The Renaissance and LiteratureShakespeare’s Merchant of Venice 1

The Character of ShylockFoster Chamberlin

Humanities 102March 2, 2020

Class Outline

• A Brief Introduction to Shakespeare• Elizabethian England• Shakespeare• The Merchant of Venice

• Early Modern Antisemitism• Historical Development• Antisemitism in Elizabethan England

• The Character of Shylock• Act I• Act III

• Conclusions

New World, New Perspectives

London Rising

Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

The English Reformation

“Bloody” Mary (r. 1553-1558) Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

The Theatre (1576-1598)

The Merchant of Venice (ca. 1596)

SHYLOCK “His means are in supposition: he hath an argosy bound to Tripolis, another to the Indies. I understand, moreover, upon the Rialto [famous bridge in Venice where trades take place], he hath a third at Mexico, a fourth for England, and other ventures he hath squandered abroad. But ships are but boards, sailors but men; there be land rats and water rats, water thieves and land thieves—I mean pirates—and then there is the peril of waters, winds, and rocks.” (p. 29, 17-25)

Early Modern Antisemitism- Historical Development

• The Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-136 CE)• The Jewish Diaspora• Jews as the Other for Christians• Usury and the economic role of

Jews• The Jewish community in Venice

Antisemitism in Elizabethan England

• 1290 Edict of Expulsion• The Marranos• Antisemitic stereotypes• The Jewish stock character• 1589 Christopher Marlowe’s The

Jew of Malta• 1594 the execution of Rodrigo

Lopez• Anti-immigrant riots• What did Shakespeare think?

“There were Jewish fables and Jewish jokes and Jewish nightmares: Jews lured little children into their clutches, murdered them, and took their blood to make bread for Passover. Jews were immensely wealthy—even when they looked like paupers—and covertly pulled the strings of an enormous international network of capital and goods. Jews poisoned wells and were responsible for spreading the bubonic plague. Jews secretly plotted an apocalyptic war against the Christians. Jews had a peculiar stink. Jewish men menstruated.”- Stephen Greenblatt

Antisemitism in Elizabethan England

• 1290 Edict of Expulsion• The Marranos• Antisemitic stereotypes• The Jewish stock character• 1589 Christopher Marlowe’s The

Jew of Malta• 1594 the execution of Rodrigo

Lopez• Anti-immigrant riots• What did Shakespeare think?

Introducing Shylock

“I hate him for he is a ChristianBut more for that in low simplicityHe lends out money gratis and brings downThe rate of usance here with us in Venice.If I can catch him once upon the hip,I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him.He hates our sacred nation, and he rails,Even there where merchants most do congregate,On me, my bargains, and my well-won thrift,Which he calls ‘interest.’” (p. 29-31, 41-52)

“Yes, to smell pork! To eat of the habitation which your prophet the Nazarite conjured the devil into! I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following; but I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you” (p. 29, 33-38)

Elaborating on the Persecution

Signior Antonio, many a time and oftIn the Rialto you have rated meAbout my moneys and my usances.Still have I borne it with a patient shrug(For suff’rance is the badge of all our tribe).You call me misbeliever, cutthroat dog,And spet upon my Jewish gaberdine,And all for use of that which is mine own.Well then, it now appears you need my help.Go to, then. You come to me and you say“Shylock, we would have moneys”—you say so,You, that did void your rheum upon my beard,And foot me as you spurn a stranger curOver your threshold. Moneys is your suit.

What should I say to you? Should I not say“Hath a dog money? It is possibleA cur can lend three thousand ducats?” OrShall I bend low, and in a bondman’s key,With bated breath and whisp’ring humbleness,Say this: “Fair sir, you spet on me on Wednesday last;You spurned me such a day, another timeYou called me ‘dog’; and for these courtesiesI’ll lend you thus much moneys”? (p. 35, 116-39)

Antonio’s Response

I am as like to call thee so again,To spet on thee again, to spurn thee, too.If thou wilt lend this money, lend it notAs to thy friends, for when did friendship takeA breed for barren metal of his friend?But lend it rather to thine enemy,Who, if he break, thou mayst with better faceExact the penalty. (p. 35-37, 140-47)

Antonio

ANTONIO “My purse, my person, my extremest meansLie all unlocked to your occasions.” (p. 17, 145-46)

BASSANIO “My chief careIs to come fairly off from the great debtsWherein my time, something too prodigal,Hath left me gaged. To you, Antonio,I owe the most in money and in love,And from your love I have a warrantyTo unburden all my plots and purposesHow to get clear of all the debts I owe.” (p. 15, 134-41)

The Loss of Jessica

• SHYLOCK “I say my daughter is my flesh and my blood.”• SALARINO “There is more

difference between thy flesh and hers than between jet and ivory, more between your bloods than there is between red wine and Rhenish.” (p. 97, 37-41)

Humanity and Revenge

“To bait fish withal; if it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He [Antonio] hath disgraced me and hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies—and what’s his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge! The villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.” (p. 97-99, 52-72)

Humanity and Revenge

“To bait fish withal; if it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He [Antonio] hath disgraced me and hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies—and what’s his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge! The villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.” (p. 97-99, 52-72)

Bad News

“Why, there, there, there, there! A diamond gone cost me two thousand ducats in Frankfurt! The curse never fell upon our nation till now, I never felt it till now. Two thousand ducats in that, and other precious, precious jewels! I would my daughter were dead at my foot and the jewels in her ear; would she were hearsed at my foot and the ducats in her coffin. No news of them? Why so? And I know not what’s spent in the search! Why, thou loss upon loss! The thief gone with so much, and so much to find the thief, and no satisfaction, no revenge, nor no ill luck stirring but what lights a’ my shoulders, no sighs but a’ my breathing, no tears but a’ my shedding.” (p. 99-101, 83-96)

Conclusions

• New World, new perspectives• Is this an anti-Semitic play?• Is Shakespeare commenting on the issues

of his day?• Multiple perspectives, all of them human• How do you respond to prejudice?• Is Shylock a tragic character?• What does Shakespeare say about human

nature? About the nature of the Other?