Topic: SpeakingTopic: Speaking

General objectives:Students will be able to teach speaking.Students will be able to integrate speaking

with listening, reading and writing.

Lesson OneLesson One Communicative Approaches to Communicative Approaches to

Speaking Skill TrainingSpeaking Skill Training Pre-task activities Step One: discuss the characteristics of real-life speaking Step Two: discuss the types of speaking Step Three: predictability and unpredictability Step Four: introduce the concept of genre Step Five: discuss the difficulty of speaking tasks Step Six: tips for speaking task designing While-task activities Step Seven: students giving a lesson of speaking. Post-task activities Step Six: students evaluate the lessons.

Characteristics of Real-life SpeakingCharacteristics of Real-life Speaking

    Spontaneity       Purpose and expectation         Response        Speaker’s adjustment         Context Visual clues         Shortness         Informal speech Redundancy Noise Colloquial language Auditory character Continuum from relatively predictable to relatively unpredictable .

A planning grid for speaking and oral interactionA planning grid for speaking and oral interaction((Types of speaking )Types of speaking )

Information

Expository EvaluativeNarrate describe instruct compare explain justify predict decide

Negotiation of meaning

Management of interaction

InteractionS Job interview

E Booking a restaurant

R Buying stamps

V Enrolling in school

I etc.

E

S Dinner party

O

C Coffee break

I Theatre queue

A

L etc

Predictability and Predictability and unpredictabilityunpredictability

If language were totally predictable communication would be unnecessary If language were totally unpredictable communication could probably not occur. I would like to suggest that most interactions can be placed on a continuum from relatively predictable to relatively unpredictable .

Factors on which predictability depends on Factors on which predictability depends on

language itself, the interlocutors and their relationships, the topic of conversation predictable patterns, and the extent to which

we are familiar with these patterns.Shared knowledge, cultural expectations,

Transactional encounters of a fairly restricted kind will usually contain highly predictable patterns, while interpersonal encounters, where the focus is on the maintenance of social relationships rather than the exchange of goods and services , will be less predictable.

The concept of genreThe concept of genre

The term genre refers to a purposeful socially~constructed. communicative event.

An example of the generic An example of the generic structure of a textstructure of a text

Introduction Well we had an even better time

than that last week Orientation We went up to Noosa for the

weekend and stayed with Mina - Event spent most of the weekend on the beach, of course . Event On Sunday Tony took us out in his boat. Comment Didn't fancy that much. Conclusion Pity it’s such a rotten drive back.

The difficulty of speaking tasksThe difficulty of speaking tasks

Degree of difficulty   Static task Dynamic task Abstract task   e.g. Diagram Car crash Opinion  

Many elements, relationship, characters, etc. (more difficult) Few elements, relationship, etc. (less difficulty)  

   

Speaking task designingSpeaking task designing 1.  Pre-set purpose 2.  Thought: generalization, exemplification, analysis, synthesis, evaluation, contrast, analogy, comparison, priority, cause, reason, purpose, result, inference, implication, interpretation, summary, amplification, alternativity 3.       Result(tangible) 4.       Timing 5.       Simplicity 6.       Interaction 7.       Interest 8.       At discourse level

Practical examplesPractical examples

A. Brainstorming activities1.       Guessing games2.       Finding connection3.       Ideas form a central theme4. Implication and interpretation

B. Organizing activities 1.       Comparing 2.       Detecting difference 3.       Putting in order 4.       Priorities: rating, survival game 5.       Choosing candidates: prize-winners, heirs 6.       Layout problem

C. Compound activities1.      Composing letter.2.       Debate3.       Publicity campaigns4.       Surveys5.       Planning projects

Lesson TwoLesson TwoRole playRole play

Pre-task activities Step One: discussion on the necessity of more controll

ed role plays for lower levels Step Two: giving background information to this speci

al kind of cue dialogue While-task activities Step Three: two trainees demonstrate the cue-dialogue

in front of the group. Step Four: trainees play roles. Post-task activities Step Six: evaluation: mapping content and procedure