a physician to back you up and say, ‘These are the eight or nine things they need to be able to do before they’re allowed back on the field,’” continues Rogol. “Then we proceed with rehab updates to parents every day.”

Last year, Schroeder was faced with parents of a student-athlete at Muskego High who were pushing their son to re-turn to play after a rotator cuff injury. “The athlete told me he was ready to go when I knew he wasn’t,” says Schro-

Ryan Schroeder brought in the athlete’s physical therapist, and between the two of them they were able

to make the parents understand the reasons for their decision. “It’s just constant education ... The more the parents know about the injury and the rehab, the more

comfortable they’ll be with you as an athletic trainer, the rehab process, and your return-to-play decisions.”

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eder. “I told him, ‘No, you know what the doctor’s orders are, and your parents also need to understand that.’”

Schroeder brought in the athlete’s physical therapist, and between the two of them they were able to make the parents understand the reasons for their decision. “It’s just constant education,” says Schroeder. “The more the parents know about the injury and the rehab, the more comfortable they’ll be with you as an athletic trainer, the rehab process, and your return-to-play decisions.”

Parents can go the other way, too, and not want their child out on the field for fear of re-injury. “Some parents are very hesitant, or what you might call overprotective,” says Rogol. “But if you sit down with them and explain what’s going on, I’ve found that it definitely puts their minds at ease.”

Snoddy once dealt with a case of a very cautious mother who didn’t want her “baby” to risk suffering another inju-ry after rehabbing from a knee injury. Her baby was a 260-pound lineman, one of the biggest and strongest players on the team, but also the youngest child at home.

“I talked to that mother every day about her son,” says Snoddy. “When I told her that myself, the coach, and the doctor thought he was all set and ready to get back on the field, she was still very hesitant. We talked more and eventu-ally I asked her to talk to her son about how he was feeling. That helped, and we continued to go slow, easing him into the rest of the season, respecting her reservations but not giv-ing up on him.”

In the rare instance that a problem parent has become too much for you to handle on your own, don’t be afraid to ask others for help. “If it comes down to it, you can bring in your principal and your athletic director,” says Rogol. “I always try to deal with tough situations myself first and sit down with the difficult parent, but if they’re still off base, I will ask for help.”

THE FINAL SAYA final piece of advice from athletic trainers on dealing with parents is this: Know when to back off. Charles Henderson, LAT, ATC, Head Athletic Trainer at Marcus (Texas) High School, makes sure to remember that parents have the final say in the end, no matter what. “I’m never going to stand in the way of a parent,” he says. “If a parent wants to take their kid to a doctor, even if I don’t feel it’s necessary, I’ll be the first one to agree with them. That’s an instance where you want to give them the best care you can, and if that means Mom and Dad are more comfortable bringing him to a doctor, then you have to be okay with that.”

Part of Charlottesville’s return-to-play policy includes talking to parents before clearing their child to get back on the field. “Most of them will say, ‘We trust your judgement, go right ahead,’” says Rogol. “But even if a doctor gave the athlete clearance and Mom and Dad don’t want their child on the field, then it’s simple—they don’t play. We have to remember that we’re dealing with minors, and their parents have the last word.”

The majority of parents will trust you and your return-to-play decisions. But, when they don’t, remember to see the situ-ation from their perspective. “Parents are demanding because we’re dealing with their pride and joy,” says Rogol. “They just want to be sure that their children are taken care of properly. They want to be 100-percent confident we have their best inter-ests in mind.” ■

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SPORT SPECIFIC

different aspect of training. The stages and programs are coordinated to bring the athletes to a peak at the end of the regular season and last through the playoffs.

Using this structure, which is com-mon to most of our sports teams, we have developed a strength program that accomplishes our goals for this squad. Our primary goal is to keep players healthy by strengthening any weak ar-eas and keeping their bodies in balance so they can last an entire 60-plus game season without breaking down. The sec-ondary goal is to increase performance. Some may question this approach, but we firmly believe that if a player is hurt or beaten up, it won’t matter how

strong he is because that strength can’t be used.

ANNUAL PLANThe first step in developing our sports performance program is establishing the annual plan. Starting with the Sunday following the final game of the season, we list each of the next 52 weeks and pencil in the important milestone dates

Thanks to the Arizona State baseball team’s his-tory of success, we re-ceive numerous requests for our strength training

program. While it would be easy to sim-ply respond with some sample workouts of sets and reps, that wouldn’t provide the true picture of how we prepare our baseball players for competition. Just as students are often asked to “show their work” when solving math problems, we think the process we use to develop our strength schemes is at least as impor-tant as the final result.

We start by dividing the year into stages. Within each stage we employ multiple programs, each emphasizing a

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PeakingPeaking for thePostseasonPostseasonA meticulously planned, year-long strength program helped Arizona State finish third in the College World Series last spring.

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Outfielder Colin Curtis connects for Arizona State during the semifinals of the 2005 CWS.

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stage, lasting from three to six weeks, depending on how far we go into the NCAA playoffs. The rejuvenation stage serves as a buffer between the end of the playing season and the beginning of our strength-development phase.

We start with a short (one or two week) postseason program, which var-ies by player. Starters who are run down by the demands of a full season may be given some time off while backup play-ers may do simple active recovery work. Players needing extra or specialized work will lift three times a week. This group includes players in injury rehab and those needing to add extra strength and bulk for the following season.

This is followed by two to four weeks of off-season work. Except for players already following a specialized plan, we use our General Conditioning cycle designed to prepare the players for the strenuous workouts they will encounter in the development stage.

Since we gear the General Condition-ing cycle toward the individual athlete, it has several different looks. For most of our returning athletes, we use a high-volume circuit-type workout. Typically, this would consist of three or four sets of eight reps of seven to 10 exercises, al-ternating upper and lower body exercis-es along with conditioning work.

However, if the player is in serious need of strength or size gain, then we emphasize hypertrophy. In this case we would use more weight and do sets of 12 reps. (See “General Conditioning,” above, for a sample workout.)

The developmental stage is where most of the strength and power gains will be produced. It typically lasts 20 to 25 weeks, beginning four weeks af-ter the start of the rejuvenation stage and continuing until the official start of practice.

During the developmental stage, most players will do strength work three times a week. Players in need of extra strength work or those rehabbing an in-jury may do one or two extra 20- to 30-minute workouts each week.

We start the developmental stage with several weeks of the Strength cycle. Sev-eral different training methods may be used depending on the strength-train-ing background of the athlete and the sequencing of the program in the devel-opmental stage. For players experienced in weight training, we’ll use max-effort lifting. For less-trained players, we’ll stick with traditional strength-training

TABLE TWO:TABLE TWO: STRENGTHSTRENGTHThis shows a typical week’s worth of strength exercises for the Strength cycle.

Monday Wednesday Friday Strength Power pull Back squat Bench press Power Speed squat Chain bench Shrug pullVolume Db bench Db complex Step-up

TABLE ONE:TABLE ONE: GENERAL CONDITIONINGGENERAL CONDITIONINGThis shows a typical week’s worth of strength exercises for the General Conditioning cycle.

Monday Wednesday FridayVolume Db complex Walking lunge Stability ball Db bench Strength Leg press Db bench Vertimax Power Med ball chest pass Db squat jumps Step-up

that the strength program is scheduled around.

This schedule includes dates such as the beginning of practice and our com-petition schedule, but it also includes “uncontrollable factor” dates. These are dates outside of athletics that will affect the training schedule, such as holidays, exams, and the starts of the semesters. We also include our testing dates, which occur at the beginning and end of the fall season.

All these dates are taken into account when we determine the length of the training cycles and the workload for specific weeks. For example, we typical-ly use two- or four-week cycles because we find that gives athletes enough time to get used to exercises without physical and mental adaptation setting in. But

we occasionally have to use three- or five-week cycles if we lose workout time to final exams or holidays. On the plus side, certain weeks such as Thanksgiv-ing or the Fourth of July serve as natu-ral downtime in a periodized plan.

During the season, competition dates will determine the content for each training week. A week with one or two home games, for example, will have much more lifting than a week with four or more road games.

STAGE COACHING Once we’ve established our milestone dates, we start filling in our program calendar. We first divide the year into three stages: rejuvenation, developmen-tal, and competitive. Each stage is then divided into lifting cycles.

The rejuvenation stage is the shortest

As our players start fall classes, we return to General Conditioning cycle workouts. If a player has

been training hard all summer, this serves as a new stimulus of training. For players new to the

program or who have been training sporadically, it serves as a way to get into training shape.

Untitled-5 1 9/14/05 11:43:41 AMUntitled-5 1 9/14/05 11:43:41 AM


SPORT SPECIFIC

sets. (See “Strength” on page 42 for a sample workout.)

As our players start fall classes, we return to General Conditioning cycle workouts. If a player has been training hard all summer, this serves as a new stimulus of training. For players new to the program or who have been training sporadically, such as those who were unable to lift consistently while playing in a summer league, it serves as a way to get into training shape.

Three weeks of the General Condi-tioning cycle is followed by four weeks of the Strength cycle. We then switch to our Explosive Power cycle for four weeks. Once again, several different training methods will be used. Athletes with several years of strength training in their background will employ dy-namic-type training using bands and chains. Complex-type training will be used for the athletes who have had less strength-training experience. (See “Ex-plosive Power,” above, for a sample workout.)

All players also do a standard plyomet-ric set, which usually consists of Verti-max work, tuck jumps, split jumps, and

skater jumps. We alternate the Strength and Explosive Power cycles through the fall before going into a maintenance mode with lesser loads in December to avoid overworking the players.

The competitive stage begins the day of our first official practice and runs through the end of the playoffs. We split this stage into three programs: pre-season, in-season, and championship season. In all three programs, we use both Strength and Explosive Power cy-cles, but with work loads and exercises designed to maintain strength and pow-

er rather than increase it.During the preseason, players will

generally lift three times per week if they are not too broken down from practice. Since the strength workouts are conducted following practice, we often alter the planned workouts to compensate for fatigue.

In-season, we generally lift twice per week, but depending on the game and travel schedule we may get to per-form three workouts in some weeks and only one in others. During the champi-onship season, we try to complete two

TABLE THREE:TABLE THREE: EXPLOSIVE POWER EXPLOSIVE POWER This shows a typical week’s worth of strength exercises for the Explosive Power cycle.

Monday Wednesday Friday Power Vertimax Speed squat Med ball chest pass Strength Back squat Bench press Power pullVolume Db bench Db squat jumps Step-up

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workouts per week, but that depends on whether we host any playoff rounds or if we travel. We are less concerned about volume during the championship season because we often end up playing more games in a shorter amount of time than the regular season, and we don’t want to overwork the players.

CYCLING THROUGHAs strength and explosive power cycles are repeated, the exercises, sets, and reps schemes are changed to avoid ad-aptation. We try to avoid making these changes during any week that contains a lengthy road trip, transition from pre-season to in-season or from in-season to championship season play, or any big games. During the season, there may be no good time to change workouts, so we often just choose the least bad time to change.

Although we schedule in advance what cycles will be used for the entire season, we do not choose the exact ex-ercises for that cycle until we write the workouts about a week before start-ing a new one. This way, we can base our selection on what kind of group we have and what has and has not worked before. For example, if the players have been doing great on their single-leg lifts in one cycle, we’ll move on to something else in the next. But if they’ve struggled with the single-leg lifts in one cycle, we’ll carry some over into the next cycle with some variations in sets and reps.

Ideally, our cycles are four weeks in length with three medium-heavy to heavy weeks and one light week. That way we can accommodate a week with a lot of road games with a light week, or we can use the light week as recovery time.

DAY PLANNERGenerally, the weekly plan consists of three full-body workouts per week per-formed on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Each session will have three main exercises. We do five to eight sets of the primary exercise for each, which we also call our foundational exercise. We do three to six sets of our supple-mental exercise, and two to four sets of our major assistant exercise. Assum-ing an ideal week of three lifting days, we rotate total body, lower body, and upper body training through the foun-dational, supplemental, and major assistant positions. (See “Exercise Ro-tation,” above.)

Each exercise is also assigned to one of three rotating categories: volume, strength, or power. When done for vol-ume, we use more reps per set and lower

weight loads. For strength, we use fewer reps and greater weight loads. Weights and reps for the power exercises fall be-tween those used for strength and vol-ume with an emphasis on performing the exercise as explosively as possible.

To determine each day’s workout, we follow a common template, no matter what cycle we’re in. The format is pre-work, foundational exercise, supplemen-tal exercise, major assistant exercise, auxiliary circuit, and post-work. (See “Daily Workout,” below, for a full sam-ple workout.)

The pre-work consists of mobility drills for the ankle, hip, and shoulder, along with exercises to get the abdom-inals, lower back, and glutes warmed up. These include partner ankle-mobil-ity exercises, staggered-stance shoulder presses to open up the hip flexors and shoulder joint, supine leg-lowering ex-ercises, hip bridges, single-leg Roma-nian dead lifts, and various crunches, with holds being our mainstays. Other exercises we occasionally rotate in are overhead squats, hurdle mobility drills, Supermans, back extensions, band good-mornings, and a lunge matrix.

Our foundational total body exer-cises are based off of a pull movement (shrug pull, power pull, etc.) during the developmental stage, and the Hammer Jammer during the competitive stage. We avoid power cleans due to the stress they place on the wrist. Our supplemen-tal and major assistant exercises for the total body usually involve a resisted jump-type movement.

The foundational lifts for the lower

TABLE FIVE:TABLE FIVE: DAILY WORKOUTDAILY WORKOUTThis is an example of a daily workout in the Strength cycle.

Prework Partner ankle stretches Strength-led heel touch Shoulder press Single-leg Romanian dead lift Crunch and holdFoundational Power pullSupplemental Speed squatMajor Assistant Db benchAuxiliary Circuit Walking lunge Glute ham raise Db row Arnold press Post Work V-ups Internal/external rotations Reverse hypers

TABLE FOUR:TABLE FOUR: EXERCISE ROTATION EXERCISE ROTATION Here's an example of how exercises are rotated through foundational, supplemental, and major assistant emphasis in a typical training week. Monday Wednesday FridayFoundational (5-8 sets) Total Body Lower Body Upper Body Supplemental (3-6 sets) Lower Body Upper Body Total BodyMajor Assistant (2-4 sets) Upper Body Total Body Lower Body


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body are the squat in the developmental stage and step-ups or lunges in the com-petitive stage. We have found step-ups and lunges to be a little safer during the season, although some advanced play-ers, especially catchers, will squat all sea-son long. Supplemental lifts for the lower body are speed squats and front squats in the developmental stage and walking lunges or single-leg squats in the com-petitive stage. Major assistant lifts for the lower body are unilateral leg exercises such as single-leg squats, walking lunges, lunges, or step-ups in the developmental stage and unilateral multi-directional ex-ercises in the competitive stage.

Upper body foundational exercises will be some type of upper back/lat ex-ercise, such as pull-ups during the com-petitive stage and pressing movements, such as bench presses, in the develop-mental stage. The supplemental exercis-es will be a pressing movement in the competitive stage and an upper back/lat movement during the developmental stage. The major assistance exercise will be a unilateral pressing movement dur-ing the developmental stage and a uni-lateral upper back/lat movement during

the competitive stage.The auxiliary circuit generally con-

sists of a unilateral leg exercise, an up-per back exercise, a glute/ham exercise, and a shoulder exercise, but will vary greatly from player to player based on specific weaknesses that need to be ad-dressed. The post work generally con-sists of abdominal and posterior chain

exercises, rotator cuff work, partner stretching, and arm care.

During most workouts, we split our players into two groups: those who have substantial strength-training ex-perience and those who don’t. We can then challenge the experienced lifters a little more without putting less ex-

perienced lifters at risk. We do adjust the workouts slightly by position, with pitchers generally doing a little less up-per body work and more explosive leg work and unilateral work. But we have found that differences between experi-enced and inexperienced lifters are far greater than the differing needs of posi-tion players and pitchers.

This program probably won’t work everywhere, but it works for us. What can work anywhere, though, is the sys-tem we use to create our program. By splitting the year into stages and fitting the proper group of exercises into each stage, you can create a program that will work for your team. ■

We adjust the workouts slightly by position, with pitchers generally doing a little less upper body work and more explosive leg work and unilateral work. But we have found that differences between experienced and inexperienced lifters are far greater than the differing needs of position players and pitchers.

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“We have used Antibody products for the past three years. During that time they have proven to be a valuable modality, allowing players to stay in the game when they otherwise couldn t have.”Al Bellamy - Head Athletic Trainer/Detroit Lions

“The BodyGuard made me feel like I had an extra layer of muscle that gave me the ability and the con dence to perform. I recommend The BodyGuard for any athlete that has suffered an injury similar to mine.”Triple H - World Wrestling Entertainment

Antibody, Inc.

antibody156.indd 1 8/16/05 1:31:50 PM

Circle No. 127

BioMedical Life Systems, Inc.P.O. Box 1360 Vista, CA 92085-1360Tel: 800-726-8367 Website: www.bmls.comFax: 760-727-4220 E-mail: [email protected]

Introducing the QuadStar®EliteComplete Electrotherapy System

Benefits for the Trainer:•One device to buy•One device to carry•Multiple Usages

Unique Features:•4 Channels/8 Electrodes•T.E.N.S., N.M.S., High-Volt, Interferential•Preprogrammed regimens•Programmable regimens can be saved inmemory for ease of use.

•Sequence two or more modalities forcomplete treatment.

•Rechargeable battery pack and wall adaptor

Waveforms available:•Symmetrical Biphasic Square Wave•Asymmetrical Biphasic Square Wave•Sine Wave,•Monophasic High-Volt ,Twin Peak

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ATHLETICBID.COM T&C OCTOBER 2005 47

Pain Management

Aircast, LLC 800-526-8785 WWW.AIRCAST.COM

The AirHeel™ from Aircast® is specifi-cally designed to relieve the pain associ-ated with plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendonitis through dynamic functional

treatment. With each step, the AirHeel provides intermittent com-pression through an aircell located under the plan-tar arch, which interacts with an aircell surround-ing the Achilles

tendon. The pulsating compression of these aircells helps minimize swelling and discomfort, and promotes fast pain relief.

Circle No. 500

Anodyne Therapy877-832-8227ANODYNETHERAPY.COM

Anodyne Therapy is an FDA-cleared, infrared photo-energy therapy that is clinically proven to increase local micro-circulation and reduce pain in many con-ditions. Published studies have dem-onstrated that Anodyne Therapy restores nerve function, reduces pain, and speeds wound healing. Clinicians, ATCs, and even the U.S. Navy find that Anodyne Therapy rapidly reduces swell-ing, increases range of motion, reduces complication rates after surgery (such as scarring, adhesions, and infections), and facilitates faster returns to full activities.

Circle No. 501

Antibody, Inc.301-782-3700WWW.ANTIBODYWEAR.COM

The BodyGuard compression shorts prevent and accommodate lower-body injuries to the groin, hamstring, quad-riceps, hip flexors, and hip pointers. Because of their inner surface and custom design, they attach to the

wearer and transfer their stored elas-tic energy to the muscles, creating torque and assisting with muscle flexion and extension. The shorts also provide constant compres-sion, strain distribu-

tion, impact absorption, heat circula-tion, and absorption of fatigue-inducing muscle vibrations caused by repetitive use.

Circle No. 502

The BodyGuard shoulder brace from Antibody is designed to accommodate shoulder injuries, including dislocations, subluxations, and slight separations. Because of its inner surface and custom design, the BodyGuard actually attaches to the wearer and works with the entire muscle group, providing strain distribution over the entire garment and significant compression to the injured area. The BodyGuard is effective for a wide array of sports in which shoulder injuries occur, including baseball, football, bas-ketball, wrestling, hockey, and volleyball.

Circle No. 503

Cho-Pat800-221-1601WWW.CHO-PAT.COM

Cho-Pat’s patented Dual Action Knee Strap® provides an extra level of relief for painful and weakened knees. It

applies pressure to the tendon below the knee to reduce patellar sub-luxation and improve tracking and elevation. It also puts pressure on the tendon above the knee to provide

added support and stability. The Dual Action Knee Strap allows full mobility.

Circle No. 504

Concussion [email protected]

Concussion Sentinel is an easy-to-use computer-based cognitive testing system

employed by athletic trainers, coaches, and physicians for the management of concussions. The innovative use of

familiar playing cards pro-vides for a fun and interactive experience

for athletes. Concussion Sentinel is dif-ferent because it was developed specifi-cally for use in youth, high school, and college settings. Concussion Sentinel takes the guesswork out of concussion management by providing an objective tool that allows coaches and athletic trainers to make confident return-to-play decisions.

Circle No. 505

Dynatronics801-874-6251WWW.DYNATRONICS.COM

The Dynatron X3 is the most powerful light therapy device available, generating a total of 14,000 mW of light. It is engi-

neered to deliver two light pad

treatments and one light probe treat-

ment simultaneously. For speed and ease of treatment, the X3 comes equipped with a state-of-the-art interactive display that not only allows for simple touch-screen setup, but car-ries an on-board library containing treat-ment protocols assembled by one of the leading experts on light therapy.

Circle No. 506

The new Dynatron Xp Light Pad from Dynatronics reflects a tremendous advancement in the delivery of light ther-apy. The Xp is big: at 8” x 10” it’s over 100 times larger than competitive light probes. It’s fast: with 6,500 mW of power per pad, the entire lower back can be treated in four to eight minutes. And it’s flexible: it eas-ily treats any part of the body. This inno-vative light pad is compatible with any of the Solaris 700 Series devices when used with a Dynatron Booster Box.

Circle No. 507

Introducing the QuadStar®EliteComplete Electrotherapy System

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48 T&C OCTOBER 2005 ATHLETICBID.COM

Pain Management

Exertools, Inc.800-235-1559WWW.EXERTOOLS.COM

Extertools offers a safe and stable aerobic exercise alternative called the NexStep from Magnum Fitness

Systems. The NexStep is a recumbent stepper, which simulates the movement of walking up a flight of stairs. Its linear patterning reduces

excessive shearing, joint reaction, and compressive forces at the knee, hip, and back. Users control intensity by adjusting the seat, creating a variety of exercises for major muscle groups of the lower body. This allows patients to start their rehab earlier and keeps athletes from attaining an exercise plateau.

Circle No. 508

Ferno Performance Pools888-206-7802WWW.FERNOPERFORMANCEPOOLS.COM

Ferno Performance Pools offers over 250 custom and fiberglass therapy, rehabilitation, fitness, and conditioning pools. Choose from in-ground, partially

in-ground, and above-ground pools to maxi-mize your ath-letes’ aquatic experience. Ferno’s lead-

ing line of performance pools offers a system to fit in any space, large or small. The optional swim-in-place swim current and underwater treadmill allow athletes to maximize their workout without the devastating physical effects of land-based conditioning.

Circle No. 509

MedZone® relief products from Ferno are formulated to target pain, swell-ing, scarring, and scabbing quickly and effectively with deep-penetrating, high-performance ingredients. With six

unique formulas available, you can treat pain immediately, and continue treat-ment as the athlete heals. The MedZone

line can be applied indi-vidually, or as a complete system for more effec-

tive treatment. Over 90 professional sports teams use MedZone products to heal their athletes faster and more effectively.

Circle No. 510

Functional Design Systems866-230-8300WWW.FUNCTIONALDESIGN.COM

Functional Video Digest is a com-prehensive video series—available on a 12-month subscription basis or as individual monthly issues—that encompasses the most up-to-date and proven information for func-

Relief.

MedZone™ includes a full line of topical relief products formulated specifically for athletes to enhance saturation and deep penetration through high performance ingredients.

• Relieves minor aches and pains of muscles and joints• Relieves pain from minor burns and skin irritations• Minimizes scarring and scabbing• Reduces swelling• Accelerates healing

888-206-7802www.fernoperformancepools.com

Untitled-3 1 1/13/05 11:25:20 AM

TurfCordz ProCordz... Safe, Strong andReliable Progressive Resistance Training! •Created for the extreme

demands of professionalresistance training!

• Made from high strengthlarge diameter bungie with strong steel snaps!

• Available in a varietyof resistance levels, kits and interchangeable accessories, with the safety and security features leading professional athletes demand!

800-556-7464 • www.performbetter.com© 2005 NZ MFG LLC, Tallmadge, OH T&C0510

TurfCordz are distributed by

M-F Athletic Company

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Circle No. 129 Circle No. 130


Pain Management

tional analysis, injury prevention, physi-cal rehabilitation, training, conditioning, and performance enhancement. Based on in-depth knowledge of human biome-chanics, the series offers a clear under-standing of all forms of function. The videos are CEU-accredited by the NATA, NASM, NSCA, and most APTA states. This series provides a great opportunity for physical therapists, athletic trainers, physicians, strength and conditioning coaches, and personal trainers.

Circle No. 511

GNR800-523-0912WWW.REHABSHOPPER.COM

Wonder-Roll™ by GNR is a self-inflat-ing back support that converts any chair into an ergonomically correct and

comfort-able seat. It coun-ters poor posture,

relieves strain, and helps to maintain a proper lumbar curve while seated. The Wonder-Roll can be adjusted to fit all body shapes, sizes, and weights by simply leaning against the device, open-ing the valve to set correct density, and then closing the valve to maintain pres-sure. Custom logos are available.

Circle No. 512

Hymanson, Inc.800-772-5233 WWW.BODYBLADE.COM

Bodyblade® was scientifically designed by a physical therapist to engage the nervous system. This patented technol-ogy allows you to reshape your body effectively, completely, and in just a frac-tion of the time needed for tradi-tional exercise. It’s one piece of equipment with infinite potential. “Bodyblade is fantastic in every way. Exceptionally easy to use, exceptional benefits received, a reasonable price, and world-class customer service,” says M.S., a golf instructor.

Circle No. 513

Jump Stretch, Inc.800-344-3539WWW.JUMPSTRETCH.COM

Jump Stretch founder Dick Hartzell has perfected a way of treating ankle sprains that gets the athlete up and run-ning (literally) within minutes or hours, rather than weeks or months. Hartzell con-tends that RICE is antiquated, and that rest and ice actually prolong the healing process. A video detailing his tractioning technique is available for $15. Three Flex Bands® (one average and two minis) are neces-sary to perform the treatment.

Circle No. 514

Kelly Kinetics888-645-3559WWW.KELLYKINETICS.COM

Kelly Kinetics has introduced the Pivot Plate, which utilizes a patented Variable Offset Pivot (VOP) system. To increase

or decrease neuromuscular demand, the fulcrum can be placed at varying arm lengths. The fulcrum can also be selectively placed in the best biomechanical

position to target select musculature for strengthening. Unlike traditional balance boards, the Pivot Plate user is affixed to the platform, which allows the user to vary his or her center of gravity for a range of resistance levels.

Circle No. 515

Mueller Sports Medicine800-356-9522WWW.MUELLERSPORTSMED.COM

The new Medi Kit™ Carry On from Mueller Sports Medicine is custom-designed to be an extremely functional trainers kit. A runner on the bottom helps protect and keep the kit off the ground. Front and side pockets,

with clear pocket zipper liners and a removable clear lid zipper liner, allow easy access and storage. Elastic loop holders and removable dividers for the main compartment maximize organiza-tion. The padded shoulder strap can be removed or adjusted for comfort. The Medi Kit Carry On is available in black and red and is sold empty.

Circle No. 516

Keep important items close at hand with this convenient shoulder Sling Bag from Mueller, which can be eas-ily moved from back to front. The bag, with a padded adjustable strap, can be worn over the shoulder or head. Hook and loop closures on pockets keep items from falling out. The exterior pockets allow easy access to key items specifically made to fit: rolls of tape, cell phone/pager, and emergency shears/M-Cutter. Partitioned interior pockets and mesh pouches allow easy organization. The Sling Bag is sold empty.

Circle No. 517

Oakworks800-916-4603WWW.OAKWORKSPT.COM

With a 500-pound dynamic load weight rating, the Portable Taping Table® from Oakworks is the strongest and most durable taping table on the market.

The Portable Taping Table is fully portable, so it provides an ideal side-line evaluation and taping station both at home and on the road.

With independently adjustable legs and unique field feet, the Portable Taping Table can handle any uneven surface or rugged terrain without a problem. Take control by using your own equipment at away games and events, because when you’re on the road, you never know what you’re going to get. Take Control, Take OakworksSM.

Circle No. 518


Pain Management

Biofreeze800-246-3733WWW.BIOFREEZE.COM

The Biofreeze® family of pain reliev-ing products includes a soothing gel, a convenient roll-on, and the new natural Cryospray™. Biofreeze effectively relieves pain from ath-letic injuries, muscle injuries, strains, sprains, and stiff joints. Apply before, during, and after workouts to reduce swelling and stiff-ness, and enable greater range of motion and flexibility. Biofreeze gel is available in 16-oz., 32-oz., and gal-lon professional pump bottles; 16-oz. spray bottles; and gravity dispenser boxes with 100 five-gram doses. The 4-oz. gel tubes, 4-oz. spray bottles, and 3-oz. roll-ons are for patient self-care at home. Biofreeze is endorsed by the World Olympians Association of the Americas and the United States Taekwondo Union.

Circle No. 519

Pro-Tec Athletics800-779-3372WWW.INJURYBEGONE.COM

Once again, Pro-Tec Athletics has invented a product that helps a unique injury area: the popliteal region, or back of knee, region. The Back of Knee compres-sion wrap offers highly effective relief from inju-ries such as popliteal tendonitis, peroneal nerve entrapment, and lower hamstring strains. This wrap includes a compression pad that provides focused compression to stabilize the area. Call toll-free or visit Pro-Tec Athletic’s Web site for a free brochure.

Circle No. 520

SAM Medical Products800-818-4726WWW.SAMMEDICAL.COM

Combining the best of science with the best of nature, the Blist-O-Ban™ uses a new technology, Bursatek™, to relieve friction and pain in order to prevent and treat blisters. Blist-O-Ban is the

only product on the market specifically designed to reduce the friction caused by rubbing, which can lead to hot spots and blisters. The bandage is so thin you won’t even know it’s there.

Circle No. 521

The Soft Shell™ splint from SAM Medical Products is an economical alternative to the materials currently used to form simple hand and wrist splints. Your time, money, and materi-

als are saved because no gloves, water, heat, or clean-up is required. Plus, the splint is light-weight and com-fortable, and it can easily be re-molded and held

in position with a wrap of your choice. For convenience, the Soft Shell splint can be hand-washed and air-dried.

Circle No. 522

Call 877-368-7523 to order or visit our website:www.d-m-s.com

Deep Muscle Stimulator

Balance the BodyIncrease Endurance

Increase FlexibilityIncrease Strength

Reduce Soreness

With over 3000 productsand more than 10,000customers worldwide, GNRis the one-stop source forall your rehabilitation andfitness needs. Our productsare featured in annualand supplemental catalogs, as well as online atwww.RehabShopper.com. Our history can be summedup as quality products, fair pricing and an outrageouscommittment to taking care of our customers.

GNR CATALOG2005-2006

Contact GNR Today for aFREE 2005-2006 Catalog!

Phone: 1-800-523-0912 Fax: 1-800-523-0914Corporate: www.GNR-Inc.com

Shop Online at

www.RehabShopper.com

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Hot & Cold

Aircast, LLC800-526-8785WWW.AIRCAST.COM

The Aircast® Ankle Cryo/Cuff™ applies soothing cryo-compression to the ankle, helping to reduce swelling

and pain plus the need for pain medi-cation and rehab ses-sions—all the while quickly restoring an athlete’s range of motion. The anatomi-

cal design of the cuff conforms to the ankle to provide complete coverage for optimal treatment. The Ankle Cryo/Cuff is easy to use in the training room, on the playing field, and at home.

Circle No. 523

The Aircast® Shoulder Cryo/Cuff™ applies soothing cryo-compression to the shoulder to help reduce swelling and pain, reducing the need for pain medication and rehab sessions, and quickly restor-ing range of motion. The anatomical design of the cuff conforms to the shoulder to provide complete coverage for optimal treat-ment. The Shoulder Cryo/Cuff is easy to use in the train-ing room, on the playing field, and at home. An extra-long strap is available to accommodate chest circumferences of up to 54 inches.

Circle No. 524

Game Ready888-426-3732WWW.GAMEREADY.COM

Used by athletic trainers from the high school level to the top pro teams in

every league, the Game Ready™ Accelerated Recovery System simultane-ously pro-vides control-

lable cold therapy and adjustable inter-mittent compression to help accelerate healing after acute or chronic injuries. It also aids in post-operative recovery. “The results have been outstanding and Game Ready has become our modality of choice for acute and chronic inju-ries,” says Chuck Barta, Head Athletic Trainer for the Minnesota Vikings.

Circle No. 525

Gebauer Co.800-321-9348 WWW.GEBAUERCO.COM

Gebauer’s first non-prescription topical skin refrigerant, Instant Ice™, is ideal for the temporary relief of minor pain and swelling from sprains, strains, bruis-

ing, contusions, and minor sports injuries. Available in either mist or medium stream spray cans, Instant Ice stream spray is also used for the temporary relief of

muscle spasms. Call Gebauer or visit online for product and prescribing infor-mation and to find a local distributor.

Circle No. 526

Gebauer’s new Spray & Stretch® pre-scription skin refrigerant pro-vides a fine stream spray and cooling effect equivalent to Gebauer’s Fluori-Methane®. Spray and Stretch is available in a convenient aerosol but is nonflammable, so it can be used anywhere. Call Gebauer or visit online for product and prescribing information and to find a local distributor.

Circle No. 527

OPTP800-367-7393WWW.OPTP.COM

The unique design of OPTP’s patented Cryopak Flexible Ice Sheets allows for flexibility when wrapping the ice

sheet around various body parts. The ice sheet can be used in the clinic or on the field after

a sports injury. Simply cut the sheet between the cells to create the appropriate size and shape needed. Customized ice packs fit correctly to provide a better efficient cooling effect to the injured area. For more informa-tion call OPTP, or visit online.

Circle No. 528

Prossage Heat866-4-PROSSAGEWWW.PROSSAGE.US

Prossage™ Heat is a uniquely blended, area-specific, non-slip, controllable-glide warming ointment that’s 100-percent natural. It’s formulated specifically for

deep-tissue work, myofascial release, and trigger point therapy. Prossage Heat makes it easier to “hook” the deep fascia, allowing you to work faster and more efficiently, with less

pain for the athlete. Heating the tissues with Prossage Heat reduces spasms in muscles, ligaments, and joint capsules. Prossage Heat is available in 3-oz., 8-oz., and 16-oz. bottles. Call Prossage today for a free sample.

Circle No. 529

Pro-Tec Athletics800-779-3372WWW.INJURYBEGONE.COM

Experience the benefits of direct, active ice massage with Pro-Tec Athletics Ice-Up. Ice-Up provides quick deep-tissue relief for ligament, tendon, and muscu-lar injuries in only five to seven min-utes, as opposed to 15-20 minutes for conventional ice packs. Since Ice-Up is portable and stays frozen up to 10 hours within its carrying cooler, players will be able to increase their treatment effective-ness for a speedier recovery. Call Pro-Tec Athletics, or visit its Web site for more information on portable ice mas-sage treatments.

Circle No. 530


Hot & Cold Catalog Showcase

ThermoTek, Inc.877-242-3232WWW.PROTHERMO.COM

Get out of the ice age and into the future with a ProThermo therapy unit. ProThermo allows you to control the application of cold, heat, and compression thera-py. Bring the temper-ature down to 37 degrees without ice, or up to 105 degrees. Compression can be admin-istered constantly or intermittently for the management of chronic or acute pain. The product is ideal for acute sports injuries, post-operative care, and chronic injuries. The attachments can be used to treat all areas of the body.

Circle No. 531

Whitehall Mfg., Inc.800-782-7706WWW.WHITEHALLMFG.COM

Whitehall Manufacturing offers a com-plete line of moist heat-therapy treat-ment products that are convenient

and easy to use. Each heating unit is fabri-cated from heavy-gauge stainless steel and polished to a satin fin-ish. Standard features include a snap-off ther-mal protector that pre-vents overheating and a rounded bottom that minimizes bacteria build-up. The heat-ing units are available in various sizes and colors.

Circle No. 532

The ThermaSplint™, from Whitehall Manufacturing, features dual voltage, an illuminated on/off switch, and quick heat-up time. The unit operates on

a solar-powered digital thermom-eter that allows the temperature to be adjusted with digital readouts for different splinting thermoplastics.

The ThermaSplint is constructed from heavy-gauge stainless steel.

Circle No. 533

Creative Health Products, Inc.800-742-4478WWW.CHPONLINE.COM

Creative Health Products has been in business since 1976 as a leading dis-count supplier of rehabilitation, fitness, exercise, and athletic equip-ment, as well as health, medical, and fitness test-ing and measur-ing products, all available at reduced prices. The products offered include heart rate monitors, blood pressure testers, pulse oximeters, bodyfat calipers, scales, strength testers, flexibility testers, stethoscopes, pedometers, exercise bikes, ergometers, stopwatches, fit-ness books and software, exercise bands, step benches, hand and finger exercisers, heating pads, and more.

Circle No. 534

Anodyne Therapy is an FDA-cleared, infraredphoto-energy therapy that has been clinically proven

to increase local microcirculation and reduce painin many conditions.

Published studies demonstrate that Anodyne Therapy restores nerve function, reduces pain and speeds

wound healing.

Anodyne® TherapyIt’s not a miracle. It’s science.

1-877-832-8527anodynetherapy.com

anodyne.indd 1 9/19/05 2:24:02 PM

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Circle No. 133

2005CATALOG #100

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Creative Health Products 5148 Saddle Ridge Road • Plymouth, Michigan 48170800-742-4478 Overseas orders 734-996-5900

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ANTHROPOMETRICMEASUREMENT

PAGE 4

BICYCLES & ERGOMETERSPAGE 21 & 22

BLOOD PRESSUREPAGES 6-10

BLOOD CHEMISTRYANALYZERS

PAGE 5

BODY FAT MEASURINGPAGES 1, 2, 24 & 25

BOOKS & VIDEO’SPAGES 15 - 20

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FITNESS APPRAISAL KITSPAGE 11

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HEART RATE MONITORS& PULSE OXIMETER

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PAGE 10

REHABILITATION PRODUCTSPAGES 18-20

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PAGE 20 & 21

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Sports Massage

Deep Muscle Stimulator877-368-7523 WWW.D-M-S.COM

Do you want to achieve faster recovery from soft-tissue injuries? Then you

need to start using the DMS. It’s easy to operate, portable, and takes only three to five minutes per athlete. Use it for active release, soft-tissue release, integrated manual therapy, warm-ups,

and tissue regeneration.Circle No. 535

Kelly Kinetics888-645-3559WWW.KELLYKINETICS.COM

The SoloMax self-massage tool pro-vides the user with three different options for easily mas-saging those hard-to-reach spots on his or her own body. The user can choose from three snap-in attachments: the rolling wheel attachment, the tradi-tional deep-tissue acu-pressure knob, and the three-finger scratcher attachment. The SoloMax is designed with a quick-release tab, so the unit can break down easily for convenient transport.

Circle No. 536

Lippincott Williams & Wilkin800-638-3030 WWW.LWW.COM

Since its release in October 2004, Clinical Mastery in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain, has been helping

athletic trainers explore key differ-ences in assess-ment, treatment, and rehabilitation of common muscle and joint pain. This concise and easily referenced clinical text is organized by chief complaint, fol-

lowed by an overview, an assessment, a history, and a planned rehabilitation program. A generalization of similar conditions and a treatment protocol are provided at the end of each chapter. The retail cost is $69.95.

Circle No. 537

Perform Better800-556-7464WWW.PERFORMBETTER.COM

The new Foam Roller Plus lasts up to five times longer than other bio-foam rollers. The secret is the five-inch PVC

core layered beneath one inch of foam. The core prevents the foam

from compressing, allowing the foam to provide a firm but comfortable feel. The Foam Roller Plus has a two-year warranty and is shipped with exercise instructions and cover, all featured in the 2006 Perform Better catalog. For a copy of the catalog or product informa-tion, contact Perform Better.

Circle No. 538

Oakworks800-916-4603WWW.OAKWORKSPT.COM

As the strongest and most durable por-table table on the market, The Boss™ is exceptional. It is dedicated to helping athletes get back into the game sooner, and is made for sideline treat-ments, evalua-tions, and other on-site interventions. With sealed seams on the Tufflex™ upholstery and a water-resistant under-coating, The Boss is a solid performer, even under the harshest outdoor conditions. Plus, with independently adjustable legs, The Boss can tackle any uneven surface or rugged terrain without a problem. With The Boss from Oakworks, you can take control and take your own equipment to away games and events. It’s like home field advantage, to goSM.

Circle No. 539

OPTP800-367-7393WWW.OPTP.COM

Thera Cane® is a unique device that facilitates solo, deep-pressure mas-sages of trigger points and sore muscles. The versatile Thera Cane is suitable for use in both clinical and

home treatment regi-mens to treat back, neck, shoulders, legs, feet, arms, chest, ribs, abdomen, and buttocks pain. Each Thera Cane comes with a user’s man-ual, which features stretches, myofascial trigger point informa-tion, and 39 illustrations. For more information or a free product catalog, call toll-free or visit the OPTP Web site.

Circle No. 540

Power Systems800-321-6975WWW.POWER-SYSTEMS.COM

The Stick is an easy-to-use device designed to massage muscle tissue. It encourages increased circulation

to muscle fibers prior to exercise, it disperses lactic acid after workouts, and it diffuses muscle stiffness and knots. There are three sizes to choose from with varying rotating spindles: the 20-inch Marathon Stick for those with leaner

body masses, the 24-inch Original Body Stick for those with average body mass-es, and the 30-inch Big Stick for those with heavier body masses.

Circle No. 541

Achieve myofacial release and build a stronger more flexible body with Power System’s Premium EVA Foam Roller. Balance training, alignment, and core condition-ing are enhanced with the aid of the roller. This high-density, heat-sealed, closed-cell roller does not absorb moisture or trap odors and bacteria. Its unique char-acteristics will neither mat down nor cause the rollers to lose their shape. The EVA Foam Rollers are available in two sizes, 6” x 12” and 6” x 36”. Training and instructional DVDs are also available.

Circle No. 542

www.gssiweb.orgBASKETBALL AND HYDRATION:NEW RESEARCH INDICATES FLUIDS ARE KEYTO MAINTAIN PERFORMANCE

EFFECTS OF DEHYDRATIONDehydration negatively impacts performance. In fact, sweat losses of just1.5% - or just 3 pounds in a 200-pound athlete – can impair performance.During exercise, blood is diverted to the working muscle- delivering oxygenand nutrients -and to the skin to cool the body. As an athlete sweats andfails to replace their fluid losses, blood volume shrinks. Consequently, theheart has to work harder to meet the demands of the working muscles.Ultimately, this reduction in blood volume compromises blood flow to theskin, causing an increase in core body temperature and decreases bloodflow to the working muscles making exercise more difficult.

Data collected over the past two basketball seasons with two different NBAteams showed that players routinely arrive at practices and games inade-quately hydrated. These results are consistent with other team-sport ath-letes, including one study that showed 70 percent of high school footballplayers began practice hypohydrated1. Over the past two seasons, urinesamples have been collected from various NBA players prior to practicesand games. Of these samples, urine specific gravity measurements indi-cated that 63 percent of the NBA athletes tested were above the NATAthreshold of 1.020, indicating they were not adequately hydrated. Startingthe game dehydrated makes fluid replacement during the game that muchmore difficult and important.

SWEAT RESPONSESweating is the body’s natural response to an increase in body temperature.As sweat evaporates from the skin, body heat is lost and core temperatureis maintained at safe levels. The stop-and-go nature of basketball causesrapid increases in body temperature and, consequently, large sweat losses.During 2004 summer league play, 15 NBA players from two teams weretested to determine sweat loss and fluid intake. The players were weighedin light shorts before and after their games and ingested fluid out of spe-cific bottles in order to account for fluid consumed during the game.

Average sweat loss for the players was 2.4 quarts, ranging from 1.1 – 4.9quarts, with a high sweat loss of 1.2 gallons. Most players did an ade-quate job drinking fluids and were only slightly dehydrated, with an aver-age dehydration of 1.4 percent of their total body weight. However, one-in-four players experienced losses above 1.5 percent of their total body weight,a level of dehydration that can negatively impact performance. In someextreme cases, players ended up losing more than 3 percent of their totalbody weight. This level of fluid loss coupled with inadequate hydration priorto the game may result in significant levels of dehydration2,3,4.

FLUID INTAKE Most athletes do not drink enough to match their sweat losses during prac-tice and competition, even if fluid is available. This observation has beentermed “voluntary dehydration” and occurs in virtually all athletes. Arecent study allowed runners to drink as much as desired throughout a 10-mile simulated race. During the study, the runners only replaced a fractionof fluids lost through sweat. Furthermore, when asked how much they per-ceived losing through sweat, they underestimated actual losses by an aver-age margin of 46 percent5.

Similarly, the NBA players competing in summer league play replacedapproximately 35 percent of what they were losing. The average fluidintake was only about 27 oz., with the average sweat loss being 2.4 quarts

(77 oz.). When conditions are dry, such as in a gymnasium or arena, sweatevaporates very quickly making it difficult to estimate how much is beinglost. To combat this problem, keeping weight charts that track players’weight before and after practices and games is advantageous in helping tomonitor sweat loss. It also serves as an effective teaching cue to demon-strate how much sweat athletes are actually losing on the court. Easyaccess to fluids and ample time to drink those fluids will also help keepthe players in better fluid balance.

COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AND PERCEPTIONSOF FATIGUEHydration will inevitably play a role in the latter stages of a game whenerrors in judgment may be especially costly. Recent studies have foundthat dehydration can negatively impact cognitive performance. Researchhas revealed that as little as 1-2 percent dehydration leads to reductions inperceived alertness and ability to concentrate – a necessity when a playeris standing at the free-throw line during the final moments of a game6.Perceptions of fatigue are also higher when a player is inadequately hydrat-ed. A study completed in France found that dehydration of 2.8 percentimpaired cognitive abilities of perceptive discrimination and short-termmemory, as well as, subjective estimates of fatigue7. In practical terms,this means that running the floor and playing defense will feel much moredifficult when a player is not keeping up with his sweat losses.

Sport-specific skills may also be affected by dehydration. Scientists atLoughborough University in the United Kingdom studied highly fit soccerplayers who undertook an intermittent exercise protocol designed to mimicthe demands of a soccer game8. In one trial, athletes were allowed to drinkfluid. In the other, they competed without. After each trial, they performeda soccer skill test and a mental concentration test. They found that soccer-skill performance deteriorated 5 percent after the “no fluid” trial, while per-formance was maintained in the fluid trial. Research continues to supportthat hydration is an essential ingredient to maintaining mental and physi-cal performance, especially at the end of a game.

SUMMARYBasketball is physically and mentally demanding. Dehydration is easy toprevent but, if left unmonitored, will rob players of their edge. Recognizewhich players are at risk and educate them to help prevent this unneces-sary lapse in performance. Players that are light sweaters and adequatelyhydrated prior to the game will likely not experience performance-impactinglevels of dehydration. For some players, however, special care must betaken to ensure that they are meeting their fluid needs.

Kris Osterberg, MS, RD, Senior Scientist, Gatorade Sports Science Institute

For more information, please visit www.gssiweb.org.REFERENCES1Stover, E.A., Zachwieja, J.J., Stofan, J.R., Horswill, C.A., Murray, R. Sweat Rate and markers of hydration in high footballplayers. Int J or Sports Med. In Press.2Osterberg, K., Sperber, T., Lacambra, M., Baker, L. Murray, R. Fluid balance, hydration status, and sweat electrolyte con-centration in NBA basketball players during summer league games. Presented at the National Athletic TrainersAssociation’s annual conference. June, 2005.3Schoffstall JE et al. Effects of dehydration and rehydration on the one-repetition maximum bench press of weight-trained males. J Strength Cond. Res. 15(1):102-8. 2001.4Walsh RM et al. Impaired high-intensity cycling performance at low levels of dehydration. Int. J Sports Med. 15:392-398, 19945Horn, M., Stofan, J. Passe, D., Murray, R., Perceptions of fluid intake and sweat loss during a ten mile race. Med. Sci.Sports and Exerc. 33 (5) S256. 20016Maughan, R.J. Impact of mild dehydration on wellness and on exercise performance. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 57 Suppl 2:S19-23, 2003.7Cian, C. Barraud, P.A., Melin, B., Raphel, C., Effects of fluid ingestion on cognitive function after heat stress or exer-cise-induced dehydration. Int J Physcholphysiol 42(3): 243-51. 2001.8McGregor, S.J., Nicholas, C.W., Lakomy, H.K., Williams, C. The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle runningand fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill. J Sports Sci. 17(11): 895-903.1999.


Company NewsWeb News

New Training Systems Offered by Powering AthleticsPowering Athletics® is a Ft. Wayne, Indiana-based manufacturing company leading the way in sport-specific train-ing equipment. With many strength and conditioning coaches and athletic train-ers emphasizing “to train movement, not muscles,” the popularity of these devices is quickly gaining momentum throughout the exercise and fitness industries.

Powering Athletics’ mission is simple: to evolve the company to be in the best position to capitalize on new concepts in training as they emerge, and to bet-ter serve its customers by listening to their ideas and staying connected to the leading trainers in the industry.

Its fast-growing product line consists of four new products. PowerSkater is an off-ice training and conditioning system for athletes playing dominant lower-body movement sports. PowerPlyos is a four-in-one plyometric jump training system. The PowerVertex is a whole-body move-ment training system. The PowerWristor rehabilitates and strengthens forearms, hands, and wrists.

Several new products are under devel-opment. Visit Powering Athletics’ Web site to view all of its products, or call them directly toll-free.

Powering Athletics6134 EAGLE CREEK DRIVEFORT WAYNE, IN 46814866-672-1700RBULLOCH@POWERINGATHLETICS.COMWWW.POWERINGATHLETICS.COM

A60™ NOW FEATURED ON AIRCAST’S WEB SITE The A60 Ankle Support, the newest addition to the proven line of Aircast Sports Medicine products, is now featured on the Aircast Web site. It’s the first item listed on the homepage’s “product search” menu, linking to a detailed product page that includes A60 features and sizing and ordering information. Athletic trainers will be able to download an easy-to-read and well-diagramed instruction sheet. Visit www.aircast.com for the complete press release on the A60 Ankle Support. It can be found in the Web site’s “News” section. www.aircast.com

DM SYSTEMS LAUNCHES NEW WEB SITEWith an all-new look, the DM Systems’ Web site is streamlined to be more user-friendly, with lots of information on orthopedic, wound care, and rehabilitation products available from the company. The product line includes the original Heelift® and Heelift Smooth suspension boots, Elbowlift® suspension pads, Heelift trac-tion boots, CastWalker® cast soles, GaitKeeper™ cast shoes, CastWedge™ cast adjusters, Adjusticizer™ exercise systems, Cadlow™ shoulder stabilizers, and AnkleTough® rehab systems. The site contains product information, usage guide-lines, informational videos, clinician testimonials, and downloadable PDFs of prod-uct literature. A search function for national and international dealers and sales reps, a literature request form, and an e-mail contact link are also included.www.dmsystems.com

GNR HEALTH SYSTEM ANNOUNCES NEW WEB SITE CHANGES GNR’s online catalog, www.RehabShopper.com, has been updated with new prod-ucts and features in its never-ending quest to provide athletes with the best and most convenient way to shop for quality GNR rehabilitation and fitness products. While browsing and shopping online, visitors can log in and be entered in GNR’s new monthly drawings for gift certificates and prizes, or take the opportunity to read the company’s bimonthly articles.www.RehabShopper.com

POWER SYSTEMS MARKS 20TH ANNIVERSARY WITH NEW SITE.Power Systems marks its 20-year anniversary with the launch of a completely rede-signed Web site. The new site is easier to navigate and provides more information and assistance in making sports performance, fitness, and health equipment deci-sions. In addition to featuring 1000 products and programs, the site now offers product news, related articles, and an RSS feed to subscribers so they receive exclusive Power Systems news. Visitors can also adjust the type size for easier on-screen reading. Visit www.power-systems.com for more information, to place orders, to take advantage of special Web offers, or to request a new 2006 catalog.www.power-systems.com

ENHANCED SITE FEATURES CEU TRACKING OPTIONThe NSCA Certification Commission has made several enhancements to its Web site, including the CEU PORT (Premier Online Record Tracking), which allows certified individuals to track and submit their CEUs online. An online Resource Center is also new, featuring information on a variety of programs, press releas-es, and testimonials. Individuals interested in taking the Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist® (CSCS®) and/or NSCA-Certified Personal Trainer® (NSCA-CPT®) exams can register for them and purchase review materials online. Other resources found at www.nsca-cc.org include sample exam questions, online prac-tice exams, study suggestion documents, a CEU activity calendar, and an exten-sive downloads section.www.nsca-cc.org


A D V E R T I S E R S D I R E C T O R Y CIRCLE COMPANY PAGE CIRCLE COMPANY PAGENO. NO. NO. NO

P R O D U C T S D I R E C T O R Y CIRCLE COMPANY PAGE CIRCLE COMPANY PAGENO. NO. NO. NO

500 . . Aircast (AirHeel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

523 . . Aircast (Ankle Cryo/Cuff) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

524 . . . Aircast (Shoulder Cryo/Cuff) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

501 . . Anodyne Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

502 . . Antibody (compression shorts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

503 . . Antibody (shoulder brace) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

519 . . . Biofreeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

504 . . Cho-Pat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

505 . . Concussion Sentinel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

534 . . Creative Health Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

535 . . Deep Muscle Stimulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

506 . . Dynatronics (Dynatron X3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

507 . . Dynatronics (Dynatron Xp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

543 . . EAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

544 . . Elrey Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

508 . . Exertools (NexStep) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

545 . . Exertools (special program) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

509 . . Ferno (custom pools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

510 . . . Ferno (MedZone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

546 . . Fitness First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

547 . . . Functional Design (TrueStretch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

511 . . . Functional Design (Video Digest) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

525 . . Game Ready . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

526 . . Gebauer (Instant Ice) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

527 . . Gebauer (Spray and Stretch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

512 . . . GNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

513 . . . Hymanson (Bodyblade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

514 . . . Jump Stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

515 . . . Kelly Kinetics (Pivot Plate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

536 . . Kelly Kinetics (SoloMax) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

548 . . KettleBell Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

549 . . LifeWave Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

537 . . LW&W (Myofascial Pain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

550 . . LW&W (Sports & Exercise Nutrition) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

516 . . . Mueller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

517 . . . Mueller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

552 . . NASM (Optimum Performance Training) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

551 . . . NASM (workshop) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

518 . . . Oakworks (Portable Taping Table) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

539 . . Oakworks (The Boss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

528 . . OPTP (Cryopak) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

540 . . OPTP (Thera Cane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

538 . . Perform Better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

542 . . Power Systems (Foam Roller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

541 . . . Power Systems (The Stick) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

553 . . PoweringAthletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

520 . . Pro-Tec Athletics (compression wrap) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

530 . . Pro-Tec Athletics (Ice-Up) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

529 . . Prossage Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

521 . . . SAM Medical Products (Blist-O-Ban) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

522 . . SAM Medical Products (Soft Shell splint) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

531 . . . ThermoTek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

532 . . Whitehall Manufacturing (moist heat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

533 . . Whitehall Manufacturing (ThermaSplint) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

111 . . . Aircast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

133 . . . Anodyne Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

127 . . . Antibody (BodyGuards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

136 . . . Athletes.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IBC

104 . . Biofreeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

105 . . Biofreeze (Fall Promotion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

128 . . . BioMedical Life Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

102 . . . Cho-Pat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

120 . . . Concussion Sentinel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

131 . . . Deep Muscle Stimulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

107 . . . Dynatronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

108 . . EAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

103 . . . efi Sports Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

122 . . . Exertools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

130 . . . Ferno (MedZone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

126 . . . Ferno Performance Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

115 . . . Functional Design Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

118 . . . Game Ready . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

101 . . . Gatorade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

114 . . . Gebauer (Spray & Stretch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

132 . . . GNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

134 . . . Jump Stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

106 . . Kelly Kinetics (Massage Tools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

123 . . . KettleBell Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

109 . . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

100 . . MET-Rx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IFC

125 . . . Mueller Sports Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

110 . . . NASM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

137 . . . Oakworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BC

112 . . . OPTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

116 . . . Perform Better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

135 . . . Perform Better (seminars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

113 . . . PoweringAthletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

119 . . . Pro-Tec Athletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

117 . . . Prossage Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

121 . . . SAM Medical Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

129 . . . TurfCordz/NZ Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

124 . . . Whitehall Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39


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Convenient, great-tasting performance supplement Myoplex® is designed to take the guesswork out of high perfor-

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Circle No. 543

Elrey Enterprises877-964-4537WWW.REFITR.COM

The Refit® is a revolutionary new prod-uct for strength and conditioning that emphasizes the development of bal-

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Exertools, Inc.800-235-1559WWW.EXERTOOLS.COM

Exertools is pleased to announce a special program for readers of Training & Conditioning. For a limited time, Exertools will provide T&C readers with a 20-percent discount for any non-capi-tal equipment purchase they make on the Exertools Web site. For example, you can save on such prod-ucts as Dyna Discs, Plyobacks, medi-cine ball racks, rocker boards, foam rollers, and gym balls. Furthermore, five percent of the cost for each order placed will be donated to Special Olympics. To receive the savings, go to the Exertools Web site and put in the coupon code “TC” in the appropriate box on their shopping cart page.

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Fitness First Products800-421-1791WWW.FITNESS1ST.COM

The new Yogacise Bench is an innova-tive product used for both yoga poses and strength training. Its unique design

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Circle No. 546

Functional Design Systems866-230-8300WWW.FUNCTIONALDESIGN.COM

The TrueStretch is a unique multi-purpose stretching program designed to prepare the body for improved per-formance. By stretching the proper muscle groups in all three planes of motion, TrueStretch enhances stretching, strengthen-ing, and manual thera-peutic techniques to effectively decrease pain and immediately improve function. It pre-pares the body for spe-cific movements and activities and will make the user feel better, play better, and work better.

Circle No. 547

KettleBell Concepts800-876-6090WWW.KETTLEBELLCONCEPTS.COM

KettleBell Concepts (KBC) provides trained professionals for indepen-dent franchises of fitness facilities, such as Equinox, La Palestra Center for Preventative Medicine, and 02 Fitness. Instructors provide clients with a complete cardiovascular

and strength-training workout in a very short period of time using small group, semi-private kettlebell training systems. Training programs include: Kettlebells for General Performance and Health (Levels 1-3), Kettlebells for the Creative Mover (Levels 1-3), and the Kettlebell Group Fitness Program. All KBC’s courses are approved by NSCA, NASM, and ACE.

Circle No. 548

LifeWave Products, LLC614-519-5144WWW.LIFEWAVEROCKS.COM

University studies show a 30- to 40-per-cent increase in drug-free performance with the new, non-transdermal LifeWave Energy Patch. Stanford and Olympic swim coach Richard Quick agrees with the findings: “I have had wonderful results with the LifeWave technology. We have already seen many lifetime best perfor-mances, including one world record.” Richard Shaughnessey, NCAA Division One Football Strength Coach says, “Our guys had as much energy in the fourth quarter as they did in the first; the only difference was the patches.”

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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 800-638-3030 WWW.LWW.COM

Published in March, Sports and Exercise Nutrition, Second Edition,

provides a strong foundation in understanding the science behind exercise nutrition and bioenergetics. It explains how these principles work in the real world of human

physical activity and sports competi-tion. This edition has separate, detailed chapters on nutrition recommendations for physically active persons and recom-mendations geared specifically to those in intense training and sports competi-tion. This book sells for $82.95.

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NASM800-460-NASMWWW.NASM.ORG

A new OPT for Performance Enhancement™ Workshop is scheduled for this fall. Learn

NASM’s Optimum Performance Training for Performance Enhancement in a new one-day workshop coming to your area. In this comprehensive, hands-on workshop, participants will gain 0.8 NASM CEUs and

learn the skills necessary to assess and design programs that enhance athletic performance and decrease the risk of injury in athletic clients. Call the NASM toll-free, or visit online to search for a workshop near you.

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Learn NASM’s Optimum Performance Training for Performance Enhancement™ in a new one-day workshop coming to your area. In this comprehensive, hands-on workshop, you’ll earn 0.8 NASM CEUs and develop the skills necessary to assess and design programs to enhance athletic performance and decrease the risk of injury for just about any athletic client.

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Powering Athletics866-672-1700WWW.POWERINGATHLETICS.COM

The PowerVertex is the latest product introduced by Powering Athletics. The PowerVertex integrates whole-body strength with core power and balance to improve functional strength. It allows

multiple users to strength-train with multi-joint, 3-D lifts for sport-specificity and functional movement pat-terns. Heavy-duty resistance

Rhino Cords™ allow for high-speed, fluid long-range motion executions, including: push, pull, core stability, rotation, squat, lunge, and stride-type movement patterns.

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Case Study

Herm Schneider, Head Athletic Trainer for the Chicago White Sox, says Total Gym has been a staple in his team’s training room for the past 15 years, serving as the functional training device for rehabilitation, maintenance, and plyometric workouts on an as-needed basis. Currently, one-third of the team does a Total Gym workout in their week-ly training regimen.

Schneider, who has been with the White Sox organization for 28 years, was introduced to the Total Gym by another coach, and now only uses Total Gym for players going through rehabilitation.

“When a player first looks at Total Gym, he doesn’t understand it. Once you explain the exercises and movements and they experience the machine first hand, they find it to be very functional,” explains Schneider. “Some guys use it for shoulders, others take it to another level for external rotation, diagonal PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) and push-and-pull. That is one of the best attributes of Total Gym; you can do all these exercises on one unit.”

Athletes are progressing much faster with Total Gym than with other tradition-al rehabilitative methods. For example, one player who had surgery for a medi-al meniscectomy began training on the Total Gym within two-three days of sur-gery. Schneider had him perform Level One proprioceptive work, concentrating on recovering the range of motion and increasing the amount of weight applied on the knee.

“With Total Gym, 90 percent of his body weight was taken off and we were able to really focus on the leg. We moved him up to his own body weight pretty rapidly and did calf exercises.

We wouldn’t have been able to do the same if he had to first stand upright and walk. He was back on the field one month before he was projected to play,” says Schneider.

The Chicago White Sox uses Total Gyms in its training room and main club house in Chicago, and in its minor league training room at its training camp in Tucson, AZ.

“The training room is like a tool box and the Total Gym is the hammer—the one you use most frequently—and most effectively,” says Scheider.

Total Gym encourages “functional exer-cise,” the technique of recreating every-day movements with and against gravity. The machine engages all muscle groups, allowing athletes to perform over 200 functional exercises on 10 calibrated levels of incline resistance. Total Gym is safe, easy to use, and facilitates the five key components of exercise: cardio-vascular endurance (aerobics), muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition.

Chicago White Sox Bats 1.000 with Total Gym

“The training room is like a tool box and the Total Gym is the hammer—the one youuse most frequently—and most effectively,”

Herm SchneiderHead Athletic Trainer for the

Chicago White Sox

efi Sports Medicine 7755 ARJONS DR.SAN DIEGO, CA 92126 [email protected]


Training & Conditioning is pleased to provide NATA and NSCA members with the opportunity to earn continuing education units through reading issues of the magazine. The following quiz is based on articles that appear in this issue of Training & Conditioning. By satisfactorily completing the quiz and mail-ing it back to T&C, readers can earn 2.0 BOC Athletic Training and 0.2 NSCA (two hours) continuing educa-tion units.

INSTRUCTIONS: Fill in the circle on the answer form (on page 62) that represents the best answer for each of the questions below. Complete the form at the bottom of page 62, include a $20 payment to Training & Conditioning, and mail it by November 15, 2005 to the following address: Training & Conditioning, ATTN: 15.7 Quiz, 2488 N. Triphammer Road, Ithaca, NY 14850. Readers who correctly answer 70 percent of the questions will be notified of their earned credit by mail no later than December 31, 2005.

Nutrition Roundup (pages 10-12)Objective: Learning about some of the latest nutrition research presented at the ACSM convention.

1. The author recommends:a) Consuming four ounces of energy drink per 15 min-

utes of exercise.b) Avoiding consumption of Red Bull or similar energy

drinks for performance assistance.c) Choosing Red Bull over other energy drinks.d) Storing energy drinks at 80 degrees.

2. Energy drinks may:a) Speed muscle fatigue.b) Raise an athlete’s heart rate and respiratory

exchange ratio.c) Limit lactic acid buildup.d) Improve repeated anaerobic performance.

3. To enhance recovery from high-intensity training the article recommends:

a) Taking dietary supplements that contain BCAA.b) Taking dietary supplements that contain Superoxide

dismutase.c) Eating a varied diet, drinking fluids, and ensuring

adequate rest.d) Ingesting moderate amounts of caffeine.

Reading Labels (pages 14-21)Objective: Understanding the criteria governing what types of supplements can be distributed under NCAA bylaw 16.5.2.g, and learning how to keep your program in compliance with the rule.

4. In 2000, the NCAA implemented bylaw 16.5.2.g:a) Restricting which nutritional supplements Division I

institutions could distribute to athletes.b) Requiring schools to post a banned substances list.c) Requiring weekly drug testing.d) Identifying performance-enhancing drugs.

5. Bylaw 16.5.2.g essentially allows institutions to provide things that will:

a) Increase an athlete’s energy level.b) Help athletes build muscle mass.c) Replace calories, electrolytes, and fluids lost during

athletic activity.d) Promote weight gain.

6. By rule, no more than ____________ of calories can come from protein in a supplement that is distributed to athletes.

a) 20 percentb) 30 percentc) 40 percentd) 50 percent

7. Any product with added _____________ from non-whole-food sources is not permissible for distribution.

a) animal productsb) herbsc) proteind) carbohydrates

8. If an institution is unsure about a specific ingredient that’s not on the impermissible list, it should:

a) Contact Membership Services for further clarification.b) Inform the athlete that the supplement is impermis-

sible.c) Contact the manufacturer for clarification.d) Contact other institutions and inquire about their

experience with the supplement.

A Lot of Talent (pages 23-27)Objective: Understanding how working with gifted ath-letes can create unique challenges for athletic trainers and strength coaches, and learning how to most effec-tively train these athletes.

9. This article suggests that for strength and conditioning coaches to make a talented athlete better, the coach needs to:

a) Communicate with the athlete more and challenge the athlete in different ways.

b) Develop a program for the talented athlete with the rest of the team.

c) Isolate the talented athlete during practice.d) Inform the athlete of the intense program he or she

will be participating in.

10. The author suggests improving the athlete’s interest in off-field work by having him or her:

a) Keep a training log.b) Get involved in the assessment process.c) Set the program goals on his or her own.d) Get involved in only elite training techniques.

CEU QUIZ T&C October 2005Vol. XV, No. 7



11. A talented athlete may have never experienced:a) Failure.b) Fatigue.c) Competition.d) Jealousy.

To the Limit (pages 28-33)Objective: Following the assessment and rehabilitation program that was employed to correct a hamstring injury in an NBA athlete.

12. Underactive muscles result in:a) Altered recruitment strategy and an altered move-

ment pattern.b) Increased energy.c) Decreased speed.d) Decreased nutritional requirements.

13. An overactive muscle may:a) Cause twitching or spasms.b) Improve endurance.c) Cause repetitive stress.d) Fatigue more easily.

14. According to the article, an integrated movement assessment consists of:

a) The athlete’s ability to perform repeated bench presses.

b) Gait analysis.c) The athlete performing an overhead squat while his

ability to perform the integrated movements is ana-lyzed.

d) Two types of endurance tests.

15. Pronounced eversion may be caused by:a) Overactivity in the peroneals and lateral gastrocne-

mius in addition to an underactive posterior tibialis and medial gastrocnemius.

b) Overactivity in the posterior and anterior tibialis and underactive peroneals.

c) Overactivity in the medial gastrocnemius and an underactive lateral gastrocnemius and posteriortibialis.

d) An overactive soleus and medial hamstring complex.

Here Come the Parents (pages 35-39)Objective: Understanding how to effectively communicate with parents, particularly in situations involving injuries to student-athletes.

16. Ryan Schroeder requires that each student-athlete who receives medical attention:

a) Perform 30 minutes of additional conditioning.b) Take an injury sheet home to his or her parents.c) Call his or her parents before leaving practice.d) Have limited participation the next day.

17. Ian Rogol deals with parents that want their children to return to play prematurely by:

a) Listing the eight or nine things the athlete needs to be able to do prior to returning to participation safely.

b) Informing the parents that the athletic trainer is ultimately responsible for such decisions.

c) Presenting literature that outlines the timeframe for returning to play from the athlete’s injury.

d) Identifying the athlete’s deficiencies.

18. Athletes 18 years of age and older have:a) To carry their own personal health insurance.b) To allow parents access to their medical information.c) The right to withhold their medical information from

their parents.d) To inform their parents of all medical information.

19. HIPAA states that:a) Medical records of individuals under 16 years of age

are protected.b) Only covered entities may release medical information.c) A covered entity may not disclose an athlete’s medi-

cal information without his or her permission.d) Colleges and universities are excluded.

Peaking for the Postseason (pages 41-45)Objective: Understanding the year-long strength training regimen followed by the Arizona State University base-ball team to keep athletes in top physical condition while accommodating the demands of the season.

20. The rejuvenation stage is:a) The longest stage and serves as a buffer between the

end of the playing season and the beginning of the strength-development phase.

b) Where strength and power gains are produced.c) Where cross-training is performed and athletes are

prohibited from participating in their sport.d) The shortest stage and serves as a buffer between

the end of the playing season and the beginning of the strength-development phase.

21. The developmental stage is:a) When new techniques for one’s sport are introduced.b) Where an endurance baseline is established.c) The shortest stage.d) Where strength and power gains are produced.

22. The competitive stage consists of:a) Preseason, general conditioning, and in-season.b) Complex-type training, in-season, and championship

season.c) Preseason, in-season, and championship season.d) Pre-season, post-season, and recovery time.

23. Each exercise is assigned to one of the following three categories:

a) Volume, strength, or power.b) Volume, speed, or power.c) Strength, power, or endurance.d) Strength, speed, or endurance

24. According to the article, foundational total-body exer-cises are based off of:

a) Squats.b) Pull movements.c) Lunges.d) Power cleans.

25. According to the article, the foundational lifts for the lower body in the competitive stage are:

a) Squats.b) Step-ups or lunges.c) Pull movements.d) Power cleans.

ATHLETICBID.COM T&C OCTOBER 2005 61ANSWER SHEET IS ON PAGE 62


CEU QUIZ ANSWER FORM

INSTRUCTIONS: Fill in the circle on the answer form below that represents your selection of the best answer for each of the previous questions. Complete the form at the bottom of this page, include a $20 pay-ment to Training & Conditioning, and mail it to the following address: Training & Conditioning, ATTN: 15.7 Quiz, 2488 N. Triphammer Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, no later than November 15, 2005. Readers who correctly answer 70 percent of the questions will receive 2.0 BOC Athletic Training and 0.2 NSCA (two hours) CEU’s, and will be notified of their earned credit by mail no later than December 31, 2005.

Nutrition Roundup

A B C D 1. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

2. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

3. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

Last Name______________________________________First Name________________________________MI______

Mailing Address_____________________________________________________________________________________

City _________________________________________________State_________________Zip Code________________

Daytime Telephone______________________________E-Mail Address____________________________________

Payment Information

__ $20 check or money order (U.S. Funds only) payable to: Training & Conditioning

__ Visa __ Mastercard __ Discover __ American Express

Account Number_____________________________________________Expiration Date______________________

Name on Card_____________________________________Signature_______________________________________

Here Come the Parents

A B C D 16. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

17. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

18. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

19. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

Reading Labels

A B C D 4. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

5. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

6. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

7. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

8. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍


A Lot of Talent

A B C D 9. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

10. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

11. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

Peaking for the Postseason

A B C D 20. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

21. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

22. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

23. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

24. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

25. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

To the Limit

A B C D 12. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

13. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

14. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍

15. ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍


EARN BOC CEUs• Complete quizzes found in the Strength & Conditioning Journal• Complete online quizzes at www.nsca-cc.org

888-746-2378E-mailToll [email protected]

Phone402-476-6669

NATA CEU AD STRENGTH AND COND M 1 6/25/04 11:41:06 AM

ADDITIONAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

CEU Accredited as a Home Study Course by NATA, NASM & NSCA

Encompassing the most up-to-date & proveninformation for functional analysis, injury prevention, physical rehabilitation, training & conditioning & performance enhancement.

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SETTING the STANDARD


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Association Corner

The Voice of the Doctors who care for the Pros

The PTP provides resources and services for allsports medicine professionals.

Visit www.proteamphysicians.com to find a PTP doctor, ask a question of a PTP doctor, orexplore the educational materials from PTP regarding

prevention, treatment and performance.

SPECIALIST IN SPORTS CONDITIONINGISSA Certification Program

• Be the conditioning coach for your team.• Expand strength & conditioning programs.• Maximize earning potential as a coach.• Learn to enhance athletic performance.

CALL FOR FREE INFO: 1.800.892.4772www.FitnessEducation.com

International Sports Sciences Association

Athletic Therapy. Rapid return to work and play.

Athletic Therapists are dedicated to the promotion and delivery of qualitycare through injury prevention and rehabilitation and emergency services.

In collaboration with other health care professionals, athletic therapistswork to create a healthier environment that encompasses the needs of the

active community, including the high-performance athlete.

For more information please visit us online at www.athletictherapy.org

• Optimum Performance Training™ method• Performance Enhancement Specialist (PES) certi cation• OPT™ for Performance Enhancement workshops• Continuing education for NASM, NATA and NSCA • Clinical Applications

• Flexibility, core, balance, power, speed and strength training

Call 1-800-460-6276 or visit www.nasm.org.

National Strength and Conditioning Association

Keep your careerin motion…

NSCA Educational Events for 2005

• NSCA’s Performance Series Symposia

(Essentials of Weight Training, Youth Fitness, Advanced Periodization,Strength and Conditioning Methods, Endurance Training)

For dates, locations, and session information call 800-815-6826, or visit www.nsca-lift.org

ECA/MIAMI2005 SPORTS TRAINING & FITNESSCONFERENCE, NOV. 11-12-13

1-888-MIAMI-ECA 516-432-6877

OR REGISTER ONLINE

www.ecaworldfitness.com

All NATA certified athletictrainers are eligible to receive a

free subscription to T&C.

The following associations offer services of interest to our T&C readers.

NATA Bronze Corporate Partner

154assoc.indd 64 4/27/05 10:19:46 AM


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800 .916 .4603 www.oakwor k sp t .com

EverySecondCounts

* CS System™ (Complementary Suspension): U.S. Patent #6,192,809

“Any athlete with an acute injury should beseen immediately, on the field, later on thesidelines, or in the training or emergencyroom. There is a momentary golden periodwith sudden trauma, prior to the surroundingmuscles going into spasm when informationcan be gathered.”

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Don’t miss the Golden Period.

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Documents

Training & Conditioning 15.7