toksikologi pendahuluan.ppt

7/27/2019 toksikologi pendahuluan.ppt

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TOKSIKOLOGI

Pendahuluan



Defenisi

Toksikologi:

Ilmu yang mempelajari hal ikhwal racun

terutama pengaruhnya pada makhluk hidup

Merupakan multidisipliner:

Ilmu kimia, biokimia, biologi, faal, patologi,farmakologi, ilmu kesehatan masyarakat



Toxicology can be defined as that branchof science that deals with poisons, and a

poison can be defined as any substancethat causes a harmful effect whenadministered,

either by accident or design, to a livingorganism.



By convention;

toxicology also

includes the study of harmful effects causedby physical phenomena, such as radiation ofvarious kinds and noise.



Broader definitions of toxicology,

such as “the study of the detection,

occurrence, properties, effects, andregulation of toxic substances,”



Toxicity

itself can rarely, if ever, be defined as a single

molecular event but is, rather, a cascade of events starting with exposure, proceeding

through distribution and metabolism, and

ending with interaction with cellularmacromolecules (usually DNA or protein) and

the expression of a toxic end point.



The study of toxicology

to protect humans and the environmentfrom the deleterious effects of toxicant

to facilitate the development of more

selective toxicants such as anticancer and

other clinical drugs and pesticides.



TOXICOLOGY

POISON * CHARACTERISTIC* ACTION OF DAMAGE* CLINICAL SIGN* THERAPEUTIC MANNER

SUBSTANCE INDIVIDUAL

PHYSIOLOGY

LIFEABILITYPATOLOGY

DAMAGE OF ACTIONS

LOCAL SYSTHEMIC

DAMAGEOF LOCAL CEL ABSORPTION CIRCULATION (SKIN, MUCOUS) ORGAN S/SPESIFIC

LOCAL PAIN CYANIDA RESPIRATIONS/ SYSTEMIC INSECTISIDE CNS

TOXEMIA STRYCHNIN .SPINAL CHORD



The definition of a poison, or

toxicant a qualitative biological aspect

because a compound, toxic to one species orgenetic strain, may be relatively harmless to

another. For example:

Carbon tetraclorida: potent hepatotoxicant inmany species, is relative harmless to thechicken.



Toxicant Exposure

Entrance to Body

Ingestion Skin Inhalation

Absorption into Blood Stream and

Distribution to Body Tissues and Organs

Toxicity Storage Excretion

Metabolism





Perkembangannya toksikologi terbagi

menjadi beberapa subdisiplin: - toksikologi klinik; diagnosis dan terapi

keracunan

- toksikologi forensik; medikolegal

- toksikologi lingkungan; polusi ataupencemaran udara, air dan tanah, residu obatdan racun serta higiens industri dipelajarilebih rinci

-toksikologi ekonomi; aspek ekonomi

- toksikologi perang; aspekpertahanan&keamanan

Toksikologi patologi:changes in subcellular,



Applied toxicology

1. Clinical toxicology: diagnosis and treatmentof human poisoning

Veterinary toxicology : diagnosis and treatmentof poisoning in animals other than humans

Forensic toxicology: medicolegal aspects,including detection of poisons in clinical

Enviromental toxicology: movement of toxicantsand their metabolites and degradation productsin the enviroment and in food chains and witheffect of such contaminants on individuals

Industrial toxicology: a specific area ofenviromental toxicolo art of industrial



Relative Toxicity:Are all substances toxic?

Sugar has an LD50 of 30,000 mg/kg

Even water has a recognized LD50 of

slightly greater than 80,000 mg/kg



PATBH paracelcus

1493-1541:

A. percobaan pada hewan merupakan carayang paling baik dalam mempelajari respon

tubuh terhadap racun B. efek suatu bahan pada tubuh dapat

merupakan efek terapetik yang berguna danefek toksik yang merugikan. Kedua macam

efek itu timbul karena ada perbedaan dosis

Doses make poison

Q u i c k T i m e ™ a n d a

d e c o m p r e s s o r a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h i s p i c t u r e .

QuickTime™ and adecompressor

are needed to s ee this picture.



World War I – Chlorine gas, mustardgas and other

“human” pesticides Curies (Marie, Pierre and Irene)

discover radium and radioactivity andtheir toxicities

1920s Arsenicals developed to treatsyphillis



1962 – Rachel Carson’s Silen t Spring

and the beginning of the

environmental movement Analytical capabilities to PPB (part per

billion) levels

Minimata Bay and Hg poisoning



Hubungan dosis dengan efek

- kuantitas racun yang masuk - cara

- frekuensi

- tipe dan derajad cidera serta waktuyang diperlukan untuk menimbulkancidera tersebut



Ukuran toksisitas disebut dengan

Potensi

Potensi besar: <<< dosis-----kematian/keracunan



Lethal dose

LD; ukuran toksisitas

Jumlah kematian yang timbul pada sekelompokhewan uji setelah diberi suatu dosis racun

* ukuran yang bersifat komparatif dan relativeyang dapat menggambarkan prakiraan rentag

dan batas dosis yang aman digunakan

Starting point; dalam penelitian toksikologik



Kurva respon;

(lihat di e book)



Potensi toksisitas

1. Sangat toksis LD50 <1 mg/kgBB

2. Toksis sekali: 1-50 mg/kgBB

3. Toksis: 50-500 mg/kgBB

4. Tidak begitu toksis: 500-5000 mg/kg

5. Tidak toksis: 5-15 g/kg

6. Tidak membahayakan sama sekali:>15 g/kgBB



Margin of safety

Batas keamanan dinyatakan sebagaiindek terapi

=Jarak antara dosis yang menimbulkanefek yang diharapkan (secara maksimal)dengan dosis yang mengakibatkan mulaitimbul kematian

(ED99 - LD1)



Indeks terapi

Perbandingan antara LD1 dengan ED99

Karena dosis letalis dan dosis efektif pada

umumnya dinyatakan pada tingkat 50%maka indeks terapi itu dinyatakan olehperbandingan antara LD50 dan ED50

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toksikologi pendahuluan.ppt