The Propaganda Movement and the Katipunan

The Propaganda Movement

Began in 1872; not a radical movement A peaceful campaign for reforms geared towards changing the

political and social order in the country Its objectives:

1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law; 2. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain 3. Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes 4. Filipinization or secularization of Philippine parishes; 5. Individual liberties for the Filipino people, such as freedom of

speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of redress of grievances

Notable propagandists: 1. Jose Rizal 2. Graciano Lopez-Jaena 3. Marcelo H del Pilar 4. Antonio Luna 5. Juan Luna 6. Mariano Ponce 7. Pedro Paterno 8. Pedro Serrano Laktaw 9. Jose Ma Panganiban 10. Jose Alejandrino 11. Isabelo delos Reyes 12. Dominador Gomez

The triumvirate of the Propaganda 1. Jose Rizal 2. Graciano Lopez-Jaena 3. Marcelo H del Pilar

Jose Rizal Film showing

Lopez-Jaena (the Orator) Born on December 18, 1856 in Jaro, Iloilo Studied at the Seminary of Jaro A keen observer, cognizant of the deplorable conditions of

the country and the sad plight of the Filipino people Wrote Fray Botod, depicting an immoral and ignorant, big-

bellied friar named Botod who enriched himself by exploiting the masses

Secretly left Philippines in order to escape persecution Enrolled in medicine at the University of Valencia in Spain Together with other expatriates in Spain, Jaena founded the

La Solidaridad

First editor of LA SOL Died of tuberculosis on January 20, 1896 in Barcelona, Spain

Del Pilar: the Journalist Born in Bulacan, Bulacan on August 30, 1850 Lawyer, journalist, and a political analyst Had pre-college education at the Colegio de San Jose Obtained his law degree at the University of Santo Tomas in

1880 Made campaigns against the misdeeds and excesses of the

Spanish friars and civil officials Founded the Diariong Tagalog Published articles lambasting the Spanish authorities and the

friars and exposed all injustices committed by the colonial government

Went to Europe to escape persecution and joined the Filipino expatriates in their campaign for reforms

Died on July 4, 1896

LA SOL A newsletter (not a newspaper) founded on February 15,

1899 The organ of the Associacion La Solidaridad, founded on

December 31, 1888 Officers: q President: Galiciano Apacible q Vice-Pres: Graciano Lopez-Jaena q Secretary: Manuel Sta. Maria q Treasurer: Mariano Ponce q Accountant: Jose Ma. Panganiban

Jose Rizal unanimously chosen as its honorary president

Aims of LA SOL: 1. To work peacefully for political and social reforms 2. To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines and

for Spain to remedy them 3. To oppose the evil forces of reaction and medievalism 4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress 5. To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino

people to life, democracy, and happiness

Pennames: To prevent the Spaniards from discovering the true identity

of the contributors: Marcelo del Pilar ------------ Plaridel Jose Rizal --------- Laon Laan/ Dimasalang Mariano Ponce --------- Kalipulako or Tigbalang Antonio Luna --------- Taga-ilog Jose Ma Panganiban -------- Jomapa

Review questions: Explain why Rizal, del Pilar et al, are known as

propagandists? Propagandists sought for reforms in the Philippines. What

are some of the reforms that propagandists sought?

Based on the movie RIZAL, was Jose Rizal worth to be called our national hero? Why?

Masonry Masonry played a very crucial role in the Propaganda:

1. The organization of the reform movement; 2. Raising of funds needed in pursuing the reform movement

Lopez Jaena founded lodge Revolucion on Arpil 1, 1889 in Barcelona

Del Pilar founded the lodge La Solidaridad in Madrid Antonio Luna and Pedro Serrano Laktaw founded lodge

Nilad in the Philippines on January 6, 1891

Asociacion Hispano-Filipino Established by Filipino propagandists and their Spanish allies (like

Spanish scholars and European statesmen) on January 12, 1889 Officers:

1. President: Don Miguel Morayta 2. Vice: Gen. Felipe de la Corte 3. Secretary: Dominador Gomez

The work was divided into sections: 1. Political section del Pilar 2. Literary section Mariano Ponce 3. Recreation section Tomas Arejola

Rizal and Del Pilar controversy Rizal was the undisputed leader of the Filipino expatriates in

Europe Recognized leader of the propaganda movement But, he had a strong sense of idealism that Filipinos should

demonstrate a high sense of morality and dignity and be willing to sacrifice for the country

Some of his supporters started to shy away from him

Del Pilar, on the other hand, was a lawyer by profession Was able to buy LA SOL And believed that LA SOL was a private enterprise, which

ran conflict of Rizals belief that LA SOL must be for patriotic cause

To prevent the break-up between the two, a meeting was held on January 1, 1891; attended by 90 patriots

To resolve the conflict, they had to elect a RESPONSABLE Duties of the Responsable:

1. to direct the affairs of the Filipino community 2. To agree on the editorial policy of LA SOL (Del Pilar

disagreed)

La Liga Filipina While in Hong Kong, Rizal planned to establish La Liga in the

Philippines upon his return Drafted the constitution of the league in Hong Kong, with

the assistance of Jose Ma. Basa Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One like All)

Its aims and objectives: 1. The unification of the whole archipelago into a vigorous,

compact body 2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity 3. Defense against all forms of violence and injustice 4. Stimulation of instruction, agriculture, and commerce 5. The undertaking of study and application of reforms

Organizational council:

Supreme

provincial

Popular

Composition: Each council consists of:

1. Chief 2. Fiscal 3. Treasurers 4. Secretary 5. Members

The Supreme council would be composed of the chiefs of the provincial councils

Membership: Applicant should pass certain tests and unanimous

endorsement by the popular council of the town he hailed from

Members should pay a monthly due of ten centavos Duty-bound to give preferential treatment to other members

in all actions Duty-bound to patronize the stores of the members Expected to recruit a member Contribute a piece of work or an observation to the league

Privileges: Financial and moral assistance from the council and the

organization An assurance that fellow members would support him in his

business or profession as long as he did the same to others Full support from the La Liga in case of trouble or injustice Financial assistance in any business undertaken when funds

were available

Rizal founded the La Liga on July 3, 1892 In Calle Ilaya, Tondo In the house of Doroteo Ongjunco Elected Officers:

1. President: Ambrosio Salvador 2. Vice_Pres: Agustin de la Rosa 3. Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo 4. Secretary: Deodato Arellano

Three days after the founding of the league, Rizal was arrested by order of Gov-Gen Despujol

He was deported to Dapitan on July 15, 1892 La Liga was split into two:

1. Rightist wing Cuerpos de Compromisarios 2. Leftist wing Katipunan

Failure of the Propaganda Movement 1. Spain was very much preoccupied with her own internal

problems and did not have time to consider the colonial problems aired by the propagandists through the La Solidaridad

2. The Friars countered all attacks of the reformers through their newspaper in the Philippines entitled La Politica de Espana en Filipinas

3. Petty quarrels among the reformists made them disunited 4. Lack of finances to support the propaganda activities in

Europe led to the failure of the movement

The Katipunan Armed struggle for freedom of the country With a platform to secure independence from Spanish

tyranny by force A struggle not only for reforms but liberation from Spain Founded by Andres Bonifacio, a member of the Katipunan He had seen the futility of the La Liga when Rizal was

arrested and deported to Dapitan

Andres Bonifacio Born on November 30, 1863 to Santiago Bonifacio and

Catalina de Castro Orphaned at early age His made canes and paper fans to meet their needs Made posters for commercial firms as he had fine

penmanship Later employed as a clerk messenger in the British

commercial firm of Fleming and Company His industry and honesty earned him promotion Was authorized to sell rattan and other articles of trade

Andres Bonifacio The father of the Philippine Revolution

Transferred as an agent to Fresell and Company, a German commercial firm

Married at an early age, but did not last long (his wife died of leprosy)

In 1892, he met Gregoria de Jesus of Kalookan (2nd wife) Gregoria joined the womens chapter of the Katipunan

Did not finish high school but smart man and very intelligent Knew Spanish and spoke a little of English Read foreign novels, books about revolution, politics, law and

religion Some lists of books he read:

1. The French Revolution by Robiespiere 2. The Wandering Jew by Eugene Sue 3. Les Miserables Victor Hugo 4. Noli and Fili Rizal 5. The ruins of Palmyras 6. The Holy Bible 7. International law 8. Penal and civil Code 9. Lives of the Presidents of the United States 10. Novels of Alexander Dumas

Realized that people had rights and freedom was a valuable thing to have

Gregoria de Jesus Second wife of Bonifacio when he was 29 18 years old and beautiful from Kalookan A bright student who stopped studying to take of her family Looked after her sisters and their family farm On Sunday morning, she paid the workers Sewed and wove cloth on the loom Helped her mother work around the house Conferred the title: LAKAMBINI ng Katipunan

Founding On the night of July 7, 1892 the same day he heard of

Rizals exile, he met secretly with his friends at a house on Azcarraga Street (now Claro M Recto) in Tondo

Together with Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata, he formed the first triangle of a secret society which bore the initials KKK

Organization

Supreme council/ Kataastaasang Sanggunian

Provincial council/ Sangguniang Bayan

Popular council/ Sangguniang Barangay

Sangguniang Hukuman (judicial council) to settle disputes among members

Officers: 1. President/Supremo: Deodato Arellano 2. Comptroller: Andres Bonifacio 3. Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa 4. Treasurer: Valentin Diaz 5. Secretary: Teodoro Plata

Roman Basa succeeded as supremo in 1893 Bonifacio finally assumed the presidency of the KKK when

he became dissatisfied with Basas performance

Objectives: 1. Political To struggle for independence from Spain by force of arms

2. Moral Centers on the teaching of good morals, honesty, self-worth,

religious fanaticism and weakness of character

3. Civic Revolves on the principle of self-help, self-reliance, and the

defense of the poor and oppressed

Recruitment: Triangle method: After October 1892, all members could recruit as many

members as they could Recruitment tests:

1. New recruit wore a black robe, led blindfolded into a darkly lit room and required to answer questions.

2. Sandugo 3. Signed the Katipunan oath in his own blood 4. The new member chose a symbolic name for himself

Members: At the time it was discovered, the estimated strength was

from 100,000 to 400,000 members Sizeable chapters: Manila, Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan,

Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija Smaller chapters: Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, and

the Bicol region Most members were poor But there were also several wealthy members

Women membership: Limited to the wives, daughters, or close relatives of the

Katiponeros Formed in July 1893 Only about 30 females were known to have joined this secret

society Wore green masks and white sashes with green borders Served as lookouts in the outer sala while the men held their

secret meetings in the backroom

Grades of Membership:

Highest: Bayani

2nd grade: Kawal

1st grade: Katipon

Bayani: Wore a red mask and a sash with green borders during

assemblies Password: Rizal

Kawal: Wore a green hood and traingle consisting of white lines Wore a green ribbon around his neck with a medal with a

letter K inscribed on it Password: GOMBURZA

Katipon: Wore a black hood with a triangle formed by white ribbons

and letters Password: Anak ng Bayan

Emilio Jacinto Son of Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon Was sent to his uncle, Don Jose Dizon Was fluent in Spanish and Tagalog Preferred to speak Spanish Attended San Juan de Letran College Later, University of Santo Tomas to study law Did not finish his college education At 20, joined the Katipunan Became advisor on fiscal matters Secretary to Andres Bonifacio

Wrote for the Kalayaan, Katipunan newspaper Penname: Dimasilaw Alias: Pingkian Author of Kartilya ng Katipunan Did not joined the forces of General Aguinaldo Contacted malaria and died on April 16, 1899 in Majayjay,

Laguna at the age of 23 His remains was later transferred to the Manila North

Cemetery

Discovery of the Katipunan: Teodoro Patino, a worker at the Diario de Manila printing press,

revealed the existence of the society to his sister, Honoria Honoria relayed the information to Sor Teresa de Jesus, the

Mother superior of the orphanage in Mandaluyong Sor Teresa sought advice of Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest

of Tondo The Spanish Civil Guards raided the premises of Diario de

Manila on August 18, 1896 Arrested De la Cruz, who was found in possessions of a dagger

used in Katipunan initiation rites and a list of members As a consequence, the printing press was closed and hundreds of

suspected members were arrested

Patinos alleged betrayal has become the standard version of how the revolution broke out in 1896.

However, in the 1920s, the PNL commissioned a group of former Katipuneros to validate the truth of the said version

Jose Turiano Santiago, Bonifacios close friend who was expelled in 1895,denied the story

He claimed that Bonifacio himself ordered Patino to reveal the societys existence to speed up the revolution and preempt any objection from the Katipuneros