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THE STRUCTURE AND ANATOMY OF PLANTS
IAFNR Plant and Soil Sciences Module
CELLULAR STRUCTURE
CellsThe basic biological unit of plants
Where chemical reactions of life occur
Two types of Cells exist Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Image retrieved from: http://becuo.com/microscopic-images-of-plant-cells
CELLULAR STRUCTURE
Prokaryotes
Cells without a nucleus
Contain genetic material, but not enclosed in a membrane
Includes bacteria and cyanophytes
Eukaryotes
Cells with a nucleus
Genetic material is surrounded by a membrane
Also found in humans and other multi-cellular organisms Plant cells differ from animal
cells
CELLULAR STRUCTUREImage retrieved from:http://www.gopixpic.com/640/3d-plant-cell-model-project-/http:%7C%7C1*bp*blogspot*com%7C_PTWs4DRRfdg%7CTMNP-bUW67I%7CAAAAAAAAABI%7CQ0ynmni8FRc%7Cs1600%7Cplant%2Bcell*jpg/
CELLULAR STRUCTURE
Cell Wall- Made of hemicellulose, add stability to the cell
Plasma or Cytoplasmic Membrane- Made of phospholipid bilayer membrane
Protoplasts- Refers to the inside of the cell Cytoplasm is the liquid within the cell that includes water, proteins, etc.
Organelles- Internal structure of the cell Chloroplasts- Double membrane plastids with chlorophyll used in photosynthesis
Mitochondria- Location of respiration and production of energy Nucleus- Contains plants individual chromosomes (DNA) Vacuoles- Storage reservoir for the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum-Protein synthesis and contains ribosomes
Ribosomes-Translate RNA into proteins
PLANT TISSUES
Tissues are a large groups of organized cells of similar structure that perform specific functions in the plant.
Two general types of tissues are Meristematic Permanent
Meristematic
Contain actively dividing cells to form new tissues Categories of meristems
Apical-Shoots and Roots, produce new buds and leaves
Intercalary- Only in monocots Lateral/Cambia- Lateral
among shoots, causes thickening of trees and creates bark
PLANT TISSUES
Simple Permanent Tissues
Epidermis Cells Single layer of cells on the
exterior of stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit
Two or three layers thick
Parenchyma Made of cells that have thin cell
walls and large vacuoles
Complex Permanent Tissues
Xylem Conducts water and dissolved
nutrients, amino acids, proteins, and sugars from the roots to other portions of the plant
Phloem Conducts soluble sugars and
metabolites (proteins, hormones, minerals, and salts) from the leaves to other portions of the plant
PRIMARY PLANT ORGANS: ROOTS
Root hairs are responsible for the absorption of water and minerals Once absorbed these pass through the cortex (root wall) and into the center of the stele
In the stele, water and minerals are moved upward through the xylem
Image retrieved from: http://sylviateacher.com/2012/10/26/science-6-detailed-plant-anatomy/
PRIMARY PLANT ORGANS:LEAVES
The intake of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen occurs through small pores in the leaf surface called stomata
Cells within a leaf may be formed into two layers The upper- tightly packed with palisade cells Where photosynthesis occurs
The lower- loosely packed with spongy tissue
Image retrieved from: http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/05%20Nutrition/04%20Nutrition--Lesson%204.htm
GROWTH AND CELL DIVISIONImage retrieved from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/99691/One-cell-gives-rise-to-two-genetically-identical-daughter-cells
REFERENCES
Parker, R. (2010). Plant and Soil Science: Fundamentals and Applications. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
