Theoretical Development

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    Research Assessment Criteria

    1

    Presentation

    New Interesting

    Correctness

    [Bernard Tan, Workshop for Doctoral Students, National University of Singapore, 2006]

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    To Be Published in Top Journals

    n Original with a substantial

    theoretical contribution

    What is new?

    How does it advance/change the

    current thinking?

    Theoretical contribution?

    n Interesting

    Relevance

    Timeliness

    Practical implications

    2

    n Well Done

    Methodological rigor

    Consistency

    Strong evidence

    n Well Written

    Accurate and clear

    Well organized and well balanced

    Well motivated and convincing

    Well versed in the literature

    Well polished

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    Evaluation Form

    3

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    4

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    5

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    Research Roadmap

    6

    Topic selection

    Literature review

    Limitations inpreviousresearch

    Theory

    Theoretical Framework

    Research Model

    Research methodology

    Data collection

    Analysis and Results

    Implications

    Paper work

    Submission

    RevisionandRevision

    Phenomenon

    Initialliteraturereview

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    QDA-10-Project.pdf

    7

    Researchplanning

    Data testingmethods

    Paper workand revision

    Researchtopic selection

    Literaturereview

    Theoreticaldevelopment

    Data collectionand testing

    Paper work JournalSubmission

    Main study

    Pilotstudy

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    Quantitative Data Analysis for Research

    Jaewon Choi

    The Catholic University of Korea

    Theoretical Development

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    9

    Agenda

    n Research Objective and Questions

    n Literature Review

    n Theory

    n Theoretical Development

    n Research Model

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    What is a good thesis topic

    n Focused on an important current

    phenomenon (i.e., relevance)

    n Well anchored in relevant theories

    n Can make a contribution, theoretically or

    empirically

    n Doable within the time and resource

    constraints that might prevail

    10[T. Ravichandran, Workshop for Doctoral Students, National University of Singapore, 2006]

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    Dimensions of Relevance

    n Relevance versus Rigor

    n Three dimensions of relevance

    Interesting

    Does research address the problems or challenges that are of

    concern to professionals?

    Applicable

    Does research produce the knowledge and offer prescriptions

    that can be utilized by practitioners?

    Current

    Does research focus on current, at the time of publication,

    technologies and business issues?11

    [Benbasat, I. and Zmud, R. Empirical research in information systems: The practice of relevance, MIS Quarterly, 1999]

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    Where to Look for Ideas

    n Journal special issue calls

    n Call for proposals from funding agencies

    n Industry groups call for research

    n Position papers, panels in conferences

    n Research presentations/seminars

    n Industry reports

    n Your colleagues

    12[T. Ravichandran, Workshop for Doctoral Students, National University of Singapore, 2006]

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    15

    How to Find a Good Research

    Questions

    Industrial needsIndustrial needs

    Literature reviewLiterature review

    n Other factors?

    Hot topic?

    Research interest?

    Expertise?

    Long-term research plan?

    Funding?

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    n What do you see as the main challenges to successful ERP

    implementations within your organization? (Large-sized

    companies)

    (http://erp.ittoolbox.com/research/survey.asp?survey=corioerp_survey&p=1, Accessed in August 2006 )

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    Investigating User Resistance to

    Change in IS implementation

    n The objective of this study is to derive and

    empirically test a theoretically grounded

    model of such factors leading to user

    resistance

    17

    Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ),33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.

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    Investigating information systems infusion and the

    moderating role of habit: A user empowerment

    perspective

    n Aims to examine IS infusion using user

    empowerment as the authentic motivation based on

    the psychological empowerment theory (Thomas and

    Velthouse 1990)

    n Specifically, we seek answers to two researchquestions:

    (1) How user empowerment influences IS infusion?

    (2) How habit moderates the user empowerment and IS

    infusion relationship?

    21Ee Hong Ng and Hee-Woong Kim, "Investigating information systems infusion and the moderating role of habit: A user empowerment

    perspective," International Conference on Information Systems ICIS, Pheonix US, Dec 2009.

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    22

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    What motivates people to purchase digital items on

    virtual community websites? The desire for online self-

    presentation

    n To examine members purchasing behavior of digital items

    n Self-presentation theory (Goffman 1959; Leary 1996), people as social

    actors desire to present their identifies to others

    RQ1: Does the desire for online self-presentation affect theintention to purchase digital items on VC websites?

    n Self-presentation is conducted by individuals by

    considering their audience in a social context (Schlenker 2003)

    RQ2: Do online presentation self-efficacy, VC involvement, andonline self-presentation norms affect the desire for online self-

    presentation?

    Hee-Woong Kim, Hock Chuan Chan, and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "What motivates people to purchase digital items on virtual community websites? The desire for online self-presentation," Information Systems Research (ISR) (Forthcoming)

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    Examples of Digital Items

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    25

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    Investigating the intention to purchase digital

    items in social networking communities: A

    customer value perspective

    n To examine digital items purchase behavior

    of VC members from the value perspective

    based on customer value theory

    26Hee-Woong Kim, Sumeet Gupta, and Joon Koh, Investigating the intention to purchase digital items in social networking communities: A customer value perspective, Information &Management, 48(6), Aug 2011, pp.228-234.

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    29

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    Research Roadmap

    30

    Topic selection

    Literature review

    Limitations inpreviousresearch

    Theory

    Theoretical Framework

    Research Model

    Research methodology

    Data collection

    Analysis and Results

    Implications

    Paper work

    Submission

    Revisionand

    Revision

    Phenomenon

    Initialliteraturereview

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    Organization of Manuscript

    1. Introduction

    2. Conceptual Background

    Literature review

    Background theory

    Conceptual/Theoretical framework

    3. Research Model and Hypotheses

    4. Research Methodology

    Instrument development

    Data collection

    31

    5. Data Analysis and Results

    Instrument validation

    Testing results

    6. Discussion and Implications

    Discussion of findings

    Limitations and future research direction

    Implications for research and practice

    7. Conclusion

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    1. Introduction

    n Phenomenon

    n Introducing a specific issue

    n Importance of the issue

    n Status of current knowledge about the focal issue (i.e., brief

    summary of literature review)

    n Missing point in the literature and its criticality

    n Research objective and questions

    n Introduction of research viewpoint (i.e., theory) for the objective

    and questionsn Expected contribution, theoretically and practically

    n Organization of the manuscript

    32

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    Literature Review

    n An effective review creates a firm foundation

    for advancing knowledge

    It facilitates theory development,

    closes areas where a plethora of research exists, and uncovers areas where research is needed

    33(Webster and Watson, Writing Literature Review Paper, MISQ, 2002)

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    34(Webster and Watson, Writing Literature Review Paper, MISQ, 2002)

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    35Sumeet Gupta and Hee-Woong Kim, "The moderating effect of transaction experience on online purchase decision calculus," International Journal of Electronic Commerce (IJEC),12(1), Fall 2007, 127-158.

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    36Ee Hong Ng and Hee-Woong Kim, " Investigating information systems infusion and the moderating role of habit: A user empowerment perspective," International Conferenceon Information Systems ICIS, Pheonix US, Dec 2009.

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    37

    (Hee-Woong Kim andAtreyi Kankanhalli, MISQ,2009)

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    38Hee-Woong Kim, Yunjie Xu and Joon Koh, "A comparison of online trust building factors between potential customers and repeat customers," Journal of the Association for Information

    Systems (JAIS), 5(10), October 2004, pp. 392-420.

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    39(Lee, Y., Kozar, K., and Larsen, K. The Technology Acceptance Model: Past, Present, and Future, Communications of the AIS, 12, 2003, pp. 752-780.)

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    Literature Review Article

    n Motivates the research topic and explains the reviews

    contribution

    n Describes the key concepts

    n Delineates the boundaries of the research

    n

    Reviews relevant prior literature in the focal and related areasn Develops a model to guide future research

    n Justifies propositions by presenting theoretical explanations,

    past empirical findings, and practical examples

    n Presenting concluding implications for researchers and

    managers

    40(Webster and Watson, Writing Literature Review Paper, MISQ, 2002)

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    Research Roadmap

    41

    Topic selection

    Literature review

    Limitations inpreviousresearch

    Theory

    Theoretical Framework

    Research Model

    Research methodology

    Data collection

    Analysis and Results

    Implications

    Paper work

    Submission

    Revisionand

    Revision

    Phenomenon

    Initialliteraturereview

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    Theory

    n A theory is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and

    propositions that present a systematic view of phenomenon by

    specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining

    and predicting the phenomena

    A theory is a set of propositions consisting of defined and interrelated

    constructs A theory sets out the interrelationships among a set of variables

    (constructs) then presents a systematic view ofphenomena described by

    the variables

    A theory explains phenomena by specifying what variables are related to

    what variables and how they are related

    n Enabling researchers to predict from certain variables to certain othervariables

    n Explanation and prediction can be subsumed under theory

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    Factor Model vs. Process Model

    Inferred processes

    of development

    Resource

    Champion

    Managementsupport.

    ProjectTeam skills.

    IS Success

    Antecedent

    conditionsOutcomes

    Sequence of events

    comprising development process

    Source: Newman and Robey, MIS Q, June 1992

    Ingredientsvs.

    Recipe

    Variance theory vs. Process

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    44

    y

    theory

    Variance Theory Process Theory

    Role of time Static Longitudinal

    Definition The cause is necessary and

    sufficient for the outcome

    Causation consists of necessary

    conditions in sequence; chance and

    random events play a role

    Assumption Outcome will invariably occur when

    necessary and sufficient conditions

    are present

    Outcomes may not occur (even

    when conditions are present)

    Elements Variables Discrete outcomes

    Logical form If X, then Y.

    (Deterministic, not affected by

    random external forces, consistent

    over time)

    If not X, then not Y; If X, then Y is

    possible but not always.

    (Probabilistic, subject to random

    external forces)

    Source: Markus and Robey 1988, Management Science

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    45Hee-Woong Kim and Shan L Pan, "Towards a Process Model of Information Systems Implementation: The Case of Customer Relationship Management," The DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 37(1), 2006, pp. 59-76.

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    46Ajzen, I. The Theory of Planned Behavior,Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes(50:2), 1991, pp. 179-211.

    Psychological Empowerment

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    Competence

    Impact

    Meaning

    Self-determination

    Psychological empowerment

    Theory

    Spreitzer, G. M. Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation,Academy of Management Journal(38:5), 1995, pp. 1442-1465.

    Building Blocks of Theory

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    Development

    n What

    Which factors (variables, constructs, concepts) logically should be

    considered as part of the explanation of the social or individual

    phenomenon of interest?

    Two criteria in the selection of factors: comprehensiveness (i.e., are

    all relevant factors included?) and parsimony (i.e., should some

    factors be deleted because they add little additional value to our

    understanding?)

    n How

    How are they related?

    Introducing causality

    n Why

    What are the underlying psychological, economic, or social dynamics that

    justify the selection of factors and the proposed causal relationships?48

    [Whetten, D.A., What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 14, 4, 1989, 490-495.]

    The Role of Theory in Scholarly

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    Manuscripts (1)

    n Types of Manuscripts

    Literature-driven

    Theory-driven

    n A manuscripts theoretical foundation defines the key constructs

    (and their relationships) through which a phenomenon will be

    examined

    n Roles of theoretical foundation

    Providing the author with a conceptual framework to concisely organize the

    manuscripts major ideas, and developing within a reader a mental model

    with which to interpret a manuscript

    Serving as the vehicle through which prior research and knowledgeregarding the phenomenon is incorporated into the manuscript

    Linking this research to the larger body of work on the phenomenon

    49[Editors Comments, The role of theory in scholarly manuscripts, MIS Quarterly, 19, 3, 1995.]

    The Role of Theory in Scholarly

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    Manuscripts (2)

    n A manuscripts theory section should focus only on presentingthe conceptual model being applied to the phenomenon under

    study

    n A conceptual model identifies key constructs and introduces

    their interrelationships

    n A research model identifies key constructs and carefullyarticulates the specific relationships among these constructs,

    which are the focus of the manuscript

    n Conceptual and Research Models

    Keep your conceptual model and research model as simple as

    possible If a concept, construct, or relationship is not directly related to the

    ideas that are the focus of your manuscript, it should not appear as

    an element of a conceptual or research model50

    [Editors Comments, The role of theory in scholarly manuscripts, MIS Quarterly, 19, 3, 1995.]

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    Theoretical Framework

    Personal

    control

    Social

    influence

    Social influence

    & personal control Motivation for

    self-presentation

    Means of

    self-presentation

    Actual behavior of

    self-presentation

    Online

    self-

    presentation

    Online Self-Presentation

    Desire for

    online self-

    presentation

    Use (purchase)

    of digital items

    Any motivated behavior must be understood to be a channelthrough which human desire is satisfied(Maslow 2001)

    Hee-Woong Kim, Hock Chuan Chan, and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "What motivates people to purchase digital items on virtualcommunity websites? The desire for online self-presentation," Information Systems Research (ISR) (Forthcoming)

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    Research Model

    VCinvolvement

    Onlineself-presentation

    norms

    Onlinepresentationself-efficacy

    Desire foronline self-

    presentation

    H3

    Intention to

    purchase

    digital items

    H1

    Age, Gender,

    VC tenureControl variables

    Social Influence

    Personal Control

    Online Self-Presentation

    H2

    H4

    H5

    Hee-Woong Kim, Hock Chuan Chan, and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "What motivates people to purchase digital items on virtualcommunity websites? The desire for online self-presentation," Information Systems Research (ISR) (Forthcoming)

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    53Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.

    R h M d l

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    Research Model

    Perceivedvalue

    Switching

    costs

    Self-efficacyfor change

    Userresistance

    H1

    H5

    H4

    H6

    H8

    H10

    H7

    H9

    H11

    Switchingbenefits

    H3

    H2

    Colleagueopinion

    H12

    Organizationalsupport for

    change

    Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.

    Perceived

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    Intention

    To Use

    Attitude

    GeneralPhone Habit

    PerceivedUsefulness

    Perceived

    Ease of Use

    PerceivedPlayfulness

    Compatibility

    Social Norm

    Social

    Influence

    Social

    NetworkGroup

    StitchingBenefit

    StitchingCost

    Perceived

    BrandAttractivenes

    s

    Self efficacy

    Perceived

    Risk

    PerceivedFee

    User

    Resistance

    Perceived

    Value

    User Behavior

    Perceived

    Image

    Innovativenes

    sAge

    Educatio

    nGender

    Self efficacyInnovativenes

    sAge

    Education

    Gender

    R f

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    References

    n Psychology Theories

    http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/a_

    alphabetic.htm

    56

    R h R d

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    Research Roadmap

    57

    Topic selection

    Literature review

    Limitations inpreviousresearch

    Theory

    Theoretical Framework

    Research Model

    Research methodology

    Data collection

    Analysis and Results

    Implications

    Paper work

    Submission

    RevisionandRevision

    Phenomenon

    Initialliteraturereview

    R h M d l

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    58

    Research Model

    n Research model is a set of relatedhypotheses. They collectively provide an

    explanation of the behavior of a research

    object.

    n A research model has:

    Dependent variables (DV)

    Independent variables (IV)

    Causal relationships

    Typical Model

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    Typical Model

    Perception 1Perception 1

    Perception 2Perception 2

    Perception 3Perception 3

    Perception 4Perception 4

    AttitudeAttitude IntentionIntention BehaviorBehavior

    Theory of Planned Behavior

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    Theory of Planned Behavior

    BehavioralBeliefsBehavioralBeliefs

    Attitudetoward theBehavior

    Attitudetoward theBehavior

    NormativeBeliefsNormativeBeliefs

    SubjectiveNormSubjectiveNorm

    ControlBeliefsControlBeliefs

    PerceivedBehavioralControl

    PerceivedBehavioralControl

    IntentionIntention BehaviorBehavior

    Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.

    Typical Models

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    Typical Models

    61

    IV1

    IV2

    IV3

    DV

    IV1

    IV2

    IV3

    MeV DV

    IV1

    IV2

    IV3

    DV

    MoV

    What is a Technically Good

    Model?

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    Model?

    n The independent variables need to be:

    Sufficient

    Necessary

    n How to ensure the IVs are sufficient and necessary?

    Theory

    How to use theory properly?

    Definition of variables

    Number of theories

    Extension of theories

    Complexity of model

    Definition of Variables

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    Definition of Variables

    n Is it consistent with theory?

    n Is it simple and only for one concept

    n Is it measurable?

    n Is it concise and intuitive?

    Research Model

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    Research Model

    Perceivedvalue

    Switchingcosts

    Self-efficacyfor change

    Userresistance

    H1

    H5

    H4

    H6

    H8

    H10

    H7

    H9

    H11

    Switchingbenefits

    H3

    H2

    Colleagueopinion

    H12

    Organizationalsupport for

    change

    Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.

    Definitions

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    Definitions

    n Perceived value as the perceived net benefits (perceivedbenefits relative to perceived costs) of new IS-related change(Zeithaml 1988)

    n Switching benefits (costs) as the perceived utility (disutility) auser would incur in switching from the status quo to the new IS(Chen and Hitt 2002)

    n Colleague opinion as the perception that colleagues favor the

    changes related to a new IS implementation

    n Self-efficacy for change as an individual's confidence in his orher own ability to change to the new situation (i.e., new ways ofworking with the new IS) (Bandura 1995)

    n Organizational support for change as the perceived facilitation

    provided by the organization to make users adaptation to newIS-related change easier

    Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.

    Definition of Variables

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    Definition of Variables

    n Is it consistent with theory?

    n Is it simple and only for one concept

    n Is it measurable?

    n Is it concise and intuitive?

    Hypothesis

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    Hypothesis

    n Includes two to three variables

    n Indicates a causal relationship

    n Predicts future direction

    n Relates to the research questions

    n Relates to the underpinning theory

    n Falsifiable

    Hypothesis Statements

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    Hypothesis Statements

    n A causes B

    n A affects B

    n A and B are associated; A and B are

    correlatedn A and B are positively/negative associated

    n If A, then B

    n If A is high, then B is high/low

    Bad Hypotheses

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    Bad Hypotheses

    n Tautology: The definition of causeimplies/includes the consequence

    The usefulness of an information system is

    positively related to the value it brings to an

    organization

    n Spuriousness: Two variables are correlated

    but not causal

    The sales of refrigerators and ice creams arecorrelated, but not causal

    Hypothesis

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    Hypothesis

    n Theoretical explanation

    n Conceptual explanation

    n Use of previous research in supporting the

    hypothesis

    70

    Research Model

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    Research Model

    Perceivedvalue

    Switching

    costs

    Self-efficacyfor change

    Userresistance

    H1

    H5

    H4

    H6

    H8

    H10

    H7

    H9

    H11

    Switchingbenefits

    H3

    H2

    Colleagueopinion

    H12

    Organizationalsupport for

    change

    Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.

    H1: Perceived value has a negativeeffect on user resistance.H12: Colleague opinion has a positiveeffect on switching costs.

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    We conceptualize perceived value as the perceived net benefits (perceived

    benefits relative to costs) of new IS-related change following previous

    research (Kahneman and Tversky 1979).According to status quo bias

    theory, perceived value evaluates whether the benefits derived are worth

    the costs incurred in changing from the status quo to the new situation

    (i.e., the new IS implementation). If the perceived value of the change is

    low, users are likely to have greater resistance to change (Samuelson and

    Zeckhauser 1988). Conversely, if the perceived value is high, users are

    likely to have lower resistance to the implementation of the new system.

    These arguments agree with previous literature, which indicates that

    people have a strong tendency to maximize value in their decision making

    (Sirdeshmukh et al. 2002) and consequently are less likely to resist

    changes with higher perceived value.

    nH1: Perceived value has a negative effect on user resistance.

    72Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation,"MIS Quarterly, 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.