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Theories of Personality Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado www.ifeet.org ; www.ifeet.com.ph ; www.arnelsalgado.com 4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 1

Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

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Page 1: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Theories of Personality

Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgadowww.ifeet.org; www.ifeet.com.ph; www.arnelsalgado.com

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 1

Page 2: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES

After studying this chapter, you are expected to:

1. define personality;2. identify the various perspectives on studying

personality;3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as

instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

4. explain how personality develops; 5. distinguish the other psychoanalytic theory of Freud;

and6. know the current personality theories.

4/24/2018 2www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org

Page 3: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Personality

“Characteristic pattern of thinking,feeling and acting.”

Four major perspectives on Personality

Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations

Trait - specific dimensions of personality

Humanistic - inner capacity for growth

Social-Cognitive - influence of environment

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 3

Page 4: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Psychoanalytic Perspective“first comprehensive theory of personality”

(1856-1939)

University of Vienna 1873Voracious Reader

Medical School Graduate

Specialized in NervousDisorders

Some patients’ disordershad no physical cause!

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 4

Page 5: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Psychoanalytic Perspective“first comprehensive theory of personality”

Q: What caused neurologicalsymptoms in patients with no

neurological problems?

UnconsciousHypnosis

FreeAssociation

“Psychoanalysis”4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 5

Page 6: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

The Unconscious“the mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden”

Conscious Awareness

small part above surface

(Preconscious)

Unconscious

below the surface

(thoughts, feelings,

wishes, memories)

Repressionbanishing unacceptable

thoughts & passions to

unconscious

Dreams & Slips4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 6

Page 7: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Freud & Personality Structure“Personality arises from conflict twixt agressive,

pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints”

Satisfactionwithout the guilt?

EgoSuperEgo

Id

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Page 8: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Freud & Personality Structure

Id - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives

Pleasure Principle

Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways

Reality Principle

Super Ego- voice of conscience

that focuses on how

we ought to behave

EgoSuperEgo

Id

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 8

Page 9: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Freud & Personality Development

“personality forms during the first few years of life,

rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”

Psychosexual StagesOral (0-18 mos) - centered on the mouth

Anal (18-36 mos) - focus on bowel/bladder elim.

Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals/“Oedipus Complex”

(Identification & Gender Identity)

Latency (6-puberty) - sexuality is dormant

Genital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others

Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 34/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 9

Page 10: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Defense Mechanisms

Id

Super

Ego

Ego

When the inner war

gets out of hand, the

result is Anxiety

Ego protects itself via

Defense Mechanisms

Defense Mechanisms reduce/redirectanxiety by distorting reality

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 10

Page 11: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Defense Mechanisms• Repression - banishes certain thoughts/feelings from

consciousness (underlies all other defense mechanisms)

• Regression - retreating to earlier stage of fixateddevelopment

• Reaction Formation - ego makes unacceptable impulses appear as their opposites

• Projection - attributes threatening impulses to others• Rationalization - generate self-justifying explanations

to hide the real reasons for our actions• Displacement - divert impulses toward a more

acceptable object• Sublimation - transform unacceptable impulse into

something socially valued

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 11

Page 12: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Thematic Apperceptions Test (TAT)Rorschach Inkblot Test

The Unconscious & Assessment

How can we assess personality?(i.e., the unconscious)

Objective Tests?No - tap the conscious

Projective Tests?Yes - tap the unconscious

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 12

Page 13: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective

Were Freud’s theoriesthe “best of his time”or were they simply

incorrect?

Current researchcontradicts

many of Freud’sspecific ideas

Development does not

stop in childhood

Dreams may not be

unconscious

drives and wishes

Slips of the tongue are

likely competing

“nodes” in memory network4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 13

Page 14: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Freud’s Ideas as Scientific Theory

Theories must explain observationsand offer testable hypotheses

Few Objective Observations Few Hypotheses

(Freud’s theories based on his recollections &interpretations of patients’ free associations,

dreams & slips o’ the tongue)

Does Not PREDICT Behavior or Traits4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 14

Page 15: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Trait Perspective

No hidden personality dynamics…just basic personality dimensions

Traits - people’s characteristic

behaviors & conscious motives

How do we describe & classify different personalities?

(Type A vs Type B or Depressed vs Cheerful?)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - classify people

based upon responses to 126 questions4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 15

Page 16: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Are There “Basic” Traits?What trait “dimensions” describe personality?

Combination of 2 or 3

genetically determined

dimensions

Expanded set of factors

“The Big 5”

Extraversion/IntroversionEmotional Stability/Instability

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 16

Page 17: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

The Big Five

Emotional Stability

Extraversion

Openness

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

• Calm/Anxious

• Secure/Insecure

• Sociable/Retiring

• Fun Loving/Sober

• Imaginative/Practical

• Independent/Conforming

• Soft-Hearted/Ruthless

• Trusting/Suspicious

• Organized/Disorganized

• Careful/Careless4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 17

Page 18: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Assessing Traits

How can we assess traits?(aim to simplify a person’s behavior patterns)

Personality Inventories

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

• most widely used personality inventory

• assess psychological disorders (not normal traits)

• empirically derived - test items selected based

upon how well they discriminate twixt groups

of traits4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 18

Page 19: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

The Humanistic Perspective

Maslow’s

Self-Actualizing

Person

Roger’s

Person-Centered

Perspective

“Healthy” rather than “Sick”

Individual as greater than the sum of test scores4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 19

Page 20: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Maslow & Self-Actualization

Physiological

Safety

Love Needs

Esteem

Self-Actualizationthe process of fufilling our potential

• Studied healthy, creative people

• Abe Lincoln, Tom Jefferson &

Eleanor Roosevelt

• Self-Aware & Self-Accepting

• Open & Spontaneous

• Loving & Caring

• Problem-Centered not Self-Centered

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Page 21: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective

People are basically good

with actualizing tendencies.

Given the right environmentalconditions, we will develop

to our full potentials

Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy

Self Concept - central feature

of personality (+ or -)4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 21

Page 22: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Assessing & Evaluating the Self

?Primarily through questionnaires in which

people report their self-concept.

?Also by understanding others’ subjective

personal experiences during therapy

XConcepts are vague & subjective.

Assumptions are naïvely optimistic.

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 22

Page 23: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Behavior learned through

conditioning & observation

What we think about our situation

affects our behavior

Interaction of

Environment & Intellect4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 23

Page 24: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Reciprocal Determinism

Personal/CognitiveFactors

BehaviorEnvironment

Factors

Internal World + External World = Us4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 24

Page 25: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Personal Control

Internal Locus of ControlYou pretty much control your own destiny

External Locus of ControlLuck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny

Methods of Study

• Correlate feelings of control with behavior

• Experiment by raising/lowering people’s sense of

control and noting effects

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 25

Page 26: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

Outcomes of Personal Control

Learned Helplessness

Uncontrollable

bad events

Perceived

lack of control

Generalized

helpless behavior

Important Issue

• Nursing Homes

• Prisons

•Colleges

4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 26

Page 27: Theories of Personality - ifeet.org · personality; 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and libido, the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms;

?4/24/2018 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 27