The renaissanceThe renaissance

1455-14851455-1485

England was in great turmoil and England was in great turmoil and instabilityinstability

Protestants and Roman Catholic were Protestants and Roman Catholic were against each otheragainst each other

At this time Roman Catholics had more At this time Roman Catholics had more power and a man name King HenryVIII power and a man name King HenryVIII aligned himself with this churchaligned himself with this church

BUT…Henry VIII did have personal BUT…Henry VIII did have personal motives to stray away from this religionmotives to stray away from this religion

The Six Wives of The Six Wives of Henry VIIIHenry VIII

I need a son. I have been married for 20 years and my wife,

Catherine of Aragon is too old to have any more children. Who

will inherit my throne when I die?

I spy an attractive lady – in-waiting called Anne Boleyn. If only I could

marry her instead. Will the Pope give me a

divorce?

The Church is very rich. I need money for my

luxurious court. If only I could get my hands on it.

The new Protestant ideas are spreading

in Germany. Princes there are reforming their churches and

throwing out the Catholic Church.

Some people in England like the new Protestant ideas. They believe that the Bible should be in English not Latin.

The Church takes money out my

country in taxes to help build St

Peter’s in Rome. What do I get in

return?

Who was Henry VIII?Who was Henry VIII?

Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII, was born by , was born by Elizabeth of York June 28, 1491 in June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. .

He took the throne when he was 18 He took the throne when he was 18 and married Catherine of Aragon (his and married Catherine of Aragon (his brother’s wife). brother’s wife).

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Catherine of Aragon was the youngest surviving child of Ferdinand and Isabella, the joint rulers of Spain, and as was common for princesses of the day, her parents almost immediately began looking for a political match for her. When she was three year old, she was betrothed to Arthur, the son of Henry VII of England. Arthur was not even quite two at the time.

When she was almost 16, in 1501, Catherine made the journey to England. It took her three months, and her ships weathered several storms, but she safely made landfall at Plymouth on October 2, 1501. Catherine and Arthur were married on 14 November 1501 in Old St. Paul's Cathedral, London. Catherine was escorted by the groom's younger brother, Henry.

After the wedding and celebrations, the young couple moved to Ludlow Castle on the Welsh border. Less than six months later, Arthur was dead, possibly of the 'sweating sickness'. Although this marriage was short, it was very important in the history of England, as will be apparent.

Catherine was now a widow, and still young enough to be married again. Henry VII still had a son, this one much more robust and healthy than his dead older brother. The English king was interested in keeping Catherine's dowry, so 14 months after her husband's death she was betrothed to the future Henry VIII, who was too young to marry at the time.

By 1505, when Henry was old enough to wed, Henry VII wasn't as keen on a Spanish alliance, and young Henry was forced to repudiate the betrothal. Catherine's future was uncertain for the next four years. When Henry VII died in 1509 one of the new young king's first actions was to marry Catherine. She was finally crowned Queen of England in a joint coronation ceremony with her husband Henry VIII on June 24, 1509.

When they were married, she had a son and named him Henry. Soon after he was born, he died.

Who was Henry VIII? Cont.Who was Henry VIII? Cont.

After Catherine had a string of After Catherine had a string of miscarriages, he decided that he miscarriages, he decided that he wanted a divorce. wanted a divorce.

Catherine had one child, Mary. Henry Catherine had one child, Mary. Henry wanted a male heir to the throne.wanted a male heir to the throne.

Henry had fallen for Catherine’s lady-Henry had fallen for Catherine’s lady-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn. in-waiting, Anne Boleyn.

Thus starts the strings of wives of Thus starts the strings of wives of Henry VIII. Henry VIII.

England’s Political/Religious England’s Political/Religious SceneScene

During this time, Henry was trying During this time, Henry was trying desperately to change England’s desperately to change England’s religious stance. religious stance.

England was affiliated with the England was affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. After Henry Roman Catholic Church. After Henry tried to divorce Catherine of Aragon tried to divorce Catherine of Aragon and the church said no, he decided and the church said no, he decided to form his own church – the Church to form his own church – the Church of England. This is where we get of England. This is where we get protestant churches of today. protestant churches of today.

Catherine of Aragon – Wife Catherine of Aragon – Wife #1#1

Youngest child of Isabella and Ferdinand of Youngest child of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain. Anyone remember them?Spain. Anyone remember them?

At 16, she married Arthur (Henry’s At 16, she married Arthur (Henry’s brother). Six months later, Arthur died. brother). Six months later, Arthur died.

When Henry was 18, they married and she When Henry was 18, they married and she was crowned queen. was crowned queen.

Soon after the marriage, she had a still-Soon after the marriage, she had a still-born daughter. After that, she had a son born daughter. After that, she had a son named Henry that died 52 days after he named Henry that died 52 days after he was born. Catherine had 3 other was born. Catherine had 3 other miscarriages and one other child that lived miscarriages and one other child that lived – Mary. – Mary.

Catherine of Aragon Cont.Catherine of Aragon Cont.

King Henry was upset with no male King Henry was upset with no male heir, but remained a “devoted” heir, but remained a “devoted” husband. husband.

When Catherine reached the age of When Catherine reached the age of 42, Henry began to petition for a 42, Henry began to petition for a divorce from the church. divorce from the church.

Eventually Henry won and she was Eventually Henry won and she was demoted to Princess Dowager instead demoted to Princess Dowager instead of Queen.of Queen.

She died in 1536. She died in 1536.

Anne Boleyn – Wife #2Anne Boleyn – Wife #2

No one knows exactly when she was No one knows exactly when she was born. She spent most of her life born. She spent most of her life attending to the Royal Court in France attending to the Royal Court in France and England. and England.

Anne was not pretty. It was rumored Anne was not pretty. It was rumored that she had a sixth finger and had a that she had a sixth finger and had a large mole or goiter on her neck. large mole or goiter on her neck.

Anne was very pushy when it came to Anne was very pushy when it came to being queen.being queen.

When she and Henry started having When she and Henry started having their “relationship,” she pushed him to their “relationship,” she pushed him to get rid of Catherine of Aragon. get rid of Catherine of Aragon.

Anne Boleyn Cont.Anne Boleyn Cont.

Anne wasn’t popular with the people of Anne wasn’t popular with the people of England either. The King was starting to give England either. The King was starting to give her more precedence than his own sister. her more precedence than his own sister.

She was finally made queen in 1533. She She was finally made queen in 1533. She had her first child in August that year. The had her first child in August that year. The child’s name was Elizabeth.child’s name was Elizabeth.

She knew to secure her place as queen, she She knew to secure her place as queen, she needed to have a boy. After Elizabeth, she needed to have a boy. After Elizabeth, she had several miscarriages. She also knew she had several miscarriages. She also knew she needed to have a boy because her needed to have a boy because her husband’s eyes were starting to wonder.husband’s eyes were starting to wonder.

Anne Boleyn Cont.Anne Boleyn Cont.

Henry needed to way to “get rid” of Henry needed to way to “get rid” of Anne because of his affections to Anne because of his affections to Jane Seymour. Jane Seymour.

Anne was charged with treason, Anne was charged with treason, adultery and plotting to murder the adultery and plotting to murder the King. King.

Anne was executed on May 19, 1536. Anne was executed on May 19, 1536.

Jane Seymour – Wife #3Jane Seymour – Wife #3

Jane was Anne’s lady-in-waiting. Her Jane was Anne’s lady-in-waiting. Her favor grew with the King toward the favor grew with the King toward the end of Anne’s reign.end of Anne’s reign.

Within 24 hours of Anne’s execution, Within 24 hours of Anne’s execution, Henry and Jane were engaged. Henry and Jane were engaged.

Jane had a son, Edward, in 1537. Jane had a son, Edward, in 1537. She died two weeks after he was born.She died two weeks after he was born. She was the only wife to be buried with She was the only wife to be buried with

King Henry. King Henry.

Let’s REVIEW!Let’s REVIEW!

Anne of Cleves – Wife #4Anne of Cleves – Wife #4

After Jane died, Henry remained single After Jane died, Henry remained single for 2 years. His court wanted him to for 2 years. His court wanted him to marry a foreign bride to give him an marry a foreign bride to give him an alliance. alliance.

Henry sought brides who supported Henry sought brides who supported church reformation. He sent one of his church reformation. He sent one of his advisors to seek brides for him. advisors to seek brides for him.

Henry married Anne of Cleves (from Henry married Anne of Cleves (from France) and wanted out of the marriage France) and wanted out of the marriage from the start, saying she was ugly. from the start, saying she was ugly.

Anne of Cleves Cont.Anne of Cleves Cont.

Soon after, Henry fancied Anne’s Soon after, Henry fancied Anne’s lady-in-waiting, Kathryn Howard. He lady-in-waiting, Kathryn Howard. He wanted the marriage annulled wanted the marriage annulled quickly.quickly.

Anne knew not to fight it, considering Anne knew not to fight it, considering what happened to his other wives. what happened to his other wives. Anne accepted the title as “King’s Anne accepted the title as “King’s Sister.” She lived away from the Sister.” She lived away from the court the rest of her time. court the rest of her time.

Kathryn Howard – Wife #5Kathryn Howard – Wife #5

Kathryn was Anne Boleyn’s cousin Kathryn was Anne Boleyn’s cousin (remember her?) She was Anne of Cleves’ (remember her?) She was Anne of Cleves’ lady-in-waiting. She was 19 when she met lady-in-waiting. She was 19 when she met Henry.Henry.

Sixteen days after Henry divorces Anne, Sixteen days after Henry divorces Anne, he wed Kathryn. he wed Kathryn.

Less than year after their marriage, Less than year after their marriage, rumors spread that she was cheating on rumors spread that she was cheating on him.him.

Enough evidence was gathered to convict Enough evidence was gathered to convict her and she was executed in 1542. her and she was executed in 1542.

Katherine Parr – Wife #6Katherine Parr – Wife #6

Katherine and Henry married in 1543. Not Katherine and Henry married in 1543. Not much is known about how they met or their much is known about how they met or their courtship.courtship.

Since Henry was so old, she was more of his Since Henry was so old, she was more of his nurse than anything. nurse than anything.

Katherine was more of a mother figure to Katherine was more of a mother figure to her step-children than any other wife. She her step-children than any other wife. She made sure they had the best education. made sure they had the best education.

Henry died in 1547 and Prince Edward Henry died in 1547 and Prince Edward became King (Edward VI). became King (Edward VI).

Katherine remarried and had a son in 1548, Katherine remarried and had a son in 1548, but died soon after childbirth. but died soon after childbirth.

Henry VIII’s Family TreeHenry VIII’s Family Tree

Catherine of Aragon

Anne Boleyn

Jane Seymour

Anne of Cleves

Kathryn Howard

Katherine Parr

Mary Elizabeth Edward

Catherine of Aragon (annulled), Anne Boleyn (beheaded), Jane Seymour (died days after giving birth, widely believed to be following birth complications), Anne of Cleves (annulled) Catherine Howard (beheaded), Catherine Parr (survived).

The Children of The Children of Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Edward VIEdward VI

When Henry VIII died, Edward When Henry VIII died, Edward became king at 10 years old. became king at 10 years old.

His uncle, Edward Seymour, became His uncle, Edward Seymour, became his Protector. His ulterior motive was his Protector. His ulterior motive was to control England. Many in England to control England. Many in England feared that when Edward died, Mary feared that when Edward died, Mary would take over and return England would take over and return England back to Catholicism. back to Catholicism.

Edward died from tuberculosis in Edward died from tuberculosis in 1553, when he was 16. 1553, when he was 16.

Mary I (aka Bloody Mary)Mary I (aka Bloody Mary)

Mary was crowned queen after the Mary was crowned queen after the death of Edward. death of Edward.

Mary began searching for a suitable Mary began searching for a suitable husband. She married Prince Philip of husband. She married Prince Philip of Spain (her cousin’s son.)Spain (her cousin’s son.)

There were also several plots to kill There were also several plots to kill Mary and put Elizabeth as queen. Mary and put Elizabeth as queen.

Mary I Cont.Mary I Cont.

Mary hung nearly 100 rebels and arrested Mary hung nearly 100 rebels and arrested Elizabeth. She was imprisoned in the Elizabeth. She was imprisoned in the Tower of London. Tower of London.

After she took care of the rebels who After she took care of the rebels who plotted against her life, she decided that plotted against her life, she decided that England should return back to its original England should return back to its original religious state – Roman Catholicism. She religious state – Roman Catholicism. She burned, hung, imprisoned anyone who was burned, hung, imprisoned anyone who was deemed a heretic (a person who practiced deemed a heretic (a person who practiced Protestant faith.) Protestant faith.)

In all about 275 people died. In all about 275 people died.

Mary I Cont.Mary I Cont.

Mary died when she was 58 from a Mary died when she was 58 from a ovarian cyst. Before she died, she ovarian cyst. Before she died, she named Elizabeth as her successor. named Elizabeth as her successor.

Mary had hoped Elizabeth would Mary had hoped Elizabeth would keep England as a Catholic country, keep England as a Catholic country, but many others rallied behind but many others rallied behind Elizabeth to return England to its Elizabeth to return England to its Protestant state.Protestant state.

Elizabeth IElizabeth I

When Elizabeth was crowned queen, she When Elizabeth was crowned queen, she restored England to its Protestant state. restored England to its Protestant state.

She did not marry, even though the She did not marry, even though the country wanted her to. There isn’t one country wanted her to. There isn’t one reason why she didn’t marry and there is reason why she didn’t marry and there is much speculation as to why she didn’t. much speculation as to why she didn’t.

During Elizabeth’s reign, the arts During Elizabeth’s reign, the arts flourished among other things. Some call flourished among other things. Some call her reign a Golden Age. her reign a Golden Age.