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Research Assessment Criteria
1
Presentation
New Interesting
Correctness
[Bernard Tan, Workshop for Doctoral Students, National University of Singapore, 2006]
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To Be Published in Top Journals
n Original with a substantial
theoretical contribution
What is new?
How does it advance/change the
current thinking?
Theoretical contribution?
n Interesting
Relevance
Timeliness
Practical implications
2
n Well Done
Methodological rigor
Consistency
Strong evidence
n Well Written
Accurate and clear
Well organized and well balanced
Well motivated and convincing
Well versed in the literature
Well polished
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Evaluation Form
3
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4
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5
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Research Roadmap
6
Topic selection
Literature review
Limitations inpreviousresearch
Theory
Theoretical Framework
Research Model
Research methodology
Data collection
Analysis and Results
Implications
Paper work
Submission
RevisionandRevision
Phenomenon
Initialliteraturereview
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QDA-10-Project.pdf
7
Researchplanning
Data testingmethods
Paper workand revision
Researchtopic selection
Literaturereview
Theoreticaldevelopment
Data collectionand testing
Paper work JournalSubmission
Main study
Pilotstudy
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Quantitative Data Analysis for Research
Jaewon Choi
The Catholic University of Korea
Theoretical Development
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9
Agenda
n Research Objective and Questions
n Literature Review
n Theory
n Theoretical Development
n Research Model
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What is a good thesis topic
n Focused on an important current
phenomenon (i.e., relevance)
n Well anchored in relevant theories
n Can make a contribution, theoretically or
empirically
n Doable within the time and resource
constraints that might prevail
10[T. Ravichandran, Workshop for Doctoral Students, National University of Singapore, 2006]
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Dimensions of Relevance
n Relevance versus Rigor
n Three dimensions of relevance
Interesting
Does research address the problems or challenges that are of
concern to professionals?
Applicable
Does research produce the knowledge and offer prescriptions
that can be utilized by practitioners?
Current
Does research focus on current, at the time of publication,
technologies and business issues?11
[Benbasat, I. and Zmud, R. Empirical research in information systems: The practice of relevance, MIS Quarterly, 1999]
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Where to Look for Ideas
n Journal special issue calls
n Call for proposals from funding agencies
n Industry groups call for research
n Position papers, panels in conferences
n Research presentations/seminars
n Industry reports
n Your colleagues
12[T. Ravichandran, Workshop for Doctoral Students, National University of Singapore, 2006]
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13
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14
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15
How to Find a Good Research
Questions
Industrial needsIndustrial needs
Literature reviewLiterature review
n Other factors?
Hot topic?
Research interest?
Expertise?
Long-term research plan?
Funding?
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n What do you see as the main challenges to successful ERP
implementations within your organization? (Large-sized
companies)
(http://erp.ittoolbox.com/research/survey.asp?survey=corioerp_survey&p=1, Accessed in August 2006 )
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Investigating User Resistance to
Change in IS implementation
n The objective of this study is to derive and
empirically test a theoretically grounded
model of such factors leading to user
resistance
17
Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ),33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.
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18
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19
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20
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Investigating information systems infusion and the
moderating role of habit: A user empowerment
perspective
n Aims to examine IS infusion using user
empowerment as the authentic motivation based on
the psychological empowerment theory (Thomas and
Velthouse 1990)
n Specifically, we seek answers to two researchquestions:
(1) How user empowerment influences IS infusion?
(2) How habit moderates the user empowerment and IS
infusion relationship?
21Ee Hong Ng and Hee-Woong Kim, "Investigating information systems infusion and the moderating role of habit: A user empowerment
perspective," International Conference on Information Systems ICIS, Pheonix US, Dec 2009.
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22
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What motivates people to purchase digital items on
virtual community websites? The desire for online self-
presentation
n To examine members purchasing behavior of digital items
n Self-presentation theory (Goffman 1959; Leary 1996), people as social
actors desire to present their identifies to others
RQ1: Does the desire for online self-presentation affect theintention to purchase digital items on VC websites?
n Self-presentation is conducted by individuals by
considering their audience in a social context (Schlenker 2003)
RQ2: Do online presentation self-efficacy, VC involvement, andonline self-presentation norms affect the desire for online self-
presentation?
Hee-Woong Kim, Hock Chuan Chan, and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "What motivates people to purchase digital items on virtual community websites? The desire for online self-presentation," Information Systems Research (ISR) (Forthcoming)
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Examples of Digital Items
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25
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Investigating the intention to purchase digital
items in social networking communities: A
customer value perspective
n To examine digital items purchase behavior
of VC members from the value perspective
based on customer value theory
26Hee-Woong Kim, Sumeet Gupta, and Joon Koh, Investigating the intention to purchase digital items in social networking communities: A customer value perspective, Information &Management, 48(6), Aug 2011, pp.228-234.
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29
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Research Roadmap
30
Topic selection
Literature review
Limitations inpreviousresearch
Theory
Theoretical Framework
Research Model
Research methodology
Data collection
Analysis and Results
Implications
Paper work
Submission
Revisionand
Revision
Phenomenon
Initialliteraturereview
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Organization of Manuscript
1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Background
Literature review
Background theory
Conceptual/Theoretical framework
3. Research Model and Hypotheses
4. Research Methodology
Instrument development
Data collection
31
5. Data Analysis and Results
Instrument validation
Testing results
6. Discussion and Implications
Discussion of findings
Limitations and future research direction
Implications for research and practice
7. Conclusion
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1. Introduction
n Phenomenon
n Introducing a specific issue
n Importance of the issue
n Status of current knowledge about the focal issue (i.e., brief
summary of literature review)
n Missing point in the literature and its criticality
n Research objective and questions
n Introduction of research viewpoint (i.e., theory) for the objective
and questionsn Expected contribution, theoretically and practically
n Organization of the manuscript
32
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Literature Review
n An effective review creates a firm foundation
for advancing knowledge
It facilitates theory development,
closes areas where a plethora of research exists, and uncovers areas where research is needed
33(Webster and Watson, Writing Literature Review Paper, MISQ, 2002)
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34(Webster and Watson, Writing Literature Review Paper, MISQ, 2002)
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35Sumeet Gupta and Hee-Woong Kim, "The moderating effect of transaction experience on online purchase decision calculus," International Journal of Electronic Commerce (IJEC),12(1), Fall 2007, 127-158.
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36Ee Hong Ng and Hee-Woong Kim, " Investigating information systems infusion and the moderating role of habit: A user empowerment perspective," International Conferenceon Information Systems ICIS, Pheonix US, Dec 2009.
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37
(Hee-Woong Kim andAtreyi Kankanhalli, MISQ,2009)
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38Hee-Woong Kim, Yunjie Xu and Joon Koh, "A comparison of online trust building factors between potential customers and repeat customers," Journal of the Association for Information
Systems (JAIS), 5(10), October 2004, pp. 392-420.
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39(Lee, Y., Kozar, K., and Larsen, K. The Technology Acceptance Model: Past, Present, and Future, Communications of the AIS, 12, 2003, pp. 752-780.)
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Literature Review Article
n Motivates the research topic and explains the reviews
contribution
n Describes the key concepts
n Delineates the boundaries of the research
n
Reviews relevant prior literature in the focal and related areasn Develops a model to guide future research
n Justifies propositions by presenting theoretical explanations,
past empirical findings, and practical examples
n Presenting concluding implications for researchers and
managers
40(Webster and Watson, Writing Literature Review Paper, MISQ, 2002)
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Research Roadmap
41
Topic selection
Literature review
Limitations inpreviousresearch
Theory
Theoretical Framework
Research Model
Research methodology
Data collection
Analysis and Results
Implications
Paper work
Submission
Revisionand
Revision
Phenomenon
Initialliteraturereview
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42
Theory
n A theory is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and
propositions that present a systematic view of phenomenon by
specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining
and predicting the phenomena
A theory is a set of propositions consisting of defined and interrelated
constructs A theory sets out the interrelationships among a set of variables
(constructs) then presents a systematic view ofphenomena described by
the variables
A theory explains phenomena by specifying what variables are related to
what variables and how they are related
n Enabling researchers to predict from certain variables to certain othervariables
n Explanation and prediction can be subsumed under theory
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43
Factor Model vs. Process Model
Inferred processes
of development
Resource
Champion
Managementsupport.
ProjectTeam skills.
IS Success
Antecedent
conditionsOutcomes
Sequence of events
comprising development process
Source: Newman and Robey, MIS Q, June 1992
Ingredientsvs.
Recipe
Variance theory vs. Process
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44
y
theory
Variance Theory Process Theory
Role of time Static Longitudinal
Definition The cause is necessary and
sufficient for the outcome
Causation consists of necessary
conditions in sequence; chance and
random events play a role
Assumption Outcome will invariably occur when
necessary and sufficient conditions
are present
Outcomes may not occur (even
when conditions are present)
Elements Variables Discrete outcomes
Logical form If X, then Y.
(Deterministic, not affected by
random external forces, consistent
over time)
If not X, then not Y; If X, then Y is
possible but not always.
(Probabilistic, subject to random
external forces)
Source: Markus and Robey 1988, Management Science
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45Hee-Woong Kim and Shan L Pan, "Towards a Process Model of Information Systems Implementation: The Case of Customer Relationship Management," The DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 37(1), 2006, pp. 59-76.
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46Ajzen, I. The Theory of Planned Behavior,Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes(50:2), 1991, pp. 179-211.
Psychological Empowerment
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47
Competence
Impact
Meaning
Self-determination
Psychological empowerment
Theory
Spreitzer, G. M. Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation,Academy of Management Journal(38:5), 1995, pp. 1442-1465.
Building Blocks of Theory
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Development
n What
Which factors (variables, constructs, concepts) logically should be
considered as part of the explanation of the social or individual
phenomenon of interest?
Two criteria in the selection of factors: comprehensiveness (i.e., are
all relevant factors included?) and parsimony (i.e., should some
factors be deleted because they add little additional value to our
understanding?)
n How
How are they related?
Introducing causality
n Why
What are the underlying psychological, economic, or social dynamics that
justify the selection of factors and the proposed causal relationships?48
[Whetten, D.A., What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 14, 4, 1989, 490-495.]
The Role of Theory in Scholarly
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Manuscripts (1)
n Types of Manuscripts
Literature-driven
Theory-driven
n A manuscripts theoretical foundation defines the key constructs
(and their relationships) through which a phenomenon will be
examined
n Roles of theoretical foundation
Providing the author with a conceptual framework to concisely organize the
manuscripts major ideas, and developing within a reader a mental model
with which to interpret a manuscript
Serving as the vehicle through which prior research and knowledgeregarding the phenomenon is incorporated into the manuscript
Linking this research to the larger body of work on the phenomenon
49[Editors Comments, The role of theory in scholarly manuscripts, MIS Quarterly, 19, 3, 1995.]
The Role of Theory in Scholarly
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Manuscripts (2)
n A manuscripts theory section should focus only on presentingthe conceptual model being applied to the phenomenon under
study
n A conceptual model identifies key constructs and introduces
their interrelationships
n A research model identifies key constructs and carefullyarticulates the specific relationships among these constructs,
which are the focus of the manuscript
n Conceptual and Research Models
Keep your conceptual model and research model as simple as
possible If a concept, construct, or relationship is not directly related to the
ideas that are the focus of your manuscript, it should not appear as
an element of a conceptual or research model50
[Editors Comments, The role of theory in scholarly manuscripts, MIS Quarterly, 19, 3, 1995.]
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Theoretical Framework
Personal
control
Social
influence
Social influence
& personal control Motivation for
self-presentation
Means of
self-presentation
Actual behavior of
self-presentation
Online
self-
presentation
Online Self-Presentation
Desire for
online self-
presentation
Use (purchase)
of digital items
Any motivated behavior must be understood to be a channelthrough which human desire is satisfied(Maslow 2001)
Hee-Woong Kim, Hock Chuan Chan, and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "What motivates people to purchase digital items on virtualcommunity websites? The desire for online self-presentation," Information Systems Research (ISR) (Forthcoming)
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Research Model
VCinvolvement
Onlineself-presentation
norms
Onlinepresentationself-efficacy
Desire foronline self-
presentation
H3
Intention to
purchase
digital items
H1
Age, Gender,
VC tenureControl variables
Social Influence
Personal Control
Online Self-Presentation
H2
H4
H5
Hee-Woong Kim, Hock Chuan Chan, and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "What motivates people to purchase digital items on virtualcommunity websites? The desire for online self-presentation," Information Systems Research (ISR) (Forthcoming)
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53Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.
R h M d l
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Research Model
Perceivedvalue
Switching
costs
Self-efficacyfor change
Userresistance
H1
H5
H4
H6
H8
H10
H7
H9
H11
Switchingbenefits
H3
H2
Colleagueopinion
H12
Organizationalsupport for
change
Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.
Perceived
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Intention
To Use
Attitude
GeneralPhone Habit
PerceivedUsefulness
Perceived
Ease of Use
PerceivedPlayfulness
Compatibility
Social Norm
Social
Influence
Social
NetworkGroup
StitchingBenefit
StitchingCost
Perceived
BrandAttractivenes
s
Self efficacy
Perceived
Risk
PerceivedFee
User
Resistance
Perceived
Value
User Behavior
Perceived
Image
Innovativenes
sAge
Educatio
nGender
Self efficacyInnovativenes
sAge
Education
Gender
R f
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References
n Psychology Theories
http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/a_
alphabetic.htm
56
R h R d
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Research Roadmap
57
Topic selection
Literature review
Limitations inpreviousresearch
Theory
Theoretical Framework
Research Model
Research methodology
Data collection
Analysis and Results
Implications
Paper work
Submission
RevisionandRevision
Phenomenon
Initialliteraturereview
R h M d l
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58
Research Model
n Research model is a set of relatedhypotheses. They collectively provide an
explanation of the behavior of a research
object.
n A research model has:
Dependent variables (DV)
Independent variables (IV)
Causal relationships
Typical Model
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59
Typical Model
Perception 1Perception 1
Perception 2Perception 2
Perception 3Perception 3
Perception 4Perception 4
AttitudeAttitude IntentionIntention BehaviorBehavior
Theory of Planned Behavior
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Theory of Planned Behavior
BehavioralBeliefsBehavioralBeliefs
Attitudetoward theBehavior
Attitudetoward theBehavior
NormativeBeliefsNormativeBeliefs
SubjectiveNormSubjectiveNorm
ControlBeliefsControlBeliefs
PerceivedBehavioralControl
PerceivedBehavioralControl
IntentionIntention BehaviorBehavior
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
Typical Models
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Typical Models
61
IV1
IV2
IV3
DV
IV1
IV2
IV3
MeV DV
IV1
IV2
IV3
DV
MoV
What is a Technically Good
Model?
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62
Model?
n The independent variables need to be:
Sufficient
Necessary
n How to ensure the IVs are sufficient and necessary?
Theory
How to use theory properly?
Definition of variables
Number of theories
Extension of theories
Complexity of model
Definition of Variables
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Definition of Variables
n Is it consistent with theory?
n Is it simple and only for one concept
n Is it measurable?
n Is it concise and intuitive?
Research Model
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Research Model
Perceivedvalue
Switchingcosts
Self-efficacyfor change
Userresistance
H1
H5
H4
H6
H8
H10
H7
H9
H11
Switchingbenefits
H3
H2
Colleagueopinion
H12
Organizationalsupport for
change
Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.
Definitions
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Definitions
n Perceived value as the perceived net benefits (perceivedbenefits relative to perceived costs) of new IS-related change(Zeithaml 1988)
n Switching benefits (costs) as the perceived utility (disutility) auser would incur in switching from the status quo to the new IS(Chen and Hitt 2002)
n Colleague opinion as the perception that colleagues favor the
changes related to a new IS implementation
n Self-efficacy for change as an individual's confidence in his orher own ability to change to the new situation (i.e., new ways ofworking with the new IS) (Bandura 1995)
n Organizational support for change as the perceived facilitation
provided by the organization to make users adaptation to newIS-related change easier
Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.
Definition of Variables
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Definition of Variables
n Is it consistent with theory?
n Is it simple and only for one concept
n Is it measurable?
n Is it concise and intuitive?
Hypothesis
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Hypothesis
n Includes two to three variables
n Indicates a causal relationship
n Predicts future direction
n Relates to the research questions
n Relates to the underpinning theory
n Falsifiable
Hypothesis Statements
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Hypothesis Statements
n A causes B
n A affects B
n A and B are associated; A and B are
correlatedn A and B are positively/negative associated
n If A, then B
n If A is high, then B is high/low
Bad Hypotheses
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Bad Hypotheses
n Tautology: The definition of causeimplies/includes the consequence
The usefulness of an information system is
positively related to the value it brings to an
organization
n Spuriousness: Two variables are correlated
but not causal
The sales of refrigerators and ice creams arecorrelated, but not causal
Hypothesis
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Hypothesis
n Theoretical explanation
n Conceptual explanation
n Use of previous research in supporting the
hypothesis
70
Research Model
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Research Model
Perceivedvalue
Switching
costs
Self-efficacyfor change
Userresistance
H1
H5
H4
H6
H8
H10
H7
H9
H11
Switchingbenefits
H3
H2
Colleagueopinion
H12
Organizationalsupport for
change
Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.
H1: Perceived value has a negativeeffect on user resistance.H12: Colleague opinion has a positiveeffect on switching costs.
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We conceptualize perceived value as the perceived net benefits (perceived
benefits relative to costs) of new IS-related change following previous
research (Kahneman and Tversky 1979).According to status quo bias
theory, perceived value evaluates whether the benefits derived are worth
the costs incurred in changing from the status quo to the new situation
(i.e., the new IS implementation). If the perceived value of the change is
low, users are likely to have greater resistance to change (Samuelson and
Zeckhauser 1988). Conversely, if the perceived value is high, users are
likely to have lower resistance to the implementation of the new system.
These arguments agree with previous literature, which indicates that
people have a strong tendency to maximize value in their decision making
(Sirdeshmukh et al. 2002) and consequently are less likely to resist
changes with higher perceived value.
nH1: Perceived value has a negative effect on user resistance.
72Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli, "Investigating User Resistance to Change in IS implementation,"MIS Quarterly, 33(3), September 2009, pp. 567-582.