The Relativistic Heavy Ion Frontier at the LHC

John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009The Relativistic Heavy Ion Frontier at the LHC

John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009

The Strong Coupling Constant sheavy quark-antiquark coupling at finite T from lattice QCD O.Kaczmarek, hep-lat/0503017 Constituents - Hadrons, dressed quarks, quasi-hadrons, resonances?

Coupling strength variesinvestigates (de-)confinement, hadronization, & intermediate objects. low Q2high Q2John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Behavior of QCD at High TemperatureTC ~ 175 8 MeV eC ~ 0.3 - 1 GeV/fm3John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Phase Diagram of QCD MatterTemperaturenet baryon densityEarly universenucleinucleon gashadron gascolor superconductorquark-gluon plasmaTc ~ 170 MeVr0Critical point ?vacuumCFLNeutron starssee: Alford, Rajagopal, Reddy, Wilczek Phys. Rev. D64 (2001) 074017LHCRHICJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


The Quark-Gluon Plasma Present View from RHIC Large e > ec (T > Tc) system Sufficient for QGP formation NOT hadronsParticle ratios fit by thermal model T = 177 MeV ~ Tc (lattice QCD) Large volume of quarks & gluons (hydrodynamics) NOT just q & g scatteringLarge elliptic & radial flow large pressure gradients Ultra-low shear viscosity nearly-perfect fluid flow Dynamics of quarks and gluons QGP EoS, quark coalescence NOT hadronsFlow develops at quark level & depends upon constituent quark masses Strongly-coupled quarks and gluons NOT Weakly-interacting QGP (as thought) Large parton energy lossJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Simple Expectations Heavy Ions at RHIC LHCRHICLHCJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009RHIC and new Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva:Cover 3 decades of energy (sNN ~ 20 GeV 5.5 TeV)To discover the properties of hot QCD (at T ~ 150 600 MeV)


Geometry of Heavy Ion Collisions at LHCGeneral Orientation Hadron masses ~ 1 GeVHadron sizes ~ fm LHC Heavy Ion Collisions Ecm = 5.5 TeV per nn-pair Total Ecm = 1.54 PeVJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Why Heavy Ions at the LHC?Expect different timescales, shorter interaction times, higher energy (T) !Does system still equilibrate rapidly?Thermal model still applies? T still ~ Tc (lattice QCD)? Does it flow? Elliptic Flow change? v2 still saturated? More or less v2? Is the QGP still strongly- (or weakly-) coupled? Liquid? More like a gas? No longer nearly-perfect fluid flow? Impact on energy loss!! Understand parton energy loss! What are the microscopic processes? mass and flavor dependence? use high pT jets & tag heavy quark jets Understand response of the medium!Strongly interacting quarks and gluons away-side response? use punch-through & associated jet Color screening of the medium!Deconfinement? (compare LQCD), initial T, other effects J/y & Y statesJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


LHC Heavy Ion ProgramLHC Heavy Ion Data-taking Pb + Pb at sNN = 5.5 TeV(1 month per year) LHC Collider Detectors ATLAS CMS ALICEJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


ATLAS Heavy Ion ProgramOverview:

ATLAS has a broad heavy ion physics program- excels at jet and photon measurements

Jets- reconstruct jets in a large kinematical rangeET > 40 GeV and || 10 GeV and ||

CMS Heavy Ion ProgramOverview:

CMS has a broad heavy ion physics program- precision tracking < 2.5- muon identification < 2.5- high-res calorimetry < 5- forward coverage

CMS expects to excel at- photon-tagged jet measurements (FF modifications)- quarkonium measurements

US: University of California at Davis University of Illinois at Chicago University of Iowa University of Kansas Los Alamos National Laboratory University of Maryland MIT University of Minnesota Rice University Vanderbilt UniversityJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


CMS Heavy Ion ProgramJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


ALICE Heavy Ion Experiment

Overview:

Soft Probes ala RHIC Expansion dynamics different from RHIC Soft physics measurements ala RHIC+ extended PID Day 1 physics +

Hard Probes Jet Quenching Jets, g , pi-zeros, leading particles to large pT

Hard Probes Heavy Quarks Displaced vertices (Do K- p+) from TPC/ITS Electrons in Transition Radiation Detector (TRD)

Hard Probes Quarkonia J/y, , (excellent), (2-3 yrs), y ???US Members: Cal. St. U. San Luis Obispo Creighton University University of Houston Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab Oak Ridge National Lab Ohio State University Purdue University University of Tennessee Wayne State University Yale UniversityAffiliated members: Kent State University University of Texas AustinJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


The ALICE ExperimentJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


First LHC Beam in ALICEALICE ready for LHC collisions.First LHC proton beams circulated on September 10th , 2008.450 GeV/c proton + pixel interactionJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC Day 1LHC Heavy Ions expectations based on pQCD predictions & RHIC results a lesson from RHIC guided by theory + versatility + expect the unexpected

Soft Physics (pT 2 GeV/c) with heavy ions at LHC smooth extrapolation from SPS RHIC LHC?John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC Day 2LHC Heavy Ions expectations based on pQCD predictions & RHIC results a lesson from RHIC guided by theory + versatility + expect the unexpected

Soft Physics (pT 2 GeV/c) with heavy ions at LHC smooth extrapolation from SPS RHIC LHC? expansion dynamics different (initial state, flow, HBT, evolution of T, strange/charm/beauty)John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Probing Hot QCD Matter with Hard-Probes parton energy loss: modification of jets and leading particles & jet-correlationsJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009Initial Hard Parton Scattering gluon-gluon gluon-quark quark-quark

Hard ProbesLarge pT partonsHeavy quark anti-quarkInitial Hard Parton Scattering gluon-gluon gluon-quark quark-quark

Hard ProbesLarge pT partonsHeavy quark anti-quark



Significant increase in hard cross sections(pT or mass > 2 GeV/c) at LHC slarge pT /stotal ~ 2% at SPS50% at RHIC98% at LHC real jets, large pT processes abundance of heavy flavors probe early times, calculableHard Probes with LHC Heavy Ions


Hard Probes I Jets and Parton Energy LossJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Parton Energy LossJet Quenching (Parton energy-loss, parton density, medium response)What happens to the radiation?DEgluon > DEquark, m=0 > DEquark, m>0 How does DE depend on type of parton?

Jets, g , p0, leading particles to large pT Modification of fragmentation Medium response to E deposition - dissipation on near- and away-sideLJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Jet-finding - Learning from Tevatron & RHICfhp + p experience (CDF)- most of energy within cone of R = (Dh2 + Df2) < 0.3John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Jet Quenching in CMS at the LHCfhJet spectra up to ET ~ 500 GeV (Pb-Pb, 0.5 nb-1, HLT(triggered)Courtesy: CMSJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Hard Probes II - Heavy Quark ProductionJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Heavy Flavor RAA at RHIC & LHC!RHIC: Large uncertainties - electrons only - ratio of c to b is uncertain - awaits upgraded vertex detectors Wicks & Gyulassy, Last Call for LHC PredictionsHeavy quark electrons at RHICD & B mesons at LHCLHC: measure D and B mesons - Precise measurements of RAA to large pTJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Charm and Beauty E-Loss (e.g. ALICE)Heavy Quarks (mass/color dependence of parton energy-loss)Displaced vertices (Do K- p+) from trackingElectrons from Transition Radiation Detectors, EM Cals.1 nominal year: 107 central Pb-Pb events, 109 pp eventserrors: statistical (bars) and systematic (bands)

Sensitive to color chargeSensitive to mass dep.E-loss calc.: Armesto, Dainese, Salgado, WiedemannJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Example B-jet Physics in ALICEJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009Quark vs gluon E-loss in medium B-jets - pure sample of quark jets


QuarkoniaJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009Heavy Quarks (mass/color dependence of parton energy-loss) Displaced vertices (Do K- p+) from tracking Electrons from Transition Radiation Detectors, EM Cals.

Quarkonia (initial temperature, Debye color screening, recombination) J/y, , (abundant), (fewer), y (more difficult)


John Harris (Yale) Tamura Symposium, U. T. Austin, 20 22 Nov. 2008QuarkoniaHeavy Quarks (mass/color dependence of parton energy-loss) Displaced vertices (Do K- p+) from tracking Electrons from Transition Radiation Detectors, EM Cals.

Quarkonia (initial temperature, Debye color screening, recombination) J/y, , (abundant), (fewer), y (more difficult)John Harris (Yale U.) US LHC Users Meeting, 24 October 2008

John Harris (Yale) Tamura Symposium, U. T. Austin, 20 22 Nov. 2008

Example Quarkonia in CMS at the LHCfhJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009Courtesy: CMS


At LHC: Is the QCD phase diagram feature-less at 1 4 Tc? What happens as we go up in T (e.g. coupling)? Are there new phenomena? Whats the range of theoretical validity (non-pQCD, pQCD, strings)? Measure/understand parton energy loss at the fundamental levelEstablish flavor (gluon and quark mass) dependenceUse jets and/or photons to establish hard-scattered parton energyJet modifications - longitudinal & transverse heating Medium response to jet-heating (near- and away-side) Measure/use open charm and beauty decays (also as jet-tags) cc and bb states (Ti, screening/suppression, enhancement?)Developments in theory (lattice, hydro, parton E-loss, string theory) the next frontier!The Quark-Gluon Plasma at RHIC & LHC Todays PerspectiveJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


The EndJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


ALICE Collaboration~ 1000 Members (63% - CERN States)~ 30 Countries~ 100 Institutes ~ 150 M CHF capital (+ free magnet)John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


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CountryM PhDM all

Italy117212

France62103

Germany5089

Finland79

CERN6990

Denmark611

Slovak Rep.1623

Czech Rep.1121

Norway1523

Poland1623

Sweden55

Greece617

UK710

Hungary312

Netherlands1113

Russia56135

JINR545

Mexico619

Ukraine313

Armenia39

India2742

Croatia26

China831

USA1822

South Africa33

Romania1028

Spain/Cuba613

Japan55

Brazil311

Korea615

SUM-MS401661

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Sum5621058

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Hard Probe Capabilities of ALICE with EMCalEMCal improves detector capabilities:- Fast trigger ~10 -100 enhancement of jets- Improves jet reconstruction (plus TPC)- Good g/p0 discriminationincreases coverage- Good electron/hadron discriminationEMCal extends the physics of ALICE:

104/year in minbias Pb+Pb: inclusive jets: ET ~ 200 GeV dijets: ET ~ 170 GeV p0: pT ~ 75 GeV inclusive g: pT ~ 45 GeV inclusive e: pT ~ 30 GeVThanks Peter JacobsJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Example: High PT Suppression RHIC and LHCfhJohn Harris (Yale) Tamura Symposium, U. T. Austin, 20 22 Nov. 2008Courtesy: B. Wyslouch and CMS


Tagging Jets with Photons for Parton EnergyReconstruct the jet : Particles around leading particle inside acone R = 0.3Search for & identify prompt photon with largest pTSearch for leading particle: fg - f leading ~ 180e.g. Eleading > 0.1 EgJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Measuring the PbPb Fragmentation FunctionJet energy determination:Rc=0.4 pT > 1 GeV/chfMore studies of background are needed & underway! J. Putschke, ECT 2008John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Example of Anticipated Jet MeasurementsReconstructed spectra not corrected for efficiency or energy resolution.Courtesy: ATLASJohn Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


g - Jet Simulations in CMS at the LHCfhSelect away-side jet with Df (g, jet) > 172o, |h|< 2 and ET (jet) > 30 GeV ET (jet) cut reduces false rate to ~ 10% (Otherwise, no use of jet energy) Jet finding efficiency increases sharply from 30 - 100 GeV jet ETQuenched Pb+PbFalse rate fraction (%)Jet-finding efficiencyCourtesy: C. Roland and CMS

ET, > 70GeVET, > 100GeVFragmentation Functions in CMSCourtesy: C. Roland and CMS

A Real Test of Theories in the Future from Heavy Flavors at RHIC & LHC?W. Horowitz, M. Gyulassy, arXiv:0804.4330v1John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


A Test of Theories in the Future from Heavy Flavors at RHIC & LHC?W. Horowitz, M. Gyulassy, arXiv:0804.4330v1John Harris (Yale) Tamura Symposium, U. T. Austin, 20 22 Nov. 2008


B-jet PhysicsQuark vs gluon E-loss in medium B-jets - pure sample of quark jetsWHDG, arXiv:nucl-th/0512076 John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics 2009


Yale Graduate Nuclear Course RHI OverviewHeavy Flavors at the LHC!Srivastava et al, LHC Predictions

Yale Graduate Nuclear Course RHI Overview

Calorimeter Comparisons

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 16 May 2008ALICE Detectors & Acceptance central barrel -0.9 < h < 0.9 Df = 2p tracking, PID (TPC/ITS/ToF) single arm RICH (HMPID) single arm e.m. cal (PHOS) jet calorimeter (proposed EMCal) forward muon arm 2.4 < h < 4 absorber, 3 T-m dipole magnet 10 tracking + 4 trigger chambers multiplicity detectors -5.4 < h < 3 including photon counting in PMD trigger & timing detectors 6 Zero Degree Calorimeters T0: ring of quartz window PMT's V0: ring of scint. Paddles

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 16 May 2008

John Harris (Yale) Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics, South Padre Is. TX 4/8/08ALICE Jet Trigger Yields in an LHC Pb + Pb YearJet yield in 20 GeV binLarge gains due to jet trigger

Large variation in statistical reach for different reference systemsIncludes acceptance, efficiency, dead time, energy resolution

John Harris (Yale) Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics, South Padre Is. TX 4/8/08

*Quarkonia PerformancedNch/dy = 4000 in central Pb-Pb

ParticleCharmonia m+m-Charmonia e+e-Bottonia m+m-Bottonia e+e-Bkg-subtr. mass plotacc. h-4 < h < -2.5|h| < 0.9-4 < h < -2.5|h| < 0.9M res.65 MeV35 MeV90 MeV90 MeVS / (S+B)(1 mo.) J/y 150, y 7J/y 245 30, 12, 8 21, 8Perf.y, yy, y, ,, , no ptJ/y 0-20 GeVJ/y 0-10 GeV 0-8 GeV--

John Harris (Yale) Gordon Research Conference, Nuc. Chem 2008

John Harris (Yale U.) BNL Physics Seminar, 2 September 2008B.HippolyteHot Quarks 2008 - Estes ParkMaterial Budget ALICE Ideal Reconstruction and identification low pT : lowest material budgetCumulative mid-rapidity material budget for ALICE, ATLAS and CMS

ALICEx/X0 (%)ATLASx/X0 (%)CMSx/X0 (%)Beam pipe0.26Beam pipe0.45Beam pipe0.23Pixels (7.6 cm)2.73Pixels (12 cm)4.45Pixels (10.2 cm)7.23ITS (50 cm)7.43SCT (52 cm)14.45TIB (50 cm)22.23TPC (2.6 m)13TRT (1.07 m)32.45TOB (1.1 m)35.23


Charm and Beauty E-Loss : RAA D0 Kp1 year at nominal luminosity(107 central Pb-Pb events, 109 pp events))E-loss calc.: Armesto, Dainese, Salgado, WiedemannJohn Harris (Yale) Tamura Symposium, U. T. Austin, 20 22 Nov. 2008Sensitive to color chargeSensitive to mass


Andreas Morsch, Quark Matter 2008

*g-Jet CorrelationsDominant processes in ppg + q g + q (Compton)q + q g + g (Annihilation) g-jet correlationsEg EjetOpposite directionDirect photons are not perturbed by the medium

Direct g are likely to be produced isolated. Two parameters define g isolation:Cone size RpT threshold, candidate isolated if:No particle in cone with pT > pTthresorpT sum in cone, SpT < SpTthres g IdentificationTime of flightCharged particle vetoShower shape

Andreas Morsch, Quark Matter 2008

Yale Graduate Nuclear Course RHI OverviewHeavy Flavors at the LHC!Srivastava et al, LHC Predictions

Yale Graduate Nuclear Course RHI Overview

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The Relativistic Heavy Ion Frontier at the LHC