Traffic Safety

Traffic SafetyTraffic Safety

TS4273 Traffic EngineeringTS4273 Traffic Engineering

SPEED REALLY DOES KILL

WHO DOES SPEED KILL

WHERE DOES SPEED KILL

HOW DOES SPEED KILL

DID YOU KNOW?DID YOU KNOW?• 80% of

motorcycle crashes kill or injure rider.

• While 20% of car crashes kill or injure a vehicle occupant.

The First Road Traffic Accident!

• The first recorded Road Traffic Accident was Bridget Driscoll in London, August 17th.1896.

• The Coroner stated that it was easily avoidable and should never happen again.

• It Has… Over 25 million times!

What is an Accident?

• Up until 1650 an accident was seen as either Witchcraft or Gods will.

• It was then that social science began by recording births, deaths & later marriages.

Traffic Safety

• Safety is the condition in which the risk of harm or damage is limited to an acceptable level

• State of mind that make people Thinking, Acting, Behave in such way to minimizing the exposure to danger.

Dampak Kecelakaan Transportasi DaratDampak Kecelakaan Transportasi Darat

• GLOBALGLOBAL– Korban meninggal dunia rata-rata 1 juta Korban meninggal dunia rata-rata 1 juta

jiwa per tahun (1,200,000 persons per year jiwa per tahun (1,200,000 persons per year 10 jumbo jet crashes per day!) 10 jumbo jet crashes per day!)

– 75% terjadi di negara berkembang75% terjadi di negara berkembang

– Kerugian mencapai 2% GDP (US$ 100 Kerugian mencapai 2% GDP (US$ 100 Milyar)Milyar)

Dampak Kecelakaan Transportasi Darat

• NASIONAL– Korban meninggal dunia rata-rata 30 jiwa per

hari

– Kerugian sekitar US$ 3,5 Milyar sekitar 2,17% GDP Indonesia

CRIME vs. CRASH CLOCK(2002)

CRIME vs. CRASH CLOCK(2002)

1 murderevery 32 minutes1 murderevery 32 minutes

1 aggravated assaultevery 35 seconds1 aggravated assaultevery 35 seconds

1 violent crimeevery 22 seconds1 violent crimeevery 22 seconds

1 fatality every 12 minutes1 fatality every 12 minutes

1 injuryevery 16 seconds1 injuryevery 16 seconds

1 crashevery 5 seconds1 crashevery 5 seconds

Death and Traffic Accidents1990 Rank 2020 Rank

Disease / Injury Rank Disease / Injury Rank

Respiratory 1 Ischaemic Heart Diseases 1

Diarhoeal Diseases 2 Unipolar Major Depression 2

Perinatal 3 Road Traffic Accidents 3

Unipolar Major Depression 4 Cerebrovascular Diseases 4

Ischaemic Heart Diseases 5 Pulmonary 5

Cerebrovascular Diseases 6 Respiratory 6

Tuberculosis 7 Tuberculosis 7

Measles 8 Diarhoeal Diseases 8

Road Traffic Accidents 9 HIV 9

Congenital Anomalities 10 Perinatal 10

Malaria 11 Congenital Anomalities 11

Pulmonary 12 Measles 12

Fatality Rate 100 Million Passenger-Miles in Transport in the United States

Mode Rate

Autos and Taxis 1,90

Motorcycles 17,00

Local Transit 0,16

Buses 0,19

Railroads 0,53

Domestic Scheduled Air Carriers 0,13

Water Transport NA

Prime Cause of Road Accidents

Cause % of Accident

Human Factors Alone 65

Human + Road 25

Human + Vehicle 5

Road Factors Alone 2

Vehicle Factors Alone 2

Human + Road + Vehicle 1

TOTAL 100

Americans Killed in Combat vs.

Motor Vehicle Fatalities



Motor Vehicle

Fatalities

Combat

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

Nu

mb

er

of

De

ath

sAmericans Killed in Combat

vs.Motor Vehicle Fatalities



3,070,1893,070,1893,070,1893,070,189

620,219620,219620,219620,219

(225 years) (100 years)

Cars and Weapons!Cars and Weapons!

• Cars have killed more people since their invention than all the wars and conflicts put together – including both World Wars!

General Road Accident Statistics in Malaysia

Statistics Road Accidents in Malaysia (2005)

Causes of Traffic accidents in Malaysia

• Combination of traffic composition

• Improper intersection design

• Provision of street lightning

• High traffic volume

• Provision of pedestrian crossing

• Signal light

• Vehicle speed

Statistical Report Road Accident, Royal Malaysian Police. 2005

Statistical Report Road Accident, Royal Malaysian Police. 2005

Fatality Model and Safety Target in Malaysia

Predictive Model of Yearly Traffic Deaths

Approaches used in Road Safety Programmes

• Accident Preventions (proactive action)

• Accident Reduction (reactive action)– Improvement of hazardous location– Motorcycle lane– Paving of road shoulder– Improvement of dangerous curve

Approaches used in Road Safety Programmes

– Pedestrian crossing– Overtaking lane– Street lighting– Road Maintenance

• Road Maintenance

• Building New Road

Fatalities per 10.000 Vehicles

Profil Jumlah Kendaraan di Indonesia Tahun 1990 - 2003

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Ju

mla

h K

end

ara

an

Mobil Bus Truk Motor

Profil Kecelakaan Jalan di Indonesia Tahun 1990 - 2003

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

12,500

15,000

17,500

20,000

22,500

25,000

27,500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Ju

mla

h K

eja

dia

n


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Ju

mla

h K

orb

an

Meninggal Luka Berat Luka Ringan


0

5,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

15,000,000,000

20,000,000,000

25,000,000,000

30,000,000,000

35,000,000,000

40,000,000,000

45,000,000,000

50,000,000,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Tahun

Ju

mla

h K

eru

gia

n (

Ju

ta R

p.)

-

5

10

15

20

25

16 - 20 Tahun 21 - 25 Tahun 26 - 30 Tahun 31 - 35 Tahun 36 - 40 Tahun 41 - 75 Tahun

Kelompok Usia

Per

sen

tase

Faktor Penyebab Kecelakaan di Indonesia

• Pengguna Jalan (lengah, mabuk, ngebut, jarak terlalu dekat, penyeberang jalan, hewan) 93,52%

• Jalan (persimpangan, marka/rambu tidak jelas, permukaan licin) 3,23%

• Kendaraan (ban pecah, rem blong, kemudi dan lampu tidak berfungsi) 2,76%

• Lingkungan (mix traffic, pengawasan dan penegakan hukum, cuaca) 0,49%

The Weak Link!

Millions of dollars are spent every year on safer car design and car safety systems.

Millions of dollars are spent every year on safer road designs

Only a few hundred dollars is spent on the most important factor…THE DRIVER!

Age – the younger driver

• Limited skills• Sense of overconfidence• Younger drivers tend to drive

faster, drive at night, and drive while drunk.

• After the first year of driving, young drivers have acquired the basic control skills of driving but not the tactical and strategic judgment needed for safe driving.

Age – the older driver

• Information-processing impairments• Slower response time• A more restricted field of attention• Reduced time-sharing abilities• Reduced visual capacity, especially at night• Older drivers compensate by driving more slowly and

by not driving at night.• Older drivers drive less safely at the control level but

can compensate with appropriate choices at the tactical and strategic levels.

The Impaired Driver

• Alcohol– Involved in approximately 50% of fatal highway

accidents in the U.S.

– With blood alcohol content as low as 0.05%, drivers react more slowly, are poorer at tracking, are less effective at time-sharing, and show impaired information processing.

– One of the most effect interventions may be social norming.

• Fatigue has roughly the same effect as alcohol.

Impairment interactions

• A combination of fatigue, alcohol, and age can combine to degrade driving performance

• The presence of passengers may be distracting and encourage risky behavior.

• A young person driving with friends at night and after drinking is an extremely dangerous combination.

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara

Perilaku Pengendara

DISTRACTED DRIVING• Does Cause Crashes

– No Reliable info on degree of involvement

• Cell Phones

– The worst

– Hands free is no better

• DVD Players

– Portable and mounted

– Rapidly growing issue

• All the old standbys

– Not as bad as above

Drowsy & Distracted Driving

DISTRACTED DRIVING

The 3 ‘E’s

Education

EngineeringEnforcement

Education

“The raising awareness of hazards and how to avoid them”

• Child car seats• Green Cross Code• Induction training• Subliminal Advertising• Incentive schemes• Accident Investigations

Training and selection

• Tests of static visual acuity have very little relevance for driving.

• Driver's Education class may not help.

• Behind the wheel navigation in a vehicle may not be the best test.

• Simulators for training and for testing can be helpful and cost effective.

Driver adaptation and risk calibration

• People do not respond rapidly to the unexpected.

• Since most people have not been in an accident, their expectancy is set at zero.

• Risk homeostasis - people tend to maintain their risk even with added safety features.

Condition DiagramsLocation: That Way at Kathy Lane Town of Anytown, NY Date: 9 / 30 / 01

Investigator: Chip Seals Roadway Maintenance Foreman

Scale: Not to Scale

3' x 5' box w/headwalls, 0'

412" - POLE #36

APPROX. NORTH

Kathy Lane16" wide, CL = 367'

380'

Three15" Pines

330' Approx. PT335' POLE #35

330'

240'

228' - 18" dia. oak225' - POLE #34

208' - Bridge rail ends

180' - Approx. PC

145' - Bridge Joint

110' - Bridge Joint

165' - POLE #33A

62' - Approx. PT

49' - POLE #32

50' - Bridge Rail starts

(2) 11' asphalt lanes, 2' +/- gravel shoulders

18" dia. oak

Key:

Utility Pole Sign Evergreen Tree Broadleaf Tree Point of Curvature Point of Tangency

PC

PT

Collision Diagrams

• Identify common crash types or conditions

• Need police crash reports to construct

• May require several years of crash records

Crash Mapping

Right-angleRear-endRun-off-roadLeft turnPedestrianHead-on

Priority

SEVERITY

FREQUENCY

Frequent Occasional Rare

Fatal URGENT HIGH MEDIUM

Serious HIGH MEDIUM LOW

Minor MEDIUM LOW LOW

Collision Into Portable Barrier

= postcrash direction of travel

1996 Freightliner tractor and flatbed semitrailer impact and overrun median barrier.

Tractor and semitrailer

Tractor and semitrailer separate, causing trailer to encroach into northbound traffic lanes.

Tractor Semitrailer

Final Rest of 1996 Freightliner

Chevrolet collides with semitrailer followed by secondary impacts with median barrier.

= postcrash direction of travel

SemitrailerTractor

Chevrolet

Final Rest of Chevrolet SUV

Time to react to a perceived hazard

• Two seconds is a minimum.

Engineering

“Altering the environment to reduce risk and chance taking”

• Safer car design• Road design• Separating vehicles and pedestrians• Traffic management systems• Emergency response

Driving Safety Improvements

• Driver characteristics

– Training and selection

– Driver adaptation and risk calibration

– Regulatory compliance• Vehicle characteristics

– Sensing and warnings• Protective devices

Driver adaptation and risk calibration

• The design of vehicle performance improvements, such as antilock brakes, may make the driver adjust the driving speed to maintain the same perceived risk (risk homeostatis).

• The design of protection features, such as widening highways from 2 to 4 lanes, has a positive effect on safety.

Sensing and warnings

• High-mounted brake lights

• Some direct sensors of the rate of closure with the leading car

Protective devices

• Failure to use shoulder/lap seat belts is associated with a 40% increase in fatalities.

• Air bags have a similar protective value.

• The most critical factor contributing to driver survival after a crash is the time from the crash scene to an emergency room.

Road designDefine engineer’s role in designing, operating, and maintaining safe intersections.

Engineer’s Role• Challenges

– Safety vs. efficiency– Uniformity vs. flexibility in design & operation– Proactive vs. reactive in addressing safety– Global vs. local scope of solution

Engineering For Safety• Problem Identification

• Special users: older drivers, trucks, peds

Facility Type

Existing New

Objective Mitigation. Prevention.

Evidenceof Problem

Input from police & public. Safety audit.(comparison with standards)

ConfirmProblem

Compare crash frequency withthat of other intersections.

Compare predicted crash frequencywith other alternatives.

Tools Black-spot identificationtechniques.

Crash frequency prediction models.

Enforcement

“The formal sanctions to deter risk – The formal sanctions to deter risk – taking behaviour”taking behaviour”

• Fines & imprisonmentFines & imprisonment• InsuranceInsurance• Minimum safety standardsMinimum safety standards• Name & shameName & shame• Driver Improvement SchemeDriver Improvement Scheme

Regulatory compliance

• Tickets and warnings

• Photo radar (controversial)

• When the highway speed limit was increased to 65 mph, the number of fatalities increased 10 to 16%.

• Police randomly rewarding seat-belt use by drivers with cash and coupons

General Observations of Road Safety Engineering Issues in Indonesia

• Geometry

• Junctions

• Signal Controlled Junctions

• Signs and Markings

• Pedestrian Crossing


• Geometry– Bus Stops/Vehicle Parking, stopping on main

carriageway– Landscaping, plants grow to traffic sign– Road surfacing, polishing effect


• Junctions– Geometry of major junctions, wide junction

with wide approach– Side road junctions, scene of conflicts– Right turn maneuvers on the route, serious

problem


• Signal Controlled Junctions– Incorrect arrangement, object obstructing

signal heads, inadequate inter-green.– Access to signal-controlled junctions,

uncontrolled-road access to signal controlled junctions observed

– Pedestrian facilities, high number of pedestrian fatalities

– Placement of signal posts, sited in the walking path.


• Signs and Markings– Inconsistent signing, leads to confusion and

indecision– Advance traffic sign and local directions, early

and advance traffic signing– Sign facings, too small size of letter.– Carriageway markings, badly design and

poorly laid out.


• Pedestrian Crossing– Lack of advance warning, result in more

serious injury– Lack of conspicuity– Width of pedestrian, too narrow

Upaya Meminimalkan KecelakaanUpaya Meminimalkan Kecelakaan

• Pembatasan Usia dalam pemberian SIM

• Pembatasan lama waktu mengemudi tanpa istirahat (2-4 jam)

• Ujian pengemudi

• Penggunaan sabuk pengaman

• Penyuluhan dan kampanye keselamatan lalulintas

Surat Ijin Mengemudi (SIM)Surat Ijin Mengemudi (SIM)

• SIM-D usia 16 tahun, kecepatan sepeda motor < 40 kpj

• SIM-C usia 16 tahun, kecepatan sepeda motor > 40 kpj

• SIM-A usia 17 tahun, berat kendaraan < 3.500kg

• SIM-B1 berat kendaraan > 3.500kg, punya SIM-A > 12bln

• SIM-B2 kendaraan dengan gandengan, punya SIM-B1 > 12bln

Generic Measures Beneficial to Generic Measures Beneficial to Specific Road Safety IssuesSpecific Road Safety Issues

Road Safety Issues

Classes of Initiatives

Better Enforcement

PublicEducation

Lower Speeds

Safer Roads

Occupant Protection

Safer Modes of

Travel

Planning a Safer System

Drink-driving

Speeding No Seat Belt Driver Fatigue

Drugs

Generic Measures Beneficial to Generic Measures Beneficial to Specific Road Safety IssuesSpecific Road Safety Issues

Road Safety Issues

Classes of Initiatives

Better Enforcement

PublicEducation

Lower Speeds

Safer Roads

Occupant Protection

Safer Modes of

Travel

Planning a Safer System

Young Drivers Older Drivers Motor-cycles

Bicycles Pedes-trians

H. Veh.

They are NEVER to young to learn about Traffic Safety

Final Thought

When I die, I want to die like

my grandfather – who died

peacefully in his sleep. Not

screaming like all the

passengers in his car.

- Author Unknown

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