Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
Spinal cord (medulla spinalis)
PROSENCEPHALON
Most rostral part
Telencephalon
Sensory centers
Motor centers
Integration and regulation of cognitive functions
PROSENCEPHALON
Diencephalon
Control relay station
Affernt fibers to telencephalon
Autonomic nervous system
Endocrine glands
BRAIN STEM
• Rhombencephalon
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem (truncus encephali)
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Mesencephalon
SPINAL CORD VERTEBRAL CANAL
1st CERVICAL NERVE
VERTEBRAE L I – L II
NOT STRAGIHT
45 cm (HIGHT), 35 g (WEIGHT), 1 – 1.5 cm
(THICKNESS)
SPINAL CORD VERTEBRO-MEDULLARY TOPOGRAPHY
INTRA-UTERINE
NEWBORN (L3)
ADULT
MALE (L I/L II)
FEMALE (L II)
CAUDA EQUINA
SPINAL CORD
MENINGES
Pachymeninx
Dura mater
Leptomeninges
Pia mater
Arachnoidea mater
SPINAL CORD
PIA MATER
Delicate membrane
Invests the surface of the spinal cord
Follows the contours of the spinal cord
Denticulate ligaments
SPINAL CORD
ARACHNOIDEA AND SUBARACHNOID SPACE
Between archnoid and pia mater
Connected to 4th ventricle
Trabeculae
SPINAL CORD
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Clear and colourless
Contains protein and electrolytes
Mostly secreted by choroid plexus of ventricles
SPINAL CORD
Dura mater
Thick, dense and fibrous
Cranial dura mater
Spinal dura mater
Epidural space
Subdural space
SPINAL CORD
• Blood supply
• Vertebral artery – Anterior spinal artery
– Posterior spinal arteries
• Spinal branches – Vertebral artery
– Intercostal arteries
– Lumbar arteries
– Lateral sacral arteries
SPINAL CORD
• Blood supply
• Anterior spinal vein
• Posterior spinal vein
• Lateral spinal veins
SPINAL CORD
ANTERIOR MEDIAN FISSURE
POSTERIOR MEDIAN SULCUS
ANTEROLATERAL SULCUS
POSTEROLATERAL SULCUS
POSTERIOR INTERMEDIUS SULCUS
SPINAL CORD DORSAL ROOTLETS
DORSAL ROOT
AFFERENT NERVE FIBERS
DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (SPINAL)
VENTRAL ROOTLETS
VENTRAL ROOT
EFFERENT NERVE FIBERS
SPINAL GREY MATTER
SPINAL NERVE
SPINAL CORD SPINAL SEGMENT
CERVICAL SEGMENTS (C 1 – C8)
THORACIC SEGMENTS (T 1 – T 12)
LUMBAR SEGMENTS (L 1 – L5)
SACRAL SEGMENTS (S1 – S 5)
COCCYGEAL SEGMENTS (Co 1 – Co 3)
SPINAL CORD CONUS MEDULLARIS
FILUM TERMINALE
CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT
C II - TII
LUMBOSACRAL ENLARGEMENT
T IX – L I
SPINAL CORD
GREY MATTER
CENTRAL CORE
H OR BUTTERFLY
ANTERIOR HORNS (MOTOR)
ANTERIOR COLUMNS
SPINAL CORD GREY MATTER
POSTERIOR HORNS (SENSORY)
POSTERIOR COLUMNS
APEX
HEAD (CAPUT)
NECK (CERVIX)
BASE (BASIS)
SPINAL CORD GREY MATTER
LATERAL COLUMNS (HORNS)
THORACIC (T 1 – L 1) – SYMPATHETIC
SACRAL (S 2 – S4) – PARASYMPATHETIC
INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
CENTRAL CANAL
THE SPINAL CORD
ORGANIZATION OF SOME NEURONS
COLUMNS
VENTRAL – MOTOR
DORSAL – SENSORY
INTERMEDIATE (LATERAL) – VISCERAL
MOTOR
SPINAL CORD
POSTERIOR HORN EXTEROCEPTIVE, PROPRIOCEPTIVE,
INTEROCEPTIVE
NUCLEUS (LAMINA) MARGINALIS
SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA NOCICEPTION
NUCLEUS PROPRIUS CAPUT
TEMPERATURE, PAIN, TOUCH
INTERSPINAL COORDINATION
SPINAL CORD
POSTERIOR HORN
NUCLEUS BASILARIS
PROPRIOCEPTION
LATERAL CERVICAL NUCLEUS
C 1 – C 2
THORACIC NUCLEUS (CLARCKE´S)
C 8 – L 3
PROPRIOCEPTION
SPINAL CORD
ANTERIOR HORN
ALFA (α)MOTOR NEURONS
EXTRAFUSAL FIBERS
GAMA (γ) MOTOR NEURONS
INTRAFUSAL FIBERS
MEDIAL TRUNK MUSCLES
LATERAL LIMB MUSCLES
SPINAL CORD
ANTERIOR HORN
POSTEROMEDIAL NUCLEUS
ANTEROMEDIAL NUCLEUS
CENTRAL NUCLEUS
ANTEROLATERAL NUCLEUS
POSTEROLATERAL NUCLEUS
SPINAL CORD
LATERAL HORN
VISCEROMOTOR
INTERMEDIOLATERAL NUCLEUS
C 7 – L 2
SYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC SACRAL NUCLEI
S 2 – S4
VISCEROSENSORY
INTERMEDIOMEDIAL NUCLEUS
SPINAL CORD
REXED´S LAMINAE (ZONES)
10 LAYERS
NEURONAL SIZE
SHAPE
CYTOLOGICAL FEATURES
DENSITY
DORSVENTRAL SEQUENCE
SPINAL CORD
REXED´S LAMINAE
GRAY MATTER NUCLEI
I NUCLEUS MARGINALIS
II AND III SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA
IV AND V NUCLEUS PROPRIUS
VI THORACIC NUCLEUS (CLARKE´S)
VII INTERNEURONS BETWEEN THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR HORNS
VIII POSTEROMEDIAL AND ANTEROMEDIAL NUCLEI
IX CENTRAL, POSTEROLATERAL AND ANTEROLTAERL NUCLEI
X SUBSTANTIA GRISEA INTERMEDIA
SPINAL CORD
White matter
Ascending and descending pathways
Anterior funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Posterior funiculus
Spinal segment
THE ASCENDING PATHWAYS
• PROTOPATHIC AND NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAYS
• SPINOTHALAMIC
• DORSAL HORN
• AXONS DECUSSATE AND ASCEND TO CONTRALATERAL THALAMUS
THE ASCENDING PATHWAYS
• PROTOPATHIC AND NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAYS
• SPINORETICULAR • RETICULAR FORAMTION (BRAIN STEM)
• SPINOTECTAL • SUPERIOR COLLICULI (MESENCEPHALON)
THE ASCENDING PATHWAYS
• PROPRIOCEPTIVE PATHWAYS
• AFFERENTS IN THE PERIPHERY
• CELL BODIES IN SPINAL GANGLIA
• AXON TO CNS THROUGH SPINAL
THE ASCENDING PATHWAYS
• PROPRIOCEPTIVE PATHWAYS • BASILAR NUCLEUS
• THORACIC NUCLEUS
• SPINOCEREBLLAR PATHWAYS (ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR)
• SPINOOLIVARY PATHWAY
• MONOSYNAPTIC MUSCULAR REFLEXES
• POLYSNAPTIC MUSCULAR REFLEXES
• WITH PATHWAYS OF EPICRITIC SENSATION
THE ASCENDING PATHWAYS
• PATHWAYS OF EPICRITIC SENSATION
• AFFERENTS IN THE PERIPHERY
• CELL BODIES IN SPINAL GANGLIA
• FASCICULUS GRACILIS
• FASCICULUS CUNEATUS
• INTERNAL ARCUATE FIBERS
THE ASCENDING PATHWAYS
• PATHWAYS OF EPICRITIC SENSATION
• NUCLEUS GRACILIS
• NUCLEUS CUNEATUS
• THALAMUS
• POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
THE DESCENDING PATHWAYS
• SOMATOMOTOR PATHWAYS
• THE PYRAMIDAL PATHWAY
• FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
• PRECENTRAL GYRUS
• CORTICOSPINAL FIBERS
• CORTICONUCLEAR FIBERS
• CORTICORETICULAR FIBERS
THE DESCENDING PATHWAYS
• THE PYRAMIDAL PATHWAY
• CORTICOSPINAL FIBERS
• PYRAMIDAL DECUSSATION
• LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL PATHWAY
• ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL PATHWAY
• MOTOR NEURONS (SPINAL CORD)
• CONTROL FINE, FRACTIONATED MOVEMENTS
THE DESCENDING PATHWAYS
• THE EXTRAPYRAMIDAL PATHWAYS • RETICULOSPINAL PATHWAY
• VESTIBULOSPINAL PATHWAY
• INTERSTITIOSPINAL PATHWAY
• RUBROSPINAL PATHWAY
• TECTOSPINAL PATHWAY
• REGULATION OF MOTOR ACTIVITY (MUSCLE TONE, COORDINATION, REFLEX RECTION TO VARIABLE SENSORY IMPULSES)
