Thursday, September 20th

QUIZ QUIZ TODAY!!!TODAY!!!

Atoms, Ions, Isotopes, pH, Water Properties, Bonding

Look over your notes!!

Thursday, September 20th Do Now:Identify the “building blocks” in the structures below.

A

B

C

MacromolecMacromoleculesules

Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds• CompoundsCompounds that contain

CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.– This is different from organic foods

in the grocery store.Compounds that do not contain CARBON are called inorganic.

PracticeWhich compounds are Which compounds are

considered organic?considered organic?•CHCH44

•HH22OO•CC66HH1212OO66

•AgNOAgNO33

More on Organic Compounds•May exist in different forms May exist in different forms (isomers)(isomers)–Same formula, different Same formula, different structurestructure

•Carbon backbone (skeleton) can Carbon backbone (skeleton) can be linear, cyclic, or branchedbe linear, cyclic, or branched

•Contain “functional groups”Contain “functional groups”–Held together by covalent Held together by covalent bondsbonds

IsomersIsomers Carbon Carbon BackboneBackbone

Functional Functional GroupsGroups

Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 outer electrons4 outer electrons• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent

bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)

Carbon Video

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds•MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.

•Bio-moleculesBio-molecules are the macromolecules of life

MacromoleculesMacromolecules• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.

– Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS. (poly = many)• Made up of smaller “building blocks”

called MONOMERSMONOMERS. (mono = one)• 4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-

molecules:molecules:1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids4. Nucleic acids

Video!

Friday, September 21st Get out your notes Get out your notes

on on macromolecules macromolecules from yesterday!from yesterday!

ALL make-up work and ALL make-up work and quizzes are due next quizzes are due next

Friday!!Friday!!After next Friday, all zeros After next Friday, all zeros

are permanent!!are permanent!!Quizzes should be made up Quizzes should be made up

before or after school.before or after school.If you need another copy of If you need another copy of

something, look in the something, look in the make-up work folder first, make-up work folder first, then fill out a pink form.then fill out a pink form.

CarbohydratCarbohydrateses

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Made of Made of CarbonCarbon, , HydrogenHydrogen, and , and

OxygenOxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. in a 1:2:1 ratio.

• Building Block:Building Block:monosaccharidemonosaccharide

Types of CarbsTypes of CarbsA. monosaccharideA. monosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonoMonosaccharide: saccharide: oneone sugar unit sugar unit

aka: simple sugarsaka: simple sugarsExamples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyribosedeoxyriboseriboseriboseFructoseFructoseGalactoseGalactose

glucoseglucose

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDiDisaccharide: saccharide: twotwo sugar units sugar unitsExamples: Examples:

– Sucrose (glucose + fructose)Sucrose (glucose + fructose)– Lactose (glucose + galactose)Lactose (glucose + galactose)– Maltose (glucose + glucose)Maltose (glucose + glucose)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolyPolysaccharide: saccharide: manymany sugar units sugar unitsExamples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread,

potatoes)potatoes)glycogen (beef muscle)glycogen (beef muscle)cellulose (lettuce, corn)cellulose (lettuce, corn)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Starches:Starches: serves as plant serves as plant energyenergy storagestorage

(think potatoes)(think potatoes)– Glucose monomers joined together, Glucose monomers joined together,

branchedbranched• Glycogen:Glycogen: serves as animal serves as animal energy energy

storagestorage– Glucose monomers joined together, Glucose monomers joined together,

straightstraight• Cellulose:Cellulose: structural componentstructural component in plants in plants

– CannotCannot be broken down by humans be broken down by humans

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolymer (starch)

Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.

Polymer (cellulose)

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure

monomer

Polymer (starch)

Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.

Polymer (cellulose)

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure

Polymer (starch)

Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.

Polymer (starch)

Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.

Polymer (cellulose)

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure

Polymer (cellulose)

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure

monomermonomer

Functions of Carbohydrates

Broken down as a Broken down as a source of source of energyenergyPart of Part of cell cell structurestructure

Test for Carbohydrates• Simple Sugars: Benedict’s SolutionSimple Sugars: Benedict’s Solution

– Turns from blue to orange/yellow in simple sugar Turns from blue to orange/yellow in simple sugar solutionssolutions

• Starch: IodineStarch: Iodine– Turns from brown to black in starch solutionsTurns from brown to black in starch solutions

Monday, September 24th Short quiz today over

carbohydrates and characteristics of organic

molecules!!All make-up work due Friday!

If you turned in a pink request form, your work is on the front table.

ProteinsProteins

Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

Elements:Elements:

CarbonCarbon

HydrogenHydrogen

OxygenOxygen

NitrogenNitrogenSulfurSulfur

Monomer:Monomer:Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Linked together Linked together by many peptide by many peptide

bonds bonds (polypeptide!)(polypeptide!)

20 Amino Acids! 20 Amino Acids! (your body makes (your body makes 11)11)

Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)Amino AcidsAmino Acids

• Made of Made of carboncarbon bonded to a bonded to a carboxyl groupcarboxyl group (-), an (-), an amine groupamine group (+), a (+), a hydrogenhydrogen, and an , and an R-group.R-group.

• Variation between amino acids Variation between amino acids comes from different comes from different R-groupsR-groups..

R Group = Functional R Group = Functional GroupGroup

Amin

e Gr

oup

Carboxyl Group

Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)• Six functions and examples of proteins:Six functions and examples of proteins:

1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobin (blood)hemoglobin (blood)3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions

Protein: Primary Structure

Amino acids bonded together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

Protein Indicator TestProtein Indicator Test•Biuret’s Test:Biuret’s Test:

–Turns purple in the presence Turns purple in the presence of proteinof proteinWater

(control)Protein solution

More on Enzymes…

Wednesday, September Wednesday, September 2626thth Blue Table of Contents:

1.Chemistry Vocabulary*2.Basic Atomic Structure Worksheet and Atom Notes3.Periodic Table4.Atom Chart w/ neutral, ions, and isotopes5.Bonding and Water Notes6.pH Notes7.pH Lab and Worksheet*8.H2Olympics*9.Macromolecule Notes10.Enzyme Notes11.Macromolecule Worksheets*12.Macromolecule Lab*

Fill in your table Fill in your table of contents and of contents and organize papers.organize papers.

ALL make-up and ALL make-up and missing work due missing work due

FRIDAY!!FRIDAY!!

Today’s Agenda1.Finish Enzyme Notes2.Lipid and Nucleic Acid Notes3.Begin Review

LAB TOMORROW!!LAB TOMORROW!!

TEST FRIDAY!!TEST FRIDAY!!

ALL ALL macromoleculmacromolecule worksheets e worksheets

due due tomorrow!tomorrow!

LipidsLipids

LIPIDSBUILDING BLOCK:

FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL

ELEMENTS:C H O (NO RATIO but there will be more C’s and H’s)

FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL

HH-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

fatty acid

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which

are not soluble in waternot soluble in water. (non-polar)

• LIPIDS ARE SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES----DO NOT DISSOLVE IN POLAR SUBSTANCES (ex: OIL/WATER)

• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic are soluble in hydrophobic solventssolvents. (phobic=fear, hydro=water)

Examples of LIPIDSExamples of LIPIDS1. Fats1. Fats2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes 5. Steroid/ 5. Steroid/ HormonesHormones 6. 6. TriglyceridesTriglycerides

LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:

1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss4.4. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)5.5. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)

LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:

ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.

HH-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

3

=

Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acids (carbon chains)fatty acids (carbon chains) you may

see on food labels:1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

saturatedsaturated

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH2-CH

3

=

unsaturated

Solid fats!Solid fats!

Liquid oils!Liquid oils!

Video!

Indicator TestIndicator TestPaper Bag Test

Lipids leave a translucent stain

Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids

Nucleic AcidsBuilding Block: Nucleotides

ELEMENTS: C H O N P

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:

phosphate groupphosphate groupsugar sugar

DNA: deoxyriboseDNA: deoxyriboseRNA: riboseRNA: ribose

nitrogenous basesnitrogenous bases

NucleotideNucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix)

**stores genetic **stores genetic information**information** b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single single strand) strand)

**builds proteins****builds proteins**

DNA - double helixDNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

Vocabulary• Organic• Inorganic• Building block• Monomer• Polymer• Carbohydrate• Monosaccharide• Disaccharide• Polysaccharide

• Lipid• Fatty acid• Glycerol• Glyceride• Protein• Amino acid• Dipeptide• Polypeptide• Nucleic acid• Nucleotide