17 Energy (supplies, policy, economics, forecasts)

system resulted in efficient performance of the net reaction CH, (coal) Hz0 -CO+ (n/2+ l)Hs, while hydrogen was scarcely produced in the continuous feeding mode of HzO/Nz over the InzO&oal mixture, at a constant temperature of 900”. The separation of recovered InzOs from the remaining coal ashes by InzO evaporation was also proposed.

02fOO721 Supercritical fluid chromatography applications for the petroleum industry Knowles, D.E. er al. Inr. Symp. Fuels Lubr., Symp. Pap.. 2nd, 2000, 1, 367-370. Edited by Srivastava, S.P. From its inception, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has found many uses in the petroleum industry. In fact, the Petrochemical industry accounts for many of the quality control methods that SFC is now used for. Governing bodies, such as the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), California Air Resources Board, Western States Petroleum Association have either adopted or are in the process of adopting specific methods for SFC. In 1986, due in part to quality concerns with the standard. Fluorescence Indicator Adsorp- tion (FIA) Method (ASTM D-1319), ASTM studied and then adopted Method D-5186 for the analysis of aromatics in diesel fuel. This has since been expanded to include the analysis of saturates, aromatics, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. This paper will briefly describe the theory of SFC, and applications such as ASTM D-5186, and new applications involving saturates, aromatics, olefins in gasoline, satu- rates and aromatics in kerosene, applications with jet fuels, lube oil separations and simulated distillation. Also, advances in SFC instru- mentation and column technology will be discussed.

02/00722 Thirty years of research on fuel lubricity Wei, D. Shiyou Xuebao, Shiyou Jiagong, 2000, 16, (l), 31-39. (In Chinese) The history of fuel lubricity research is reviewed with 40 references. There is a similar cycle of events for both aviation and diesel fuel including a significant increase in severity of refinement followed by consequent service problems, the development of fuel lubricity test methods, a study of wear mechanisms and, eventually, solutions based largely on additive technology. But unlike aviation kerosene, no major lubricity problems were encountered in use of diesel fuels until late 1980s probably due to higher naturally occurring lubricity agents added. In the late 1980s and early 1990s to solve the problem of environment pollution concerned with the toxic emissions from diesel engines led to large reductions in the level of sulphur and aromatics in diesel fuels and development of the so called ‘reformulated diesel fuels’. Almost as soon as reformulated diesel fuels were introduced, fuel pump failures occurred. Since then, considerable efforts have been paid to investigate the lubricity of low sulphur diesel fuels. These investigations concerned with analysing the nature of field tests, studying on war mechanisms and finally, searching for an appropriate solution of the low lubricity in both gasoline and diesel fuels appeared to have been resolved. Today gasoline lubrication is facing two substantial changes. One involves wider adoption of direct injection (DI) gasoline engine, which will necessitate quite high pressure gasoline pumps. The other concerns with the impact of environmental regulations to compositional constraints on fuel lubricity. In antici- pation of a similar cycle taking place with gasoline fuels the author began to systematically investigate the friction/wear behaviour of gasoline and the relation between composition and lubricity three years ago. The BL (Boundary lubrication) and EHD (Elastohydrody- namic) behaviours of gasoline fuels will be discussed in successive papers.

17 ENERGY

Supplies, policy, economics, forecasts

02lOO723 Ecological assessment of integrated bioenergy systems using the sustainable process index Krotscheck, C. el al. Biomass Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (4), 341-368. Biomass utilization for energy production presently faces an uphill battle against fossil fuels. The use of biomass must offer additional benefits to compensate for higher prices: on the basis of a life cycle assessment (using BEAM to evaluate a variety of integrated bioenergy systems in connection with the Sustainable Process Index as a highly aggregated environmental pressure index) it is shown that integrated bioenergy systems are superior to fossil fuel systems in terms of environmental compatibility. The implementation of sustainability

measures provides additional valuable informtion that might help in constructing and optimizing integrated bioenergy systems. For a set of reference processes, among them fast pyrolysis, atmospheric gasifica- tion, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), combustion and steam cycle (CS) and conventional hydrolysis, a detalied impact assessment is shown. Sensitivity analyses of the most important ecological parameters are calculated, giving an overview of the impacts of various stages in the total life cycle and showing ‘what really matters’. Much of the ecological impact of integrated bioenergy systems is induced by feedstock production. It is mainly the use of fossil fuels in cultivation, harvesting and transportation as well as the use of fertilizers in short-rotation coppice production that impose considerable ecological pressure. Concerning electricity generation the most problematic pressures are due to gaseous emissions, most notably the release of NO,. Moreover, a rather complicated process (high amount of grey energy) and the use of fossil pilot fuel (co-combustion) leads to a rather weak ecological performance in contrast to other 100% biomass-based systems.

02lOO724 Energy efficiency and solar energy in European office buildings: a mid-career education initiative McNicholl, A., Owen Lewis, J. Energy and Buildings, 2001, 33, 213-217. This EC ALTENER programme project sought to develop an integrated package of teaching materials on solar energy and energy efficiency in office-buildings. The ultimate audience is a multi- disciplinary one, including architects, building services engineers, building economists and building energy managers. The project focused on mid-career education and the primary audience targeted by the project consists of the organisers and instructors of mid-career courses for these four professions in the 15 EU member states. The paper describes the process undertaken by the four collaborating organisations, and the resulting educational material. The package includes eight technical modules, with four exemplar case studies, one of which covers the refurbishment of an existing building, and a training software program. Finally, the package also includes four instructor’s modules, one for each of the four target audiences.

02lOO725 HELP (house energy labeling procedure): methodology and present results Richalet, V. er &Energy and Buildings, 2001, 33, 229-233. The problem of energy certification in the housing stock remains a priority for the European Community Member states referrmg to the European Directive No. 93/76/EEC. It is also a certainty that the potential for energy conservation in the existing buildings is very large, and there is a need for a rating of their energy performance. Facing this problem and the lack of tools, we chose to develop a measurement- based approach, often referred to as an identification method. The principle of this method is to derive the thermal behaviour from a continuous recording of internal temperature within the building in response to outdoor climate (temperature and solar radiation) and internal loads (heating and appliances). The derived parameters are then used to calculate a normalized heating annual consumption (NHAC) for a standard climate and a standard operation of the building (set point temperature, air change rate and casual gains). The paper presents the proposed methodology for single family houses, including the experimental equipment, the monitoring protocol and the calculation tool. Results are also discussed for a set of 10 monitored houses within Europe. Although some limitations of the methodology were found, that will require deeper investigations, the NHAC was found a robust indicator to deal with occupants’ influence.

02/00726 Thermal energy steam from paper and cellulose industrial wastes Stanasila, V. er al. Rom. RO 108,692 (Cl. ClOL3/00), 29 Jul 1994, Appl. 9,201,519, 4 Dee 1992. 6. (In Romanian) Waste from paper and cellulose industry containing =70% moisture are heat treated on hot gravel and the generated steam is used as heat carrier. The gas phase of a thermal decomposition product has a caloric value of ~4000 kcal/m3 and is used as fuel in various combustion processes.

02lOO727 World energy prospects to 2020 Birol, F., Argiri, M. Energy (Oxford), 1999, 24, (1 l), 905-918. An overview of the IEAs 1998 edition of the World Energy Outlook is presented. It discusses the likely developments in global energy demand for the period to the year 2020. Special attention is paid to the power generation sector. Prospects for electricity generation are discussed in detail for 10 world regions, followed by a description of the model that was used to produce these projections. Finally, the main uncertainties surrounding the projections presented are discussed.

74 Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 2002