Thumbnail - download.e-bookshelf.de€¦ · 4.8 RAN Sharing Enhancements 185 References 189 5 LTE Networks for PPDR Communications 193 5.1 Introduction 193 5.1.1 Separation of Service

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Mobile broadband CoMMuniCations for PubliC safety

Mobile broadband CoMMuniCations for PubliC safety the road ahead through lte teChnology

ramon ferruacutes and oriol sallentUniversitat Politegravecnica de Catalunya (UPC) Spain

This edition first published 2015copy 2015 John Wiley amp Sons Ltd

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley amp Sons Ltd The Atrium Southern Gate Chichester West Sussex PO19 8SQ United Kingdom

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The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation In view of ongoing research equipment modifications changes in governmental regulations and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents equipment and devices the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical piece of equipment reagent or device for among other things any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation andor a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make Further readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Ferrus Ramon 1971ndashMobile broadband communications for public safety the road ahead through LTE technology Ramon Ferrus and Oriol Sallent pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-118-83125-0 (hardback)1 Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) 2 Emergency communication systems 3 TelephonendashEmergency reporting systems 4 Public safety radio service I Sallent Oriol 1969ndash II Title TK510348325F47 2015 36310028prime4ndashdc23 2015017270

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Cover Image TheImageAreaiStockphoto

Set in 1012pt Times by SPi Global Pondicherry India

1 2015

Contents

Preface ixList of Abbreviations xiii

1 Public Protection and Disaster Relief Communications 111 Background and Terminology 112 PPDR Functions and Organizations 313 Operational Framework and Communications Needs for PPDR 6

131 Operational Scenarios 7132 Framework for PPDR Operations 9133 Communicationsrsquo Reference Points in PPDR Operations 12134 Communications Services Needed for PPDR Operations 16

14 Communications Systems for PPDR 19141 General PPDR Requirements on Communications Systems 19142 Technologies in Use for PPDR Communications 22143 Current NB PMR Standards Used in PPDR 23144 Main Limitations with Todayrsquos PPDR Communications Systems 32

15 Regulatory and Standardization Framework 39151 ITU Work on Emergency Communications 40152 North and Latin America Regions 43153 Asia and Pacific Region 44154 Europe Region 45

References 47

2 Mobile Broadband Data Applications and Capacity Needs 4921 Introduction 4922 Data‐Centric Multimedia Applications for PPDR 51

221 Video Transmission 51222 Geographic Information Systems 54223 Location and Tracking 55

vi Contents

224 Electronic Conferencing and Coordination Tools for Incident Command 56

225 Remote Database Access and Information Transfer Applications 56226 PPDR Personnel Monitoring and Biomedical Telemetry 57227 Remote Emergency Medical Services 58228 Sensors and Remotely Controlled Devices 58229 Mobile Office 59

23 Characterization of Broadband Data Applications for PPDR 5924 Assessment of the Data Capacity Needs in Various Operational Scenarios 66

241 Throughput Requirements of PPDR Applications 66242 Day‐to‐Day Operations Scenarios 71243 Large EmergencyPublic Events 73244 Disaster Scenarios 76

References 80

3 Future Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications Systems 8131 Paradigm Change for the Delivery of PPDR Broadband Communications 8132 Techno‐economic Aspects Driving the Paradigm Change 83

321 Technology Dimension 84322 Network Dimension 87323 Spectrum Dimension 98

33 System View of Future Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications 101331 LTE Dedicated Networks 103332 LTE Commercial Networks 104333 Legacy PMRLMR Networks 104334 Transportable Systems and Satellite Communications 105335 IP‐Based Interconnection Backbones 106336 Applications and User Equipment 106337 Spectrum 108

34 Current Initiatives 109341 Deployment of a Nationwide Dedicated LTE Broadband

Network in the United States 110342 CEPT ECC Activities for a European‐Wide Harmonization

of Broadband PPDR 113343 Hybrid Approaches Taking Off in Belgium and Some Other

European Countries 114344 LTE Emergency Services Network in the United Kingdom 118345 TCCA 119

References 121

4 LTE Technology for PPDR Communications 12541 Standardization Roadmap towards Mission‐Critical LTE 12542 LTE Fundamentals 129

421 Radio Interface 131422 Service Model PDN Connection and EPS Bearer Service 136423 PCC Subsystem 141

Contents vii

424 Security 143425 Roaming Support 149426 Voice Services over LTE 150

43 Group Communications and PTT 152431 Existing Initiatives and Solutions for PTT over LTE 153432 3GPP Standardization Work 153433 GCSE 155434 MCPTT over LTE 158435 OMA PCPS 161

44 Device‐to‐Device Communications 164441 3GPP Standardization Work 166442 ProSe Capabilities 167443 ProSe Functional Architecture 172

45 Prioritization and QoS Control for PPDR 174451 Access Priority 176452 Admission Priority 179453 Data Plane QoS Configuration 180454 MPS 181

46 Isolated E‐UTRAN Operation 18247 High‐Power UE 18448 RAN Sharing Enhancements 185References 189

5 LTE Networks for PPDR Communications 19351 Introduction 193

511 Separation of Service and Network Layers in PPDR Communications Delivery 194

512 Design of a lsquoPublic Safety Gradersquo Network 19652 Delivery Options for Mobile Broadband PPDR Networks and Services 19653 Dedicated Networks 201

531 Cost‐Efficient Network Footprints 202532 Expanding the User Base beyond PPDR Responders 204

54 Commercial Networks 208541 Organizational and Contractual Aspects 211542 Commercial Networksrsquo Readiness to Provide Mission‐Critical

PPDR Services 212543 Current Support of Priority Services over Commercial Networks 216

55 Hybrid Solutions 220551 National Roaming for PPDR Users 221552 Deployment of an MVNO for PPDR 222553 RAN Sharing with MNOs 227554 Network Sharing of Critical and Professional Networks 231

56 Network Architecture Design and Implementation Aspects 232561 Reference Model for a Critical Communications System 233562 Interconnection to Commercial Networks 235563 Interconnection to Legacy PMR Networks 240

viii Contents

564 Interconnection of Deployable Systems 241565 Satellite Backhauling and Direct Access 243566 Interconnection IP‐Based Backbones 247567 Network Architecture for an MVNO‐Based Solution 250

References 252

6 Radio Spectrum for PPDR Communications 25761 Spectrum Management Regulatory Framework and Models 257

611 Global‐Level Regulatory Framework 258612 Regional‐Level Regulatory Framework 259613 National‐Level Regulatory Framework 262614 Spectrum Management Models 264

62 Internationally Harmonized Frequency Ranges for PPDR Communications 26663 Spectrum Needs for Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications 270

631 Spectrum Components 270632 Methodologies for the Computation of Spectrum Needs 271633 Spectrum Estimates 275

64 Existing Spectrum Assignments for PPDR and Candidate Bands for Mobile Broadband 275641 European Region 277642 North America 282643 Asia‐Pacific and Latin America 283

65 Spectrum Sharing for PPDR Communications 285651 Spectrum Sharing Models 287652 Shared Use of Spectrum Based on LSA 288653 Shared Use of Spectrum Based on Secondary Access to TVWS 299

References 311

Index 317

Preface

Nowadays public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) agencies mainly rely on the use of privateprofessional mobile radio (PMR) technologies (eg TETRA TETRAPOL and Project 25) that were conceived in the 1990s While PMR systems offer a rich set of voice‐centric services with a number of features matched to the special requirements of PPDR including push‐to‐talk and call priority the data transmission capabilities of these PMR technologies are rather limited and lag far behind the technological advancements made in the commercial wireless domain In this context long‐term evolution (LTE) technology for mobile broadband PPDR is increasingly backed as the technology of choice for future PPDR communications Technical work is currently being undertaken within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) the organization in charge of LTE standardization to add a number of improved capabilities and features to the LTE standard that will further increase its suitability for PPDR and other professional users by meeting their high demands for reliability and resilience While the convergence to common technical standards for the PPDR and commercial domains offers significant opportunities for synergies and economies of scale the delivery of PPDR broadband services demands new approaches in the way that network capacity is deployed and managed The current paradigm for PPDR communications based on lsquodedicated technol-ogies dedicated networks and dedicated spectrumrsquo is no longer believed to constitute the main approach for the provision of PPDR broadband data communications On this basis this book provides a comprehensive view of the introduction of LTE technology for PPDR communications In particular the following topics are covered in the book

bull The fundamentals of PPDR services their operational framework and associated communi-cations systems

bull An overview of the main communications technologies and standards used nowadays by PPDR practitioners

bull The operational scenarios and emerging multimedia data‐centric applications in growing demand by PPDR practitioners due to their great potential to improve their operational efficiency

x Preface

bull A discussion on the main techno‐economic drivers that are believed to be pivotal for a cost‐efficient delivery of mobile broadband PPDR communications such as the use of common technical standards with the commercial domain the consideration of infrastruc-ture sharing and multi‐network‐based solutions as well as dynamic spectrum sharing

bull The formulation of a comprehensive system view for the delivery of mobile broadband communications for PPDR including dedicated LTE‐based wide area networks roaming and priority access to commercial networksrsquo capacity fast deployable equipment and satellite access as key components

bull An analysis of the capabilities and features of the LTE standard that are relevant for an improved support of mission‐critical communications such as group communications enablers and direct mode operation

bull A discussion on the different network implementation options to deliver mobile broadband PPDR communications services over dedicated or commercial LTE‐based networks including the applicability of the mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) model and other hybrid models

bull A description of the network architecture design and implementation aspects that are central to the realization of the different delivery models including the interconnection with legacy networks and with deployables (eg cells on wheels and system on wheels) and satellite access

bull The estimation of spectrum needs for future broadband PPDR systems a review of the allocated and candidate spectrum bands for PPDR communications and the consideration of dynamic spectrum sharing solutions intended to provide additional capacity to for example cope with a surge of PPDR traffic demand

The book is organized into six chapters

Chapter 1 addresses the fundamentals of PPDR services their operational framework and asso-ciated communications systems First the terminology and key definitions of PPDR public safety (PS) and emergency communications are provided identifying the scope of these terms and categorizing the different types of communications relationships found in emergencies Next the main functions and services delivered by PPDR organizations are introduced providing a view on the so‐called first responder agencies as well as on the role that other entities such as utilities and telecom operators could also play in an emergency response On this basis a description of the operational framework for PPDR operations is presented Such a description covers a classification of PPDR operational scenarios some generic organizational and proce-dural aspects in incident‐response management and the communicationsrsquo reference points and key characteristics of the communications services demanded by PPDR practitioners Following this a review of the main communications technologies and systems currently in use for PPDR is provided The review outlines the type of requirements usually bound to PPDR communica-tions systems describes a common classification of the technologies used within the PPDR sector and provides an overview of the most widely used digital radio communications standards for PPDR communications as of today (TETRA TETRAPOL DMR and Project 25) The review also encompasses the identification of some of the major limitations found in todayrsquos PPDR communications landscape through the analysis of an illustrative hypothetical incident Finally the chapter concludes with a description of the regulatory and standardization framework for PPDR communications

Preface xi

Chapter 2 describes the various types of data‐centric multimedia applications deemed criti-cal for on‐scene PPDR operations Special attention is given to the lsquoMatrix of Applicationsrsquo developed by the Law Enforcement Working PartyRadio Communication Expert Group (LEWPRCEG) of the EU Council which provides a characterization of technical and opera-tional parameters of a list of PPDR applications agreed by a significant number of European PPDR organizations and recognized by CEPT administrations as being representative in terms of future PPDR applications Next the chapter presents various estimates of the throughput requirements for the mobile broadband data applications in demand outlining typical peak data rates mean session duration and number of transactions in the busy hour in normal con-ditions to sustain typical PPDR needs Finally the chapter concludes with a quantitative assessment of the overall data capacity needed in a number of representative PPDR opera-tional scenarios within the categories of day‐to‐day operations large emergencypublic events and disaster scenarios

Chapter 3 starts with a discussion on the idea that a paradigm change in the delivery of mobile broadband is needed with respect to the prevailing model used nowadays for the provision of voice‐centric and narrowband data PPDR services which is largely characterized by the use of dedicated technologies dedicated networks and dedicated spectrum Next the key techno‐economic considerations that are fuelling this paradigm change towards more cost‐efficient PPDR communications delivery models are identified and discussed across the dimensions of technology network and spectrum Grounded on these techno‐economic considerations a comprehensive system view of the future mobile broadband PPDR communications systems is then described identifying the key underlying principles and building blocks Finally the chapter concludes with a review of some relevant initiatives that are currently shaping the way forward towards the delivery of next‐generation mobile broadband PPDR communications

Chapter 4 provides a description of the new capabilities and features that are being added to the LTE standard While the LTE standard is already a suitable technology to support a rich number of mobile broadband applications for the PPDR community including video delivery work is underway within the 3GPP to improve the standard and turn it into a full mission‐ critical communications technology First the chapter outlines the standardization roadmap established within 3GPP and other relevant standardization bodies in the area of PPDR com-munications and introduces some of the fundamentals on LTE technology and networks Next the enhancements being introduced to fulfil PPDR needs are described including enhanced group communications enablers and mission‐critical push‐to‐talk (MCPTT) functionality device‐to‐device communications (referred to as proximity services in 3GPP specifications) isolated LTE network operation support of higher transmit power terminals and prioritization and Quality of Service (QoS) control features to cope with capacity congestion In addition the enhancements being introduced to LTE with regard to radio access network (RAN) sharing are also described as another potential technology enabler that could facilitate the deployment of shared LTE network models for PPDR and other uses

Chapter 5 describes the network implementation options to deliver mobile broadband PPDR communications services over dedicated andor commercial LTE‐based networks First a number of introductory remarks on the defining elements in current PPDR communi-cations delivery models the possibility enabled by LTE to provision separately the services from the underlying network and the characteristics expected from a lsquopublic safety gradersquo LTE network design are discussed On this basis the different options that can be adopted for the implementation of LTE‐based mobile broadband PPDR networks are categorized and

xii Preface

described emphasizing pros and cons of each option In particular the deployment of dedicated networks and the use of public networks as well as hybrid combinations are considered Finally the chapter delves into some network architecture design and implemen-tation aspects that are central for the realization of the different delivery models In particular the reference model developed by ETSI for the overall system intended to provide critical communications services the interconnection between commercial and dedicated networks the interworking of broadband and narrowband legacy platforms the interconnection of deployables and the use of satellite communications and the connectivity services and frame-works within the underlying IP‐based backbones are addressed Additionally an overview of an MVNO‐based solution which is the approach currently under consideration as a viable short‐term solution in some European countries is presented

Chapter 6 is focused on the diverse facets related to radio spectrum for PPDR communica-tions First the main regulatory and legal instruments that currently govern the use and management of spectrum at global regional and national levels are discussed together with the models and evolution of spectrum management practices Next the existing provisions at inter-national regulations with regard to harmonized frequency ranges for PPDR communications are presented together with next key milestones expected in this area On this basis the chapter then delves into the characterization of spectrum needs for future broadband PPDR systems describing the methodologies used for the computation of spectrum needs and gathering a number of estimates carried out from different organizations worldwide Afterwards the current spectrum availability for PPDR communications is presented focusing on existing assignments as well as on the candidate bands under consideration in some regions for the delivery of mobile broadband PPDR communications Finally the chapter addresses the issue of dynamic spectrum sharing for PPDR communications as a way to complement a dedicated assignment A classification of the possible sharing models is given identifying the key princi-ples in each model and discussing on their suitability for PPDR use On this basis two possible spectrum sharing solutions are further described one based on the applicability of the Licensed Shared Access (LSA) regime and the other exploiting secondary access to TV white spaces

List of Abbreviations

2G second generation3ES three emergency services3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2AC access classACB Access Class BarringACCOLC Access Overload ControlACELP Algebraic Code Excited Linear PredictionACLR adjacent channel leakage ratioACMA Australian Communications and Media AuthorityAES Advanced Encryption StandardAF application functionAGA airndashgroundndashairAH Authentication HeaderAI air interfaceAIE air interface encryptionAMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit RateAMR‐WB AMR WidebandANF Additional Network FeatureANPR automatic number plate recognitionAPCO Association of Public‐Safety Communications OfficialsAPI Application Programming InterfaceAPL automatic personnel locationAPN Access Point NameAPN‐AMBR Access Point Name Aggregate Maximum Bit RateAppComm Application CommunityAPT Asia‐Pacific TelecommunityARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business

xiv List of Abbreviations

ARNS aeronautical radio navigation serviceARP Allocation and Retention PriorityARQ Automatic Repeat reQuestAS access stratumASA Authorised Shared AccessASMG Arab Spectrum Management GroupASP application service providerATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry SolutionsATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeATU African Telecommunications UnionAuC authentication centreAV authentication vectorAVL automatic vehicle locationBB broadbandBBDR broadband disaster reliefBM‐SC Broadcast Multicast Service CentreBoM bill of materialsBSO beneficial sharing opportunityBS base stationBSSM base station spectrum managerBTOP Broadband Technology Opportunities ProgramBWT broadband wireless trunkingCA carrier aggregationCAD computer‐aided dispatchingCAI Common Air InterfaceCAP Compliance Assessment ProgramCAPEX capital expendituresCATR China Academy of Telecommunication ResearchCBRS Citizens Broadband Radio ServiceCBS Citizens Broadband ServiceCCA critical communications applicationCCBG Critical Communications Broadband GroupCCC command and control centreCCS critical communications systemCCSA China Communications Standards AssociationCDIS coexistence discovery and information serverCDR charging data recordCE coexistence enablerCE consumer electronicscell ID cell identityCFSI Conventional Fixed Station InterfaceCGC complementary ground componentCISC Communications Interoperability Strategy for CanadaCITEL Inter‐American Telecommunications CommissionCM coexistence managerCOndashCO contractor owned and contractor operated

List of Abbreviations xv

COP common operating pictureCOTM communications on the moveCOTS commercial off‐the‐shelfCOW cell on wheelCR cognitive radioCRS cognitive radio systemsCRS control room systemsCS circuit switchedCSFB Circuit‐Switched FallbackCSSI Console Subsystem InterfaceCUS collective use of spectrumD2D device to deviceDAS distributed antenna systemsdB decibelDeNB donor eNBDFT discrete Fourier transformDGNA dynamic group number assignmentDHS Department of Homeland SecurityDL downlinkDM device managementDMO direct mode operationDNS Domain Name ServiceDP delivery partnerDR disaster reliefDSA Dynamic Spectrum ArbitrageDSATPA Dynamic Spectrum Arbitrage Tiered Priority AccessDTT digital terrestrial televisionDWDM dense wavelength‐division multiplexingDySPAN Dynamic Spectrum Access NetworksE2EE end‐to‐end encryptionEAB Extended Access BarringEC European CommissionECA European Common AllocationECC Electronic Communications CommitteeECC emergency control centreECCS Emergency Communication Cell over SatelliteECG electrocardiogramECNampS electronic communications networks and servicesECO EFIS European Communications Office Frequency Information SystemECS electronic communications servicesEEA European Economic AreaEHPLMN Equivalent HPLMNEIRP equivalent isotropic radiated powerEMA externally mounted antennaseMBMS evolved MBMSeMLPP Enhanced Multi‐Level Precedence and Pre‐emption

xvi List of Abbreviations

EMS emergency medical serviceseNB evolved Node BENISA European Union Agency for Network and Information SecurityENUM E164 NUmber MappingEPC Evolved Packet CoreEPL Ethernet private linesEPS AKA EPS Authentication and Key AgreementEPS Evolved Packet SystemESMCP emergency services mobile communications programmeESN Emergency Services NetworkESO European Standards OrganizationESP Encapsulating Security PayloadETS emergency telecommunications servicesETSI TC TCCE ETSI Technical Committee on TETRA and Critical Communications

EvolutionETSI European Telecommunications Standards InstituteEU European UnionE‐UTRAN Evolved UMTS Radio Access NetworkFBI Federal Bureau of InvestigationFCC Federal Communications CommissionFDMA frequency division multiple accessFirstNet First Responder Network AuthorityFM PT 53 Frequency Management Project Team 53FM PT49 Frequency Management Project Team 49FNO fixed network operatorFS_IOPS Feasibility Study on Isolated E‐UTRAN Operation for Public SafetyGB gigabytesGBR Guaranteed Bit RateGCS AS GCS Application ServerGCS CA GCS Client ApplicationGCS group communications servicesGCSE Group Communications System EnablersGETS Government Emergency Telecommunications ServiceGIS Geographic Information SystemGLDB geo‐location databaseGMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety SystemGO government ownedGOndashCO government owned and contractor operatedGOndashGO government owned and government operatedGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGSC Global Standards CollaborationGSMA Global System for Mobile AssociationGSM‐R GSM‐RailwayGUTI Globally Unique Temporary IdentifierGW gatewayGWCN Gateway Core Network

List of Abbreviations xvii

HD high definitionHetNet heterogeneous networkHO Home OfficeH‐PCRF Home PCRFHR high resilienceHSS Home Subscriber ServerHTS high‐throughput satelliteHTTPS HTTP SecureHVAC heating ventilation and air conditioningIC Industry CanadaICS incident command structureICT information and communications technologyIDA Info‐Communications Development AuthorityIDRA Integrated Dispatch RadioIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIKEv1 Internet Key Exchange 1IKEv2 Internet Key Exchange 2IKI Inter‐Key Management Facility InterfaceIM CN IP Multimedia Core NetworkIMS IP Multimedia SubsystemIMSI International Mobile Subscriber IdentityIP ISI IP‐based Inter‐System InterfaceIP VPN IP virtual private networkIPX IP Packet ExchangeISACC ICT Standards Advisory Council of CanadaISI Inter‐System InterfaceISP Internet service providerISSI Inter‐RF Subsystem InterfaceITU International Telecommunication UnionITU‐R ITU RadiocommunicationJHA Justice and Home AffairsKCC Korea Communications CommissionLAA Licenced‐Assisted AggregationLAN local area networkLA‐RICS Los Angeles Regional Interoperable Communications SystemLC LSA controllersLDSC liquidated damagesservice creditsLEWP Law Enforcement Working PartyLI lawful interceptionLIPA Local IP AccessLMR land mobile radioLPG liquid petroleum gasLR LSA repositoryLSA Licenced Shared AccessLTE Long‐Term Evolution

xviii List of Abbreviations

M2M machine to machineMAC medium access controlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMBMS‐GW MBMS GatewayMBR Maximum Bit RateMCC mobile country codeMCPTT NMO MCPTT Network Mode OperationMCPTT mission‐critical push‐to‐talkMDM mobile device managementMEF Metro Ethernet ForumMFCN mobilefixed communications networksMIC Ministry of Internal Affairs and CommunicationsMIFR Master International Frequency RegisterMIMO multiple‐inputmultiple‐outputMME Mobility Management EntityMMI manndashmachine interfaceMNO mobile network operatorMOA memorandum of agreementMOCN Multi‐Operator Core NetworkMPLS Multiprotocol Label SwitchingMPS Multimedia Priority ServiceMPT Ministry of Post and TelecommunicationMS mobile serviceMSC mobile switching centreMSS mobile satellite serviceMT mobile terminationMTPAS Mobile Telecommunication Privileged Access SchemeMVNA mobile virtual network aggregatorMVNE mobile virtual network enablerMVNO mobile virtual network operatorNAS non‐access‐stratumNB narrowbandNE network entityNEMA National Emergency Management AgencyNeNB nomadic eNBNFV network functions virtualizationNGN next‐generation networkNGO non‐governmental organizationNIST National Institute of Standards and TechnologiesNMS network management systemNoI Notice of InquiryNPSBN National Public Safety Broadband NetworkNPSTC National Public Safety Telecommunications CouncilNRA national regulatory authorityNSEP national security and emergency preparednessNSM Network spectrum manager

List of Abbreviations xix

NTFA National Table of Frequency AllocationsNTIA National Telecommunications and Information AdministrationNTP Network Time ProtocolOAM operation administration and maintenanceOCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian AffairsOCS Online Charging SystemOFCS Offline Charging SystemOFDM orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexingOFDMA orthogonal frequency‐division multiple accessOMA DM Open Mobile Alliance Device ManagementOMA Open Mobile AllianceOOBE out‐of‐band emissionOPEX operational expendituresOSI Open Systems InterconnectionOTA over the airOTAR over‐the‐air rekeyingOTN Optical Transport NetworkOTT over the topP25 PTToLTE P25 PTT over LTEP25 Project 25PAS Publicly Available SpecificationsPAWS Protocol to Access White SpacePCC Policy and Charging ControlPCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement FunctionPCPS Push‐to‐Communicate for Public SafetyPCRF Policy and Charging Rules FunctionPD packet dataPDB packet delay budgetPDN packet data networkPEI Peripheral Equipment InterfacePELR packet error loss ratePEP performance‐enhancing proxyP‐GW PDN GatewayPIM personal information managerPKI public key infrastructurePLMN Public land mobile networkPMN public mobile networkPMR professionalprivate mobile radioPMSE programme making and special eventPoC Push‐to‐Talk over CellularPP public protectionPPDR public protection and disaster reliefPRD Permanent Reference DocumentProSe proximity‐based servicesPS public safetyPSAC Public Safety Advisory Committee

xx List of Abbreviations

PSAP public safety answering pointPSA public safety agencyPSC Public Safety CommunicationsPSCR Public Safety Communications ResearchPSD power spectral densityPSG public safety gradePSN public safety networkPSS Public Safety and SecurityPSTN public switched telephone networkPTIG Project 25 Technology Interest GroupPTT push to talkPWS Public Warning SystemQCI QoS Class IdentifierQoE quality of experienceQoS quality of serviceQPSK quadrature phase‐shift keyingRAN radio access networkRAS radio astronomy serviceRAT radio access technologyRB Resource BlockRBS radio base stationsRCC Regional Commonwealth in the Field of CommunicationsRCEG Radio Communications Expert GroupRCS Rich Communications SuiteREM Radio Environment MapRF radio frequencyRFI request for informationRFID radio frequency identityRFP request for proposalsRN relay nodeROHC Robust Header CompressionRR Radio RegulationsRRC Radio Resource ControlRRS Reconfigurable Radio SystemRSC Radio Spectrum CommitteeRSE RAN Sharing EnhancementsRSPG Radio Spectrum Policy GroupRSPP Radio Spectrum Policy ProgrammesRTP Real‐time Transport ProtocolSAGE Security Algorithms Group of ExpertsSA security associationSAS spectrum access systemSC service codeSC spectrum coordinatorSC‐FDMA single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple accessSCI Subscriber Client Interface

List of Abbreviations xxi

SCPC single channel per carrierSDH Synchronous Digital HierarchySDK software development kitSDL supplementary downlinkSDN software‐defined networkingSDO standards development organizationSDP service delivery platformSDR software‐defined radioSDS short data serviceSEG Security GatewayS‐GW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSIM Subscriber Identity ModuleSIMTC System Improvements to Machine‐Type CommunicationSIP Session Initiation ProtocolSLA service‐level agreementSLIGP State and Local Implementation Grant ProgramSMLA Spectrum Manager Lease AgreementSMS Short Message ServiceSN ID serving network identitySN serving networkSONET Synchronous Optical NetworkingSOS Spectrum Occupancy SensingSOW system on wheelSPR Service Profile RepositorySPR Subscriber Profile RepositorySPS semi‐persistent schedulingSRDoc system reference documentsSRVCC Single Radio Voice Call ContinuitySSAC Service Specific Access ControlSSAR shared spectrum access rightSTA special temporary authoritySwMI Switching and Management InfrastructureTBCP Talk Burst Control ProtocolTC technical committeeTCCA TETRA and Critical Communications AssociationTCCE TETRA and Critical Communications EvolutionTCO total cost of ownershipTDM time‐division multiplexingTDMA time division multiple accessTE terminal equipmentTEA TETRA Encryption AlgorithmTEDS TETRA Enhanced Data ServiceTETRA ISI TETRA Inter‐System InterfaceTETRA Terrestrial Trunked RadioTFA Table of Frequency Allocations

xxii List of Abbreviations

TFT Traffic Flow TemplateTIA Telecommunications Industry AssociationTMGI Temporary Mobile Group IdentityTMO trunked mode operationTRA telecommunications regulatory authorityTTA Telecommunications Technology AssociationTTC Telecommunication Technology CommitteeTTI Transmission Time IntervalTVBD TV band devicesTVWS TV white spacesUAV unmanned aerial vehicleUAV Unmanned aeronautical vehicleUE‐AMBR UE Aggregate Maximum Bit RateUESM UE spectrum managerUL uplinkUN United NationsUPS uninterruptible power supplyUSIM Universal Subscriber Identity ModuleUTC Utilities Telecom CouncilVC virtual circuitsVIP very important peopleVoIP Voice over IPVoLTE Voice over LTEV‐PCRF Visited PCRFVPN virtual private networkVSAT very small aperture terminalWAN wide area networkWB widebandWGET Working Group on Emergency TelecommunicationsWI Work ItemWPS Wireless Priority ServiceWRAN wireless regional area networkWRC World Radiocommunication ConferencesWRC‐03 World Radio Conference 2003WS white spacesWSD white space devicesWTDC World Telecommunication Development ConferencesWTSA World Telecommunication Standardization AssemblyXCAP XML Configuration Access ProtocolXDMS XML Document Management ServersXML Extensible Markup Language

Mobile Broadband Communications for Public Safety The Road Ahead Through LTE Technology First Edition Ramon Ferruacutes and Oriol Sallent copy 2015 John Wiley amp Sons Ltd Published 2015 by John Wiley amp Sons Ltd

Public Protection and Disaster Relief Communications

11 Background and Terminology

The public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) sector brings essential value to society by creating a stable and secure environment to maintain law and order and to protect the life and values of citizens PPDR services such as law enforcement firefighting emergency medical services (EMS) and disaster recovery services are pillars of our society organization The proshytection ensured by PPDR services covers people property the environment and other relevant values for the society It addresses a large number of threats both natural and man‐made The PPDR sector is for most nations intimately connected to the public sector of society either directly as part of the governmental structure or as a function which is outsourced under strict rules and intensively monitored by governmentrsquos contracting ministry or department Regulatory organizational operational and technical elements underpinning an effective PPDR preparedness can vary substantially from country to country even between regions or municipalities in countries where local preparedness might be under the auspices of regional or local public authorities

One important task of PPDR services is to deal with emergency and surveillance situations on land sea and air The most important part of this work is done in the field so all the tools must match the needs accordingly Radiocommunications are extremely important to PPDR organizations to the extent that PPDR communications are highly dependent upon it At times radiocommunication is the only form of communications available

There are terminology differences between administrations and regions in the scope and specific meaning of PPDR and related radiocommunication services PPDR is defined in ITU Radiocommunication (ITU‐R) Resolution 646 in World Radio Conference 2003 (WRC‐03)

1

2 Mobile Broadband Communications for Public Safety

through a combination of the terms lsquopublic protection (PP) radiocommunicationrsquo and lsquodisaster relief (DR) radiocommunicationrsquo [1]

bull PP radiocommunication Radiocommunications used by responsible agencies and organishyzations dealing with maintenance of law and order protection of life and property and emergency situations

bull DR radiocommunication Radiocommunications used by agencies and organizations dealing with a serious disruption of the functioning of society posing a significant wideshyspread threat to human life health property or the environment whether caused by accident nature or human activity

A term also commonly used to refer to PPDR communications is public safety (PS) commushynications These terms are often used interchangeably [2] Another term related to PPDR communications is emergency communications Broadly defined emergency communicashytions involves not only communications within and between PPDR agencies and public authorities involved in the management of an emergency case but also communications involving citizens As illustrated in Figure 11 the generally agreed categories to be considered in the provision of emergency communications are [3]

bull Communication between authoritiesorganizations Refers to communications within and among authoritiesorganizations This is the category that fits with the scope of PPDR communications

bull Communication from authoritiesorganizations to citizens Refers to communications from authoritiesorganizations with individuals groups or the general public Warning and information systems to alert the population are part of this category

Individualspopulation

PPDR organizationauthorities

Warning systemsEmergencyinformation services

Emergency call

PPDR (or PS) communications

Communications among citizens inemergencydisaster situations

Emergency communications

Figure 11 Scope of PPDR and emergency communications

Public Protection and Disaster Relief Communications 3

bull Communication of citizens with authoritiesorganizations Emergency call services (eg calls to emergency numbers such as 112 or 911 through public telephone networks) are part of this category

bull Communication among citizens In case of a disaster individuals may have a strong demand to communicate among themselves in order to ascertainlearn the state of relatives property etc as well as coordinate actions of mutual interest Particularly new social media communications technologies can potentially enable citizens to more quickly share information assist response and recovery in emergencies and mobilize for action in political crises

In this context it is also common to refer to PPDR organizations as emergency services or emergency response providers In particular an emergency service can be defined as an agency or service that provides immediate and rapid assistance in situations where there is a direct risk to life or limb individual or public health or safety private or public property or the environment but not necessarily limited to these situations [4]

The focus of this book is on communications within and between PPDR organizations and authorities In this regard the terms PPDR PS and emergency communications are used intershychangeably within the book to refer to this type of communications

12 PPDR Functions and Organizations

PPDR organizations or agencies are the ones responsible for the prevention and protection from events that could endanger the safety of the general public The main functions and services provided by PPDR organizations are [5 6]

bull Law enforcement Law enforcement is the function to prevent investigate apprehend or detain any individual which is suspected or convicted of offences against the criminal law Law enforcement is a function usually performed by police organizations

bull EMS The function of medical services is to provide critical invasive and supportive care of sick and injured citizens and the ability to transfer the people in a safe and controlled envishyronment Components of the EMS system include the following medical first responders (people and agencies that provide non‐transporting first aid care before an ambulance arrives on scene) ambulance services (basic and advanced life support) specialty transport sershyvices (helicopter boat snowmobile etc) hospitals (emergency intensive cardiac neonatal care units etc) and specialty centres (trauma burn cardiac drug units etc) The function of EMS includes also the function of lsquodisaster medicinersquo which is the provision of triage primary aid transportation and secondary care in major incidents Doctors paramedics medical technicians nurses or volunteers can supply these services

bull Firefighting This is the function of putting out hazardous fires that threaten civilian popushylations and property Hazardous fires can appear in urban areas (houses or buildings) or rural areas (forest fires) Professional and volunteer fire protection agencies supply this service

bull Protection of the environment This is the function to protect the natural environment of a nation or a regional area including its ecosystems composed by animals and plants This function is limited to the everyday operation of protecting the environment like monitoring of the water air and land Forest guards firefighters volunteer organizations or public organizations are usually responsible for this activity


bull Search and rescue This function has the objective to locate access stabilize and transport lost or missing persons to a place of safety Search and rescue is one of the activities performed by different PS organizations such as firefighters or EMS

bull Border security Control of the border of a nation or a regional area from intruders or other threats which could endanger the safety and economic well‐being of citizens Covers areas such as verification of illegal immigration verification of the introduction of illegal subshystances and verification of introduction of goods in offence of customs laws Border security is usually performed by police organizations or specialized border security guard Coastal guard is a special case of border security

bull Emergency management Emergency management also referred to as civil protection is the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all aspects of major emergenciesdisasters in particular prevention preparedness response and rehabilitation Emergency management provides central command and control of PPDR agencies during emergencies Emergency management involves plans structures and arrangements established to engage the normal endeavours of government voluntary and private agencies in a comprehensive and coordinated way to respond to the whole spectrum of major emergency needs Emergency management includes also the recovery of the essential flows related to food health transportation building material electrical energy supply telecommunications and daily stuff situation awareness and communication

The distribution of the above functions and services among PPDR organizations is not homoshygeneous across countries and regions In Europe similar organizations may not perform exactly the same functions in different countries due to the non‐homogeneous historical development of PPDR services in each nation Also the organization and standard operating procedures can differ significantly among PPDR organizations that could span from volunteer organizations which have received limited training to specialist paramilitary organizations (eg explosives hazardous materials specialists) Common types of PPDR organizations in Europe are described in the following list identifying which is the main function or functions provided by each

bull Police The main objective of the police is law enforcement creating a safer environment for its citizen Functions law enforcement

bull Fire services With variations from region to region and country to country the primary areas of responsibility of the fire services include structure firefighting and fire safety wild land firefighting life‐saving through search and rescue rendering humanitarian services management of hazardous materials and protecting the environment salvage and damage control safety management within an inner cordon and mass decontamination Functions law enforcement protection of the environment and search and rescue

bull Border guard (land) Border guard comprises national security agencies which perform border control at national or regional borders Their duties are usually criminal interdiction control of illegal immigration and illegal trafficking Functions law enforcement and border security

bull Coast guard Coast guard services may include but not be limited to search and rescue (at sea and other waterways) protection of coastal waters criminal interdiction illegal immigration and disaster and humanitarian assistance in areas of operation Coast guard functions may vary with administrations but core functions and requirements are generally


common globally Functions law enforcement protection of the environment search and rescue and border security

bull Forest guards Type of police specialized in the protection of the forest environment It supports other agencies in firefighting and law enforcement in rural and mountain envishyronment Functions law enforcement protection of the environment and search and rescue

bull Hospitals and medical first responders These are the central components for the provision of EMS They usually count on mobile units such as ambulances and other motorized vehicles such as aircraft helicopters and other vehicles Functions EMS and search and rescue

bull Road transport police Transport police is a specialized police agency responsible for the law enforcement and protection of transportation ways like railroad highways and others Functions law enforcement

bull Railway transport police Railway transport police is a specialized police agency responsible for the law enforcement and protection of railways In some cases it is a private organization dependent on the railway service provider Functions law enforcement

bull Custom guard An arm of a statersquos law enforcement body responsible for monitoring people and goods entering a country Given the removal of internal borders in the European Union (EU) customs authorities are particularly focused on crime prevention Functions law enforcement

bull Airport security Airport enforcement authority is responsible for protecting airports passengers and aircrafts from crime Functions law enforcement

bull Port security Port enforcement authority is responsible for protecting port and maritime harbour facilities Functions law enforcement

bull Volunteers organizations for civil protection Volunteer organizations are civilian with training on a number of areas related to PS and environment protection They voluntarily enter into an agreement to protect environment and citizens without a commercial or monetary profit Functions protection of the environment and search and rescue

In addition to the above‐mentioned types of PPDR organizations public authorities at differshyent levels (local regional national) can also be directly involved in PPDR operations leading or supporting emergency management functions Public authorities are responsible for the establishment of a set of preparedness and contingency plans to handle emergency situations Public authorities can be at the core of the response to most serious emergencies to put in place the emergency plans as well as provide advice and assistance to businesses and voluntary organizations about business continuity management

Moreover emergency response may also involve other public or private organizations such as departments of transportation public works utility companies (water gas electricity) and telecom operators In the case of telecom operators the emergency management plans may include a listing of emergency telecommunications facilities that need to be prepared for use in the event of a major emergencydisaster The telecom operators have to support these plans where special operational modes may be predefined in a policy‐based network management scheme and invoked in emergency situations (eg invocation or priority access schemes rerouting calls to specific answering points)

Military forces can also support PPDR operations during major national emergencies where military authorities provide manpower and equipment to supplement PS resources These incidents are frequently in response to natural forces (eg flooding earthquakes) Military


units can also give pre‐planned support in major events (eg Olympic Games) as well as speshycialist response to man‐made emergencies (eg terrorist attacks) where specialist military skills or equipment are necessary and may form an integral part of the emergency response

Last but not least some individuals can also belong to entities and organizations that have a role to play in emergency situations [7] In particular professionals andor volunteers in non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) and civic organizations may have a supporting role in handling emergencies Their efficient involvement will highly depend upon their liaisons with the authorities organizing and steering the overall rescue plan Providing them with tools to report their field observations or get the optimal information on the status of the crisis they are involved in can be crucial

Also the owners of the site vessel etc where the emergency occurs have certain obligashytions to fulfil Site staff (or personnel) are supposedly fit to manage the siteplant and may participate in the rescue and clearance as well as being affected individuals Importantly assistance in logistic coordination and utility provisioning may be also provided by providers of gas electricity electronic communications services and water supply The utility owner usually outside the emergency area may represent control and control its action from a control centre Utility staff may be directly working within the emergency area (or nearby) with the manual operations needed Finally the role of media (journalists radioTV news reporters) is also crucial in spreading information from the emergency scene and from the authorities to other affected individuals Broadcasting can also be used for recruiting and coordinating new people to volunteer

In this context the term lsquofirst responderrsquo is commonly used to refer to law enforcement emergency medical firefighting and rescue services In turn the term lsquoemergency respondersrsquo is typically used with a wider scope than first responder including in this case other entities such as electric water and gas utilities transportation transit search and rescue hospitals the Red Cross and many others which can be involved in diverse incident responses

13 Operational Framework and Communications Needs for PPDR

PPDR organizations are required to manage emergencies and major incidents on a daily basis These incidents may vary widely in terms of scale The definitions of lsquomajor incidentrsquo lsquoemergencyrsquo and similar terms are general in terminology and encompass significant degrees of latitude in their interpretation Incidents may take on a greater degree of urgency or seriousshyness because of particular circumstances For example a public disorder incident in a town involving 500 people will be more serious in its potential when there are 5 officers to deal with it than where there are 50 Incidents may involve the interaction of multiple PPDR services (police firefighters ambulances specialist units etc) In addition since incidents do not respect administrative regional and national or language boundaries operational scenarios may include a variety of cross‐border operational activities According to Ref [8] a lsquomajor incidentrsquo is any emergency that requires the implementation of special arrangements by one or more of the emergency services and will generally include the involvement either directly or indirectly of large numbers of people For example

bull The rescue and transportation of large numbers of casualties bull The large‐scale combined resources of the emergency services

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References 311

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References 311

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Documents

Thumbnail - download.e-bookshelf.de€¦ · 4.8 RAN Sharing Enhancements 185 References 189 5 LTE Networks for PPDR Communications 193 5.1 Introduction 193 5.1.1 Separation of Service