Accumulation chamberBung tch tThit b dng trong phng php khai thc du.

Acre-footAcr - fut (n v th tch khong 1200 m3)n v th tch c din tch y bng 1 acre (mu Anh - khong 0,4 hecta) v b dy bng mt fut. Mt acre-foot cha 7,758 bbl du tng ng vi 43,560 ft3.

Acre-yieldSn lng theo acrSn lng trung bnh ca du v kh tnh trn mt acr din tch va cha du.

Actual calender day allowableMc khai thc cho php theo ngy lch thc tLng du, kh cho php khai thc tnh theo ngy thc t hot ng (do mt c quan iu phi ca Chnh ph quy nh).

AdditiveCht ph giaMt cht ha hc hoc mt cht khong cho thm vi lng nh vo mt cht khc lm bin i cc tnh cht ca cht .

Adsorption gasolineXng hp thXng t nhin c ly ra t kh m bng than hot tnh hoc keo silic.

Adverse mobility ratioSut linh ng ngc, t s linh ng ngcSut linh ng c tnh bng cch chia nht ca du th cho nht ca mt cht lng bm vo. Sut linh ng ny xy ra trong trng hp bm ngp nc nng cao thu hi du, khi nht ca du cao hn nhiu so vi cht lng c bm vo bn cha.

AlcoholCnTn ca mt nhm cc hp cht hu c ha hc gm cacbon, hydro v oxy. Lot cc phn t khc nhau v chiu di chui v bao gm cc hydrocacbon cng vi nhm hydroxyl; CH (3) - (CH (2))n-OH (v d, methanol, ethanol v ru butyl bc ba).

AlkylateSn phm ankyl hoCc sn phm ca phn ng alkyl ha, c s dng trong pha trn xng c ch s octan cao.

AlkylationAlkyl haQu trnh lc du v mt ho hc kt hp isobutan vi hydrocacbon olefin (v d, propylen, butylen) thng qua s kim sot ca nhit v p sut vi s c mt ca cht xc tc anacid, thng l acid sulfuric hoc acid hydrofluoric. Sn phm Alkyl ha, nh isoparaffin, c ch s octan cao v c pha trn vi xng ng c v xng my bay tng gi tr chng n ca nhin liu.

American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)Hi Kim nghim Vt liu MCc thng s k thut cho cc sn phm du m c xc nh bng cc phng php th nghim ASTM.

Aniline pointim AnilinNhit thp nht thng biu th bng F, cc lng bng nhau ca anilin ho hc v du s hn hp hon ton. in anilin l mt ch th v c tnh ca du.

Antisludge agentTc nhn chng cnCht ph gia dng trong qu trnh axit ho mt b cha du atphan nng. Tc nhn chng cn thng l mt cht ho hc c hot tnh b mt.T lin quan:Additive,

API (American Petroleum Institute)Vin du kh MVin Du kh M (API) l hip hi thng mi quc gia i din cho tt c cc lnh vc thuc ngnh cng nghip du v kh t t nhin ca M.

API gravityTrng lc APIThang phn nh t trng ca du th, nc hoc kh thin nhin. Trng lc API tnh bng cch ly 141,5 chia cho trng lng ring ca cht 60 F tr i 131,5.

Archie's equationPhng trnh ArchiePhng trnh thc nghim dng tnh hm lng hydrocacbon ca mt b du thng qua bo ho nc.

AromaticsHng liu, cht thmCc hydrocacbon c trng bi cc cu trc vng cha bo ha ca cc nguyn t cacbon. Hng liu du kh thng mi l benzen, toluen v xylen (BTX).

AsphaltNha ng atphanCht rn hoc cht lng rt qunh mu nu t sm n en gm ch yu l hydrocacbon. Atphan c trng lng phn t rt cao v nng chy khong 20 C (70 F), khin n c th phn bit so vi du nng. T trng ca atphan t 1,0 n 1,1. Atphan d ho tan trong isunfua cacbon. Atphan tm thy trong phn ln cc loi du th.

Asphalt base crude oilDu th nn atphanLoi du th cha t hoc khng cha parafin, nhng c cn st atphan khi chng ct. Khi em t, loi du ny li cn st ging hc n. Du th nn atphan gm ch yu nhng hp cht hirocacbon napten, mu en. Loi du ny chim khong 15 % lng du cung cp trn th gii.

Asphalt plantThit b ti sinhPhng tin x l cht cn v nc thu hi du th t trong .

AsphalteneAtphantenNhng loi bitum rn, mu nu sm n en sinh ra hoc di dng ho tan hoc di dng phn tn trong du th hoc trong cc trm tch. Atphanten d ho tan trong isunsua cacbon, c trng lng phn t cao (500 - 1000), gm cabon v hiro vi lng nh nit, lu hynh v oxi. Atphanten c th kt ta bi kh si bt trong b cha du.

ASTM paraffin wax melting pointim nng chy ca parafin o theo phng php ASTM.

Atmospheric crude oil distillationPhng php chng ct du th trong kh quynQu trnh lc du tch cc thnh phn du th p sut kh quyn bng cch nung nng vi nhit khong 600 n 750 F (ty thuc vo tnh cht ca du th v cc sn phm mong mun) v sau ngng t cc phn phn on bng lm mt.

Aviation gasoline (Avgas)Xng my bayMt hn hp phc tp ca hydrocacbon tng i d bay hi c hoc khng thm mt lng nh cht ph gia, pha trn to thnh mt loi nhin liu ph hp s dng trong ng c pittng ngnh hng khng. Cc thng s k thut nhin liu c quy nh ti Thng s k thut ASTM D 910 v Thng s k thut qun s MIL-G-5572.

Aviation gasoline blending componentsThnh phn pha trn xng my bayNaptha s c s dng pha trn vo xng my bay thnh phm (v d: alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, xylene). Khng bao gm oxygenates (cn, ete), butan v pentan.

Balerng ht dung bng thp nh, di ti 50 ft, c ng knh hn 1 ft, c van u di dng d a du ln trn mt t mt s ging du.

BargeX lanTu vn chuyn du, thng l trn sng, c sc cha t 8.000 n 50.000 thng, hoc trng lng t 1.000 n 10.000 tn.

Basic sediment and waterNc v tp cht c sNhng tp cht rn v nc mui ln trong du. Phn ln lng nc mui c ly i trong b tch ly, cn nhng cn th c lng xung y thng cha.

BBQBBQMt hn hp du th Bonny, Brass River, Qua Ibo t Nigeria.

Beach priceGi du th sau khi x l binGi du th khai thc ngoi bin v c a vo t lin sau khi c x l ngay trn bin.

Benzen (C6H6)Benzen (C6H6)Hydrocacbon thm c mt t l nh trong mt s loi du th, cng c lm t than trong sn xut than cc. c s dng nh mt dung mi trong sn xut cc cht ty ra, si tng hp, ha du, v l mt thnh phn ca xng c ch s octane cao.

Black goldVng enCh du th.

Black oilDu enLoi du th mu rt sm, thng mu en, nhng i khi c mu xanh nht hoc nu, khi mi khai thc c t l kh-du t hn 2000 scf/stb

Bleached oilDu mt muDu th b mt mu di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri.

Blending plantThit b pha trnThit b khng c kh nng lc du, nhng c kh nng sn xut xng ng c thng qua trn c hc hoc pha trn oxygenates vi xng ng c.

BlendstockMt thnh phn kt hp vi cc cht khc to thnh mt sn phm lc du.

BloomS hunh quang ca duS hunh quang ca du th di tia cc tm.

Bonded petroleum importsKho xng du nhp khuXng du nhp khu v c lu tr ti kho ca Hi quan. Vic nhp khu ny khng c a vo trong cc s liu thng k nhp khu cho n khi chng c (1) rt khi kho min thu s dng lm nhin liu cho cc tu thuyn v my bay hot ng trong thng mi quc t, hoc (2) rt khi lu tr vi vic np thu s dng trong nc.

BrainstormsK s khai thc du kh

Brent crudeDu BrentMt loi du th ngt nh c ngun gc t Bin Bc v thng c lc pha ty bc chu u.

BTXBTXT vit tt cho cc hng liu du m thng mi - benzene, toluene, xylene.

BTX extractionQu trnh loi b benzen, toluen v xylen t reformat hoc nhit phn xng.

Bulk stationTrm np liuMt b cha c s dng ch yu cho lu tr hoc tip th cc sn phm du m, trong sc cha t hn 50.000 thng v tip nhn cc sn phm du m bng xe bn hoc xe ti.

Bulk terminalMt b cha c s dng ch yu cho lu tr hoc tip th cc sn phm du m, trong sc cha 50.000 thng tr ln v /hoc tip nhn cc sn phm xng du bng tu ch du, x lan, hay ng ng.

Bunker CBunker CNhin liu d tha c s dng lm nhin liu tu bin, thng c hm lng lu hunh v nht cao.

Butane (C4H10)Butan (C4H10)Hydrocacbon chui thng hoc nhnh c chit xut t kh thin nhin hoc dng kh t lc du, bao gm isobutan v butan; v c quy nh trong Thng s k thut ASTM D1835.

Butylene (C4H8)Butylen (C4H8)L hydrocacbon olefin thu c t qu trnh lc du.

Captive refinery oxygenate plantsC s sn xut oxygenate nm trong hoc tip gip mt t hp nh my lc du.

CatalystCht xc tcCht c tc dng thc y phn ng ho hc, nhng khng b nh hng trong qu trnh phn ng.

Catalyst crackerThit b cracking xc tc

Catalytic crackingCracking xc tcQu trnh lc du ph v cc phn t hydrocacbon ln hn, nng hn v phc tp hn thnh cc phn t n gin v nh hn. Cracking xc tc c thc hin bng vic s dng cc tc nhn xc tc v l mt qu trnh hiu qu tng sn lng xng du t du th.

Catalytic hydrocrackingCraking c hydro xc tcQu trnh lc du s dng hydro v cht xc tc c nhit tng i thp v p sut cao chuyn i im si trung bnh hoc nguyn liu cn d li thnh xng c ch s octane cao, nhin liu my bay phn lc, v du nhin liu cao cp. Qu trnh ny s dng mt hoc nhiu cht xc tc, ph thuc vo sn lng sn phm, v c th x l nguyn liu c lu hunh cao m khng cn kh lu hunh trc.

Catalytic hydrotreatingTch cc hp cht ca du bng hydro xc tcQu trnh lc du x l cc phn phn on ca du m t phng php chng ct kh quyn hoc chn khng kt hp vi cht xc tc v mt lng ng k hydro. Qu trnh ny bao gm kh lu hunh, loi b cc cht (v d, cc hp cht nit), chuyn i t cc olefin thnh parafin,...

Catalytic reformingPhng php reforming xc tcQu trnh lc du s dng nhit v p sut kt hp vi cc cht xc tc sp xp li cc phn t hydrocacbon nht nh bng cch chuyn i cc hydrocacbon paraffin v naphthen thnh nguyn liu ha du v nguyn liu c ch s octan cao ph hp pha xng thnh phm.T lin quan:Naphthenes,

CetaneXetanMt loi hydrocarbon paraffin c s dng nh l mt cht ph gia trong nhin liu diesel.

Cetane numberCh s XetanT l phn trm theo th tch ca xetan thm vo nhin liu diesel c bn t c cc c tnh gy chy.

Charge capacityCng sut tch npCng sut u vo ca cc thit b lc du.

CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Frieght)Chi ph, bo him, vn tiThut ng dng ch mt loi hnh mua bn trong ngi mua tr mt mc gi bao gm gi FOB cng thm tt c cc chi ph bo him v vn chuyn.T lin quan:FOB (Free on Board),

Clean CargoCc sn phm lc du nh xng, du ha, du si v nhin liu my bay phn lc c vn chuyn bng tu ch, x lan, xe bn.

Cloud pointim mNhit ti ln u tin c hin tng kt ta trong cht lng khi n c lm lnh. i vi du th, l nhit ln u tin c dng my m, thng l do c s hnh thnh parafin rn.

Coal oilDu than Thut ng dng ch mt loi phin du c bit c s dng cho mc ch chiu sng. Du than thu c t phng php chng ct phn hy than, sp khong cht v phin st cha nha ng (bitum).

CondensateCondensate, du ngng, kh ngngCc hyrocacbon lng trong thnh phn ca du th, rt nh, sinh ra dng kh trong iu kin ca va cha di t (nhit v p sut cao) v ngng t thnh cht lng trong iu kin trn mt t. Cc kh ngng in hnh thng l nhng cht lng khng mu hoc c mu nht vi nhng nh mu , xanh hoc lam. OPEC nhiu nm tranh lun v nh ngha chnh xc ca Condensate, v n khng bao gm trong hn ngch sn lng du th ca tng quc gia.

Correlation indexCh s lin kti lng dng xc nh bn cht ho hc ca cc thnh phn chng khc nhau trong mt loi du th.

Crack spreadCrack spread l mt thut ng c s dng trong ngnh cng nghip du v giao dch tng lai cho s khc bit gia gi du th v cc sn phm xng du c lc t n.

CrackingCrackingQu trnh lc du dng ph v cc hyrocacbon c mch di thnh nhng hyrocacbon c mch ngn hn v d nh xng, bng cch dng nhit, p sut v/hoc ho cht.T lin quan:Thermal cracking,Catalytic hydrocracking,Catalytic cracking,

Crude oilDu thDu th l mt cht lng hu c thng c tm thy di b mt tri t. N c to thnh t hng ngn phn t bao gm hydro v cc nguyn t cacbon. Hn hp hydrocacbon ny cha t l khc nhau v thnh phn nh oxy, nit, lu hunh v cc nguyn t kim loi nng.T lin quan:Petroleum,

Crude oil lossesS tn tht v du thKhi lng du th b mt trong cc hot ng ca nh my lc du. Nhng tn tht ny l do s c trn du, nhim bn, ha hon,

Crude oil productionSn xut du thKhi lng du th c khai thc t cc m du trong thi hn nht nh. Sn lng ny c chuyn giao t b cha vi ng ng dn, xe ti, hoc cc phng tin khc vn chuyn n cc nh my lc du hoc cc cng xp d.

Crude oil qualitiesCht lng du thDng ch hai thuc tnh ca du th, hm lng lu hunh v t trng API nh hng n s phc tp v phng php x l v cc c tnh ca sn phm.

Crude oil streamDng du thDu th c sn xut trong mt khu vc c th hoc mt tp hp cc loi du th vi cht lng tng t t cc khu vc trong phm vi gn, trong ngnh cng nghip du kh thng m t vi mt tn c th, chng hn nh West Texas Intermediate hoc Saudi Light.

DeasphaltingKh atphanQu trnh lc du trong cn atphan c x l bng propan lng kh b nha v atphanten, c th dng pentan ho tan nha v lm kt ta atphanten.

Delayed cokingLuyn than ccQu trnh phn on du th nng c nhit phn trong iu kin nhit cao v p lc to ra mt hn hp ca cc loi du nh v cc du m. Cc loi du nh c th c x l thm trong cc nh my lc du p ng cc tiu chun sn phm. Than cc c th c s dng lm nhin liu hoc trong cc ng dng khc nh sn xut thp hoc nhm.

Denaturedlm bin tnh, bin chtEthanol nhin liu c to ra bng cch cho thm bin tnh du, thng l pentan hoc xng ng c thng thng. Ethanol nhin liu thng b lm bin tnh trc khi vn chuyn t nh my sn xut ethanol bng cch thm bin tnh 2 - 5% th tch.

DesulfurizationKh lu hunhVic loi b lu hunh khi xng, du.

Diesel FuelNhin liu DieselSn phm chng ct c s dng lm nhin liu trong ng c nh la, tng t nh du si nhng phi p ng c im k thut l ch s xetan l 40 hoc ln hn.

Diesel indexCh s DieselMt thc o v cht lng nh la ca nhin liu diesel tnh t mt cng thc lin quan n trng lc ca nhin liu v im anilin ca n.

Diesel oil (DO)Du iezenMt loi nhin liu lng, sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct trc tip du m 250 350oC s dng ch yu cho ng c iezen.

Distillate fuel oilDu nhin liu chng ctPhn loi chung i vi mt trong cc phn phn on ca du m c sn xut trong phng php chng ct thng thng, bao gm nhin liu diesel v du nhin liu (FO).

DownstreamH ngun(1) Cc hot ng sau khai thc du. (2) Vn chuyn, lc v tip th v du. (3) on cui hoc hng ca ng pha trc theo hng dng chy.

EBP (ethanol blended petrol)Xng khng chXng khng ch trong bao gm mt t l ethanol (v d, E10 l xng khng ch bao gm 10% ethanol)

Enhanced oil recoveryTng cng thu hi duPhng php nhn to dng thu hi c nhiu du sau t sn xut ban u bng cch tc ng va cha t nhin v c th bng cch bm ngp nc. Nhng phng php thng thng y mnh thu hi du gm nhng phng php nhit, ho hc v hn hp kh.

ETBEETBEEthyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) thng c s dng nh l mt cht ph gia xy ha trong sn xut xng t du th.

Ethane (C2H6)Etan (C2H6)Chui hydrocacbon thng th kh. N l kh paraffin khng mu si nhit -127,48 F, c chit xut t kh thin nhin v dng kh trong nh my lc du.

EtherEteThut ng chung p dng cho mt nhm cc hp cht ha hc hu c gm cacbon, hydro v oxy, c trng bi mt nguyn t oxy gn vi hai nguyn t cacbon (v d, methyl tertiary butyl ether).

EthyleneEtylenHydrocacbon olefin thu c t qu trnh lc ha du. Etylen c s dng nh mt nguyn liu ha du cho nhiu ng dng ha hc v sn xut hng tiu dng.

Farm-outCho nhng li sau khi thuQuyn li trong mt hp ng thu du hoc kh c cp bi ch cho thu vi bn th ba.

FeedstockNguyn liuHo cht c lc v a ch bin t cc hydrocacbon v dng sn xut nhng ho cht c gc du m. Mtan, etilen, proetilen, butilen v napten l nhng nguyn liu thng dng.

FieldKhu m duMt hoc nhiu m du lin quan ti cng mt cu trc a cht.

FOB (Free on Board)Giao hng ln tuL iu kin mua bn quc t, theo , ngi bn c trch nhim v chu chi ph cho n khi hng c giao ln tu ti cng xp hng quy nh trong hp ng. Trong ngnh cng nghip du kh quc t, thut ng ny thng dng ch gi du hoc kh thin nhin c tnh ti cng ca nc sn xut (hoc xut khu).T lin quan:CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Frieght),

FOD (Fuel Oil Domestique)Du t nngThut ng ting Php cho du t nng.

Fractional distillationChng ct phn onQu trnh tch ca cc thnh phn c im si khc nhau t mt dung dch.

Fuel oil (FO)Du mazut, du nhin liuMazut l phn cn ca qu trnh chng ct du m c nhit si cao hn 350C. Du FO c s dng lm nhin liu t l trong cng nghip ni hi, l nung, l t dng bay hi, dng ng khi hoc cho cc loi ng c t trong ca tu bin.

Futures contractHp ng tng laiHp ng giao hng ha vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai, mc gi tha thun ti thi im giao dch.

g/lg/l, gam/ltGam trn mi lt. Ngoi ra cn c g/ml. c s dng nh mt thc o tp cht v xc nh t trng ca cc sn phm lc du . V d, loi xng tiu chun c c xc nh l 0,755 g/ml.

GallonGallonn v o th tch cht lng. Anh bng 4,545 lt, M bng 3,785 lt.

GasoholGasoholS pha trn xng thnh phm c cha cn (thng l ethanol) nng t 5,7% v 10% th tch.

GasoilGasoilMt sn phm chng ct trung gian c s dng cho nhin liu diesel, lm nng nhin liu hoc i khi c coi nh nhin liu. M cn c gi l Heating Oil.

GasolineXngHn hp hirocacbon d bay hi, d chy c ngun gc t du m, chng ct nhit 30 - 180C,ch yu c s dng lm nhin liu cho ng c t trong.

Green oilDu xanhMt loi du th c c s l parafin c mu xanh nht.

GudronCn GudronCn gudron l phn cn cn li ca qu trnh chng ct chn khng, c nhit si trn 500C.

Heavy crude oilDu nngDu nng c trng lc API nh hn 28 . Trng lc API cng thp, du cng nng.T lin quan:API gravity,

HedgeBo himGim thiu ri ro bng cc cam kt d bo mt mc gi c nh thng qua mt hp ng tng lai hoc ty chn. Ngi mua v ngi bn c th t bo him.

High Sulfur Diesel (HSD) fuelNhin liu Diesel cha lu hunh caoNhin liu diesel c cha hn 500 phn triu (ppm) lu hunh.

HLS (Heavy Louisiana Sweet)Du th ngt, nng LouisianaDu th ngt, nng tiu bang Louisiana , M.

HSFO (High sulfur fuel oil)Du nhin liu cha lu hunh caoDu nhin liu cha lng lu hunh cao. Thng thng du nhin liu c cha lu hunh 3,5%.

HydrodesulfurizationMt qu trnh xc tc ha hc loi b lu hunh bng hydro t cc sn phm du m. Mc ch ca vic loi b lu hunh l gim lng kh thi t vic s dng nhin liu cho xe t, my bay, du t...

Imperial gallonGalon Anhn v o th tch cht lng dng Anh v Canaa. Mt galon Anh bng khong 1,201 galon M.

IPE (International Petroleum Exchange)Sn giao dch xng du quc t (IPE)Sn giao dch xng du quc t London, Anh.

Isobutylene (C4H8)Isobutylen (C4H8)Hydrocacbon olefin thu c t qu trnh lc ha du.

Isomerizationng phn haQu trnh lc du lm thay i s sp xp c bn ca cc nguyn t trong phn t m khng cn thm hoc loi b bt c cht g t nguyn liu ban u. c s dng chuyn i butan thnh isobutan (C4), nguyn liu ca qu trnh alkyl ha , v pentan v hexan thnh isopentan (C5) v isohexan (C6), l cc thnh phn xng c ch s octan cao.

IsopentaneIsopentanChui hydrocacbon no nhnh (C5H12) thu c bng cch phn on xng t nhin hoc ng phn ha pentan.

Jet FuelNhin liu phn lcSn phm du ha cht lng cao c s dng ch yu lm nhin liu cho my bay phn lc thng mi v ng c my bay phn lc cnh qut.

KeroseneDu haHn hp ca hirocacbon thu c bng chng ct du m nhit si 140320 C, t bay hi hn so vi xng. Du ha c dng cho n thp sng, my si v l nhin liu cho ng c phn lc

Kyoto ProtocolNgh nh th KyotoMt hip c ca 163 quc gia, c to ra vo nm 1997, yu cu 35 quc gia cng nghip gim lng kh thi ca su loi kh thi nh knh ti thiu 5% t nm 2008-2012 so vi nm 1990. Kyoto c hiu lc ngy 16/12/2005.

Landed costChi ph cho du d ti cngGi du th ti cng d hng, bao gm cc chi ph lin quan n mua hng, vn chuyn v bo him t cc im mua n cng d hng. Ko bao gm chi ph pht sinh ti cng d hng (v d: ph lu bi, thu nhp khu, l ph, ph cu cng).

Liftinga du lnQu trnh a du t di ging ln.

Light crude oilDu th nhDu th c trng lc API cao hn 33 . Trng lc API cng ln, du th cng nh.T lin quan:API gravity,

Light endsThnh phn nhThnh phn c trng lng phn t thp ca du, v d propan v butan. Cc thnh phn ny rt d bay hi.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)Kh thin nhin ha lngLNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) l kh thin nhin c ha lng khi lm lnh su n m 162oC sau khi loi b cc tp cht. LNG c thnh phn ch yu l metan .

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)Kh du m ha lngL hn hp hirocacbon nh ch yu gm propane v butane, l mt cht sch c th bo qun v vn chuyn di dng lng trong iu kin p sut trung bnh nhit mi trng. LPG l mt trong nhng loi nhin liu quan trng v ph bin ti Vit Nam.

LLS (Light Louisiana Sweet)Du th ngt, nh LouisianaDu th ngt, nh tiu bang Louisiana, M.

Low sulfur crudeDu th t lu hunhDu th cha t hn 0,6 % trng lng lu hunh.

LSFO (Low sulfur fuel oil)Du nhin liu cha lu hunh thpDu nhin liu cha lu hunh thp, thng ch 1% lu hunh hoc t hn.

LubricantsDu bi trnCht c s dng gim ma st gia cc b mt chu lc, hoc kt hp vo cc cht khc h tr trong sn xut cc sn phm khc. Du m bi trn c th c to ra t cc sn phm chng ct t du hoc cn du.

Methanol (CH3OH)Methanol (CH3OH)Cn nh, d bay hi dng pha ch xng.

Mogas (Motor Gasoline)Mogasc s dng nh mt thut ng thay th cho xng.T lin quan:Gasoline,

MOPS (Mean of Platts Singapore)MOPSGi trung bnh ca xng du c giao dch th trng Singapore.

Motor gasoline blending componentsCc thnh phn pha trn xng ng cNaphthas (v d: alkylate, reformate, benzen, toluen, xylen) c s dng pha trn hoc thm vo xng ng c.

MTBE ( Methyl tertiary butyl ether)MTBEMTBE l mt cht ph gia xy ha tng ch s octan c s dng pha ch xng.

NaphthanaptaPhn chng ct sinh ra gia khong 220 F v 315 F v c v tr gia xng v du ha.

NaphthenesNaphthenesMt trong ba phn loi hydrocacrbon c bn c tm thy t nhin trong du th. Naphthenes c s dng lm nguyn liu ha du.

Natural gasKh thin nhinMt hn hp t nhin ca cc loi kh hydrocarbon tm thy trong s hnh thnh a cht xp bn di b mt tri t, cng vi du m. Thnh phn ch yu l metan.

NGL (Natural gas liquids)Kh thin nhin lng (NGL)NGL c th bao gm etan, propan, butan, isobutan v xng t nhin / condensate. Khng nn nhm ln vi LNG, kh t nhin ha lng. LNG l kh mtan ha lng.

NWE (Northwest Europe)NWETh trng du v sn phm ha du vng Ty Bc chu u.

NYMEX (New York Mercantile Exchange)NYMEXSn giao dch hng ha ln nht th gii thuc s hu v iu hnh bi CME Group. NYMEX nm ti Trung tm ti chnh Th gii NewYork. Vn phng b sung c t ti Boston, Washington, D.C, Atlanta, San Francisco, Dubai, London v Tokyo. NYMEX cn c bit n trong ngnh cng nghip nng lng l "Merc NY".

OAPEC (Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries)OAPECT chc cc nc rp xut khu du m, OAPEC c thnh lp thng 1 nm 1968 thc y hp tc kinh t quc t trong ngnh cng nghip du m. Cc nc thnh vin bao gm Algeria, Bahrain, Ai Cp, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, v United Arab Emirates. Tr s ti Kuwait.

Octane numberTr s octanTr s octan l i lng c trng cho kh nng chng kch n ca xng. Tr s octan cng cao, kh nng chng kch n ca ng c cng ln. Tr s octan c 2 dng: Tr s octan nghin cu (RON-Research octane number) phn nh hiu sut nhin liu theo iu kin li xe trung bnh, trong khi th nghim cho tr s octan ng c (MON-Motor octane number) phn nh iu kin li xe tc cao. Cc th nghim cho c hai con s trn thc t c thc hin trong phng th nghim.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)OPECT chc cc nc xut khu du m (OPEC) c thnh lp ti Baghdad, Iraq thng 9 nm 1960 bi 5 quc gia l Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia v Venezuela, sau c s tham gia ca Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962) khng cn thnh vin nm 2009, Libya (1962), UAE (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975) khng cn l thnh vin nm 1995 v Angola (2007). Mc tiu ca OPEC l phi hp v thng nht chnh sch du m gia cc quc gia thnh vin. Hin nay, OPEC c tng cng 12 quc gia thnh vin, c tr s ti Vienna, o.

Out-turnKhi lng du d xung t tu. Gi out-turn cho php ngi mua ch tr tin cho lng du o c vo cc b cha.

OxygenateBo ha oxyCc cht khi thm vo xng lm tng lng oxy trong hn hp xng. Ethanol, Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE), Ethyl Ether Tertiary Butyl (ETBE), methanol l cc cht lm bo ha oxy ph bin.

Petrochemical feedstocksNguyn liu ha duNguyn liu ha hc c ngun gc t du m ch yu dng cho sn xut ha cht, cao su tng hp, v mt lot cc cht do.

PetrochemicalsHa cht du mHa cht c ngun gc t du m, nguyn liu cho sn xut nha v cao su tng hp. Ha du bao gm benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene v methanol.

PetroleumDu m, du khThut ng theo ngha rng ca hn hp hydrocacbon lng, bao gm du th, condensate, sn phm lc du.

Petroleum geologistsNh a cht du mNh a cht du m nghin cu mt t v h rt quan trng trong vic tm kim ti nguyn khong sn v du m.

Petroleum productsCc sn phm du mCc sn phm du m thu c t vic x l du th (bao gm c condensate), kh t nhin, v cc hp cht hydrocarbon khc. Cc sn phm du m bao gm du cha lc, kh du m ha lng, pentan, xng my bay, xng ng c, nhin liu my bay phn lc dng naphtha, nhin liu my bay phn lc dng du ha, du ha, du nhin liu chng ct, cn nhin liu, nguyn liu ha du, naphthas, cht bi trn, cc loi sp , cc du m, nha ng atphan, du ri ng, v cc sn phm khc.

Pipelineng ng dn duH thng ng dn c s dng vn chuyn du th v cc sn phm du m.

PlattsPlattsNh cung cp thng tin th trng nng lng bao gm cc tiu chun gi xng du, in ht nhn, nng lng xanh

Platts SingaporePlatts SingaporeGi xng du thnh phm c giao dch ti th trng Singapore theo ngy lm vic thc t.T lin quan:Platts,

PlayTp hp cha duMt loi cha, chn v by c bit c cha du m thng mi vi m du pht hin trc y trong mt khu vc.

Polymer floodingS trn ngp bng polimeQu trnh tng cng thu hi du dng trong iu kin b cha bm p nc bnh thng khng hiu qu. Polime c thm vo trong nc bm p c nht cao v c hiu qu.

Pour pointim chyNhit thp nht ti mt loi du s chy. im chy l mt ch th v hm lng sp ca du. im chy cng cao th du cng cha nhiu sp. im chy ca du l t - 75 F n 04 F.

Ppm (Parts per million)Phn triu (ppm)Thng c s dng nh lng cc kim loi hoc cc tp cht khc trong cc sn phm lc du.

PremiumPremiumMt khon tin thm gia ngi mua v ngi bn vt trn mt mc hin ti.

Propylene (C3H6)Propylen (C3H6)Hydrocacbon olefin thu c t qu trnh lc ha du.

Pygas ( Pyrolysis gasoline)Xng nhit phnMt loi sn phm naphtha vi hm lng cht thm cao, c s dng pha ch xng hoc lm nguyn liu cho chit xut. Pygas c sn xut trong cc nh my ethylen x l butan, naphtha hoc gasoil.

Qua IboQua IboDu th Nigeria vi API khong 35,9 .

R+M/2R+M/2Tr s octan nghin cu cng vi tr s octan ng c chia cho 2, cn c gi l " ch s chng kch n".T lin quan:Octane number,

Refined productsSn phm lc duSn phm lc du l cc hydrocacbon khc nhau thu c t qu trnh lc tch t du th. Cc sn phm lc du c trng l LPG, naphtha, xng, du ha, nhin liu phn lc, du si, nhin liu diesel, cn du, du nhn v cc du m.

RefineryNh my lc duNh my lc du l mt nh my ln bao gm cc thit b x l khc nhau c s dng chuyn i du th thnh cc sn phm hon chnh. Qu trnh ny bao gm t nng, chng ct, reforming, cracking v tch cc hp cht ca du bng hydro.

ReservoirVa cha duLp trm tch c kh nng cha du trong cc l rng ca .

Residual fuel oildu nhin liu nng, cn mazutCn du mazut c nht trung bnh, c s dng cho cc tu thuyn v cc nh my in.

ResidueCnCc cht cn li (cn) sau khi chng ct.

ResiduumCn, tn dD lng t du th sau khi chng ct ngoi tr cc thnh phn nng nht, vi mt khong si ln hn 1.000 F.

Road oilDu ri ngDu nng bao gm c nha ng cn d c s dng chng bi v x l b mt ng b v ng cao tc.

RON (Research octane number)Tr s octan nghin cuT lin quan:Octane number,

RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure)p sut hi ReidMt thc o kh nng bay hi ca xng.

Saturated oilDu bo hoDu th ho tan cc kh thin nhin. Lng kh ho tan c th tng ln khi p sut tng v nhit gim.

Sedimentary oilDu lng ngDu th c quay vng li mt cch t nhin bi qu trnh bo mn t trm tch c trc. Du lng ng c xu hng tr thnh du nng.

Senile oilDu giDu th nng b tc dng ca vi khun v/hoc b nc ra la lm cho thoi ho. Kt qu sinh ra mt loi du nng thng cha lu hunh v giu hp cht cha oxi.

Shale oilDu st nnDu hnh thnh do t nng st nn.

SkimmerThng vt duThng dng vt vng du khi mt nc.

Sour or Sweet CrudeDu th chua hoc ngtThut ng biu th mc tng i ca hm lng lu hunh trong du th. Du th chua c hm lng lu hunh tng i cao 0,5% tr ln, du th ngt c hm lng lu hunh thp hn 0,5% tnh theo trng lng.

Source rock mL lp cha cht hu c t nhin chuyn ha thnh du m.

Spot marketTh trng giao ngayTh trng bn v mua du th theo hp ng ngn hn. Th trng giao ngay rt nhy bn vi tnh hnh cung cu v gi c trn th trng dao ng thng xuyn.

StorageKho d tr duCc kho c sc cha cho vic lu tr ngn hn, di hn du th hoc cc sn phm lc du.

Straight runPhn phn on du m c ngun gc t chng ct trc tip m khng c phn ng ha hc.

SulfurLu hunhNguyn t ng th ba ph bin nht trong thnh phn ca du th chim trung bnh 0,65% theo trng lng.

Tank farmCh t b cha, kho chaNi t cc ng ng dn du v ng thng hi lu tr du th.

Tanker and bargeTu ch du v s lanTu vn chuyn du th hoc cc sn phm lc du.

Tapis crudeDu TapisDu th ngt nh t Malaysia, c s dng lm tham chiu cho du th khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng.

TerminalsCng bc dL a im chin lc thuc s hu ca cc nh my lc du cho vic lu tr v phn phi cc sn phm lc du.

Thermal crackingCracking nhitQu trnh lc du trong nhit v p sut c s dng ph v, sp xp li, hoc kt hp cc phn t hydrocarbon.

Toluene (C6H5CH3)Toluen (C6H5CH3)Cht lng khng mu thuc nhm cht thm ca hn hp hydrocacbon du m.

Unfinished oilsDu cha x lTt c cc loi du i hi phi tip tc x l, ngoi tr mt s loi ch cn pha trn c hc. Du cha x l c sn xut bng cch lc tng phn on du th.

USEC (US East Coast)USECUSEC l vit tt ca Th trng ha du pha ng Hoa K.

Vacuum distillationChng ct chn khngChng ct di p sut thp (t hn p sut khng kh) lm gim nhit si ca cht lng c chng ct.

Visbreakinggim nhtQu trnh cracking nhit y thit b chng ct kh quyn hoc chn khng nhit trung bnh tng sn lng cc sn phm chng ct v lm gim nht ca cc d lng chng ct.T lin quan:Thermal cracking,

Wellheadu ging khoanim m ti du th (hoc kh t nhin) c a ra khi mt t.

West Texas Intermediate (WTI)West Texas Intermediate (WTI)Dng du th c sn xut Texas v Nam Oklahoma ng vai tr l tham chiu nh gi mt s dng du th khc v c giao dch ti th trng giao ngay ti Cushing, Oklahoma.

WTS (West Texas Sour )WTSDu th chua min Ty Texas.

Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2)Xylen (C6H4(CH3)2)Cht lng khng mu thuc nhm hydrocacbon thm c to ra t qu trnh reformate xc tc cc phn on du napten nht nh. c s dng pha trn xng ng c c ch s octan cao v xng my bay, dung mi, trung gian ha hc. ng phn l metaxylen, orthoxylen, paraxylen.