2
117. Suède, rksidence royale de Haga: la salle A manger (avant restauration). 117. Sweden, Haga Residence : the dining-room before restoration. 118. Suède, résidence royale de Haga : la salle à manger (apris restauration). 118. Sweden, Haga Residence : the dining-room after restoration. - - 119. Suède, palais de Rosendal: le grand salon. 119. Sweden, Rosendal Palace: the main drawing room. 98 THE RESTORATION OF TWO ROYALRESIDENCES IN SWEDEN In an interesting article in the July 1948 number (Vol. I. 1-2) of ~JSBUM, M. G a n Vergnet-Ruiz gave an account of the first attempts to restore exactly appartments of historic importance in an ancient royal residence, the Chiteau de Compiègne : Les premiers essais de restitution exacte des appar- tements historiques d’une ancienne demeure de la Couronne”. As M. Vergnet-Ruiz himself points out, the principles stated in the article had in the main been already laid down in 1945 by M. Pierre Verlet in his preface to the Mobilier RcyaZ Frayais, and they may be unquestionably accepted by all museum experts who are occupied with problems of this End. We are very grateful to the two experts who have drawn up the principles adopted in France in connexion with this special branch of the preserva- cion of ancient monuments. The present notes have been written for the sole purpose of showing what has been done in Sweden in this connexion, and by the application of the same principles. And the accompanying photo- graphs will, I hope, give an idea of some of the visible results. After King Oscar’s death in 1907, his art col- lections were about to be divided up amongst legatees; but Dr. Böttiger, custodian of the Mobi- lier Royal, proposed that the furnishings and works of art in thc little pleasure palace at Rosen- da1 near Stockholm (built 1823-1827 by Karl XIV) should be acquired by the king and be given the character of a freehold fidkicommis. The legatees willingly agreed to this way of ensuring the pre- servation of this unique “Empire milieu”, and in the summer of 1913 thePalace mas opened to the public. A contemporary guide-book gives a detailed account of the restoration work which had been carried out. Böttiger based his ideas regarding this restora- tion on the palace inventory dated 1837, and the whole of the contents-fumiture, textiles and even such things as minor ornaments-were arranged and placed exactly in accordance with that inven- to y. Simultaneously, later furnishings were care- fully weeded out-with the exception however of certain wall and furniture silks, dating from about 1850, in two of the rooms. In three other rooms the original silk had already been removed, and had to be replaced by modern fabrics. Four rooms on the ground floor had been altered so much during the xrxth century that faithfül re- storation was impossible, and so in two of them space was made for the Mobilier from Karl XIV’s bedroom in Stockholm‘s Royal Palace, which had been in storage for a couple of decades. And in the other two rooms, a permanent exhibition was arranged of objects connected with Rosendal Palace and its builder. The restorations accomplished by Böttiger were for that time epoch malring. Of the 19 rooms in the little palace, ten were completely restored, and five others were completely restored but for the textiles. Some of these are however very delap- idated, and it is proposed to store them unless new methods of preservation arise in the meantime and present a better alternative. There is not space here to give a complete de- scription ofthe various interiors, but it may be said that they are the best examples we have of Swedish and French Empire styles, and together they give a most realistic picture of a royal “pleasure-palace” in Sweden during the 1830’s. When dealing with Rosendal Palace, Böttiger was able to base his work in a relatively unbroken tradition, but much greater difficulties arise when the restoration of Gustav III’s Pavilion at Haga- just outside Stockholm- was commenced in 1937. This residence was built by Tempelman during 1782-1792. and it was furnished by LouisMasreliez- who introduced the Arabesque style into Sweden- shortly after he had returned from Rome. But during the xrxth century, the building itself, as well as fixtures and furnishings, had been very much maltreated. However, there were archives containing plenty of information, drawings and accounts, as well as furniture inventories, which had already been utilized by Dr. C. D. Moselius in his treatise on Masreliez. And during the twelve years (1937-1949) occupied by the work of restoration, Moselius, who had for long urged that it should be started, gave invaluable help to both the palace architect and the Mobilier Royal. We cannot here describe the complicated tasks which were at last brought IZO. Suède, rksidence royale de Haga : la chambre du roi avant restauration. IZO. Sweden, Haga Residence : the King’s bedroom before restoration. 121. Suède, résidence royale de Haga: la chambre du. roi après restauration. 121. Sweden, Haga Residence : the King’s bed- ‘room after restoration.

THE RESTORATION OF TWO ROYAL RESIDENCES IN SWEDEN

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Page 1: THE RESTORATION OF TWO ROYAL RESIDENCES IN SWEDEN

117. Suède, rksidence royale de Haga: la salle A manger (avant restauration). 117. Sweden, Haga Residence : the dining-room before restoration.

118. Suède, résidence royale de Haga : la salle à manger (apris restauration). 118. Sweden, Haga Residence : the dining-room after restoration.

- -

119. Suède, palais de Rosendal: le grand salon. 119. Sweden, Rosendal Palace: the main drawing room.

98

THE RESTORATION OF TWO ROYAL RESIDENCES IN SWEDEN

In an interesting article in the July 1948 number (Vol. I. 1-2) of ~ J S B U M , M. Gan Vergnet-Ruiz gave an account of the first attempts to restore exactly appartments of historic importance in an ancient royal residence, the Chiteau de Compiègne : “ Les premiers essais de restitution exacte des appar- tements historiques d’une ancienne demeure de la Couronne”. As M. Vergnet-Ruiz himself points out, the principles stated in the article had in the main been already laid down in 1945 by M. Pierre Verlet in his preface to the Mobilier RcyaZ Frayais, and they may be unquestionably accepted by all museum experts who are occupied with problems of this End. We are very grateful to the two experts who have drawn up the principles adopted in France in connexion with this special branch of the preserva- cion of ancient monuments.

The present notes have been written for the sole purpose of showing what has been done in Sweden in this connexion, and by the application of the same principles. And the accompanying photo- graphs will, I hope, give an idea of some of the visible results.

After King Oscar’s death in 1907, his art col- lections were about to be divided up amongst legatees; but Dr. Böttiger, custodian of the Mobi- lier Royal, proposed that the furnishings and works of art in thc little pleasure palace at Rosen- da1 near Stockholm (built 1823-1827 by Karl XIV) should be acquired by the king and be given the character of a freehold fidkicommis. The legatees willingly agreed to this way of ensuring the pre- servation of this unique “Empire milieu”, and in the summer of 1913 thePalace mas opened to the public. A contemporary guide-book gives a detailed account of the restoration work which had been carried out.

Böttiger based his ideas regarding this restora- tion on the palace inventory dated 1837, and the whole of the contents-fumiture, textiles and even such things as minor ornaments-were arranged and placed exactly in accordance with that inven- to y. Simultaneously, later furnishings were care- fully weeded out-with the exception however of certain wall and furniture silks, dating from about 1850, in two of the rooms. In three other rooms the original silk had already been removed, and had to be replaced by modern fabrics.

Four rooms on the ground floor had been altered so much during the xrxth century that faithfül re- storation was impossible, and so in two of them space was made for the Mobilier from Karl XIV’s bedroom in Stockholm‘s Royal Palace, which had been in storage for a couple of decades. And in the other two rooms, a permanent exhibition was arranged of objects connected with Rosendal Palace and its builder.

The restorations accomplished by Böttiger were for that time epoch malring. Of the 19 rooms in the little palace, ten were completely restored, and five others were completely restored but for the textiles. Some of these are however very delap- idated, and it is proposed to store them unless new methods of preservation arise in the meantime and present a better alternative.

There is not space here to give a complete de- scription ofthe various interiors, but it may be said that they are the best examples we have of Swedish and French Empire styles, and together they give a most realistic picture of a royal “pleasure-palace” in Sweden during the 1830’s.

When dealing with Rosendal Palace, Böttiger

was able to base his work in a relatively unbroken tradition, but much greater difficulties arise when the restoration of Gustav III’s Pavilion at Haga- just outside Stockholm- was commenced in 1937. This residence was built by Tempelman during 1782-1792. and it was furnished by LouisMasreliez- who introduced the Arabesque style into Sweden- shortly after he had returned from Rome. But during the xrxth century, the building itself, as well as fixtures and furnishings, had been very much maltreated.

However, there were archives containing plenty of information, drawings and accounts, as well as furniture inventories, which had already been utilized by Dr. C. D. Moselius in his treatise on Masreliez. And during the twelve years (1937-1949) occupied by the work of restoration, Moselius, who had for long urged that it should be started, gave invaluable help to both the palace architect and the Mobilier Royal. We cannot here describe the complicated tasks which were at last brought

IZO. Suède, rksidence royale de Haga : la chambre du roi avant restauration. IZO. Sweden, Haga Residence : the King’s bedroom before restoration.

121. Suède, résidence royale de Haga: la chambre du. roi après restauration. 121. Sweden, Haga Residence : the King’s bed-

‘room after restoration.

Page 2: THE RESTORATION OF TWO ROYAL RESIDENCES IN SWEDEN

to a successful conclusion, but the pictures will give some idea of the kind and the extent of the changes which had been made in the xrxth century.

Yet, in spite of all the disastrous neglect of that period, the Palace did still contain some few pieces of the original furniture, and others were brought back in Böttiger’s time, during the 1920’s. And in fact, most of the missing items were gradually traced and then restored to their proper places. The 1809 inventory was of particular value for many of the written items- all of the furniture and certain bronzes- had numbers which corresponded with painted numbers on the articles themselves.

The apartments of the household staff on the upper floors, had however been furnished in a much simpler manner, with “utility fumiture”. and much of it could not be traced. But in the royal apartments, only, four items has to be copied in crder to com- plete certain “pairs”, and one more--the sofa in the King’s divan- was reconstructed by the aid of the archives.

Of the original fabrics, all that remained was certain pieces of tricoloured damask which belonged to one of the drawing rooms. The accounts showed that this damask had been replaced during the very first year, obviously because of the King’s prefetence for a more modern silk; but these remaining scraps did at least provide a stylistic starting-point. And after due investigation, new fabrics were ordered from Lyons. The trimmings were made in Paris, copied from contemporary specimens in the collections of the Mobilier Royal.

Arcfi SETTERTVALL Conseri~afeur en chef

did 2lfubìlier royal

A période qui s’écoule entre 1879, l’annCe qui L a marqué le mille huit centième anniversaire de l’ensevelissement de Pompéi, et juin 1948, deux centième anniversaire de son exhumation, a vu se développer et se perfectionner non seulement la technique de fouilles, mais la réalisation, entre les fouilles et les restaurations, d’un juste tquilibre si indispensable à Pompéi, ville ob subsistent avec les structures - et ceci constitue sa valeur exception- nelle - les peintures, les stucs et les mosaïques qui les décorent.

Personne ne pourrait concevoir aujourd’hui les fouilles d’une ville antique sur le modèle de celles qui furent pratiquées à Pompéi et à Herculanum, c’est-à-dire comme le dépouillement et la désinté- gration de l’ensemble organique indivisible qui constitue la maison antique. En outre, puisque Pompéi seule - et Herculanum depuis quelques années - peut recréer pour nous complètement, ou presque, l’atmosphère d‘une maison antique, nous réclamons, nous exigeons mème que soit conservée par le fouilleur, au moment de la découverte, et ultérieurement par I’érudit et Ie visiteur, l’unit6 de vision nécessaire. C’est ainsi qu’au lieu d‘avoir simplement à recueillir des objets, à détacher des murs entiers avec leurs peintures, ainsi que des pavements de mosaïques, puis à les transporter au Musée national de Naples, le fouilleur doit aujour- d’hui résoudre un problème plus grave et plus diffi- cile: il lui faut s’efforcer de conserver sur place la décoration et le mobilier, au moins lorsque cette conservation ne présente pas de danger pour les œuvres d‘art dont il s’agit. C‘est là un problème très grave, parce qu’a notre désir légitime aujourd’hui d‘avoir un aperçu aussi complet que possible du

IZZ. Suède, résidence royale de Haga: le grand salon. IZZ. Sweden, Haga Residence : the main drawing room.

FOUILLES R É C E N T E S A POMPÉI

monde antique s’opposent d‘une part l’action des Cléments eux-memes - lumière, chaleur, humidité - et de l’autre les dégradations que fait subir aux monuments le flot incessant des touristes.

Voilà donc pourquoi le systeme de fouilles actuel- lement pratiqué à Pompéi est à juste titre considéré comme le meilleur, du point de vue de l’organi- sation technique, qui ait été ou qui puisse être utilisé sur le vaste territoire où a fleuri la civilisation greco-romaine. Le fouilleur de Pompéi, contrai- rement à celui qui opère à Herculanum, n’éprouve aucune difficulté sérieuse à déblayer la double couche de cendres et de lapilli projetés par l’érup- tion. Les difficultés réelles commencent lokqu’il s’agit de renforcer les murs, qui sont d’ordinaire très hauts mais assez peu stables, et surtout de protéger les peintures et les stucs, qui, dès l’instant où ils revoient le jour apds quelque dix-neuf siècles, se trouvent exposés à un déssèchement trop rapide et 5. de graves détériorations car ils subissent à nouveau l’action des agents atmosphériques. Et pour conserver sur place, sans risquer de les perdre iirCmédiablement, les peintures, stucs et mosaïques, nous avons aujourd‘hui besoin à Pompéi de maté- riaux et de personnel de qualité plus élevée et, au total, plus coûteux que ceux qui étaient utilisés il y a cinquante ans.

Le travail de restauration va de pair avec les déblaiements. C‘est là la seule méthode qui permette de consolider les parties afi-leurantes des étages supérieurs et de les rattacher au sous-œuvre; de raffermir les murs lézardts et ébranlés; de recueillir avec soin les débris et les stucs, de les reconstituer selon leur dessin primitif en les replaçant sur le mur ou le plafond auquel ils appartenaient; de rCparer

et de remettre en place les toitures abattues; de soutenir les cloisons et de boucher les brèches.

Le visiteur romanesque, qui préférerait un tnur décoloré et envahi par la végétation à un mur peint, protégé par un toit et par un rideau, montre par là qu’il place ses exigences égoïstes au-dessus de l’intérêt de Pompéi, ville dont les peintures ont dû etre codées à la vigilance des musées pour pouvoir échapper au zèle des fanatiques.

Aujourd‘hui, au lieu de se borner à reconstruire les toits dans le cas des bâtiments les plus remar- quables comme la Casa dei Vetti, mise au jour en 1894-1895, il est devenu habituel de restaurer même les pièces et les peintures de valeur secondaire, soit parce que l’intérêt que nous portons aux diffé- rents aspects de la vie antique est devenu plus pro- fond et plus éclairé, soit plutôt que Pompéi ne devrait plus être considérée aujourd‘hui comme une précieuse collection de maisons de riches et d’aris- tocrates, mais au contraire comme une cité antique dont tous les aspects méritent d’Ptre Ctudiés et conservés.

L’intérêt qui s’est attaché depuis quelques dizaines d‘années à l’étude de la vie sociale et économique de Pompéi, à ses corporations d’artisans et de travail- leurs, à ses petits ateliers et à sa production agricole, a fait porter une attention plus grande aux humbles maisons, aux boutiques et aux échoppes qui autrefois étaient dépouillées du mobilier et de l’outillage rustiques sans lesquels on ne saurait comprendre l’utilisation et la destination particulières de certains locaux de caractère commercial et industriel. C’est

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