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The position and experiences of migrant workers in the UK. The challenges for the South West. Dr Sonia McKay. Definitions Background to recent migration Routes of access to employment Employment rights. Motivations, aspirations and ambitions EEDA research HSE research. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The position and experiences of migrant workers in the UK
The challenges for the South West
Dr Sonia McKay
Issues to be covered Definitions Background to
recent migration Routes of access to
employment Employment rights
Motivations, aspirations and ambitions
EEDA research HSE research
Definitions “migrant workers” those who have come to the UK
within the last five years specifically to find or take up work, whether intending to remain permanently or temporarily and whether documented or undocumented’
Sectors: construction; agriculture; food processing; health care; hotels and catering
Countries of origin: Eastern Europe; Portugal; South East Asia; Southern Africa
Schemes and permits
Background to recent migration
Traditional reliance on seasonal labour Changes in methods of production Lack of locally available labour Skills’ shortages World upheaval
ROUTES OF ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT
Personal contacts word of mouth Recruited abroad Agencies and gangmasters individual searches for work
Migrant workers and employment rights
Is there adequate protection? Are migrant workers in a
special position? Are there issues applicable to
all workers?
Identifying the employer Gangmasters and agencies The Employment Agencies
Act 1973 The Gangmasters’ Licensing
Act 2004 –criminal penalties Unauthorised workers and
illegality
Key employment rights Discrimination at work:
should there be a specific right for migrant workers?
Written terms and conditions: problems of lack of information
Pay rights: deductions; pay under the NMW
Working time and health and safety: risks – long hours
Dismissals: service qualification; impact of new procedures
Trade union rights: vulnerable workers
Research questions New workers:
Migrants and refugees
What are the distinctions between ‘voluntary’ and ‘involuntary’ migration
Documented or not; short-term or long-term
Intentions change and evolve
Had they ‘chosen’ to come?
How did they see the future at the time?
Had they anticipated hurdles?
How did they assess their situation?
MOTIVATIONS, ASPIRATIONS AND AMBITIONS
Motivations – financial; unemployment; adventure; family; language; historic links; experience of racism or oppression
Aspirations – most aspire to stay for relatively short period; those with families more likely to settle;
Ambitions – to return to own profession; self-employment
Motivations Motivations Exercising choice?
Desired destination Disappointments and
frustrations
Why migrate? Economic reasons Family and historic
ties Language –
acquisition or in common
Gender New experiences
Research findings East of EnglandThe EEDA research
The region: sectors covered; nature of industries and demands;
Migrant workers’ under-utilised skills Conditions at work : agencies; wages; hours; shifts General issues: accommodation; banking; childcare
Size of the migrant labour force: EMPLOYER SURVEY
of those responding 42.2% employed migrant workers out of total workforce of around 10,000, around 2,000 were migrant workers, one in five employees one third of these employers had additional seasonal migrant workersOverall assessment – 50,000 to 80,000 migrants.
AGE, GENDER AND SKILLS
Women as likely as men to be working as migrants, although found in different occupations with similar patterns of job segregation as in UK generally many had skills in short supply within the region Sample showed wide age range, but most clustered around 25 – 49 age group many also had high levels of education
The HSE supported research
Morecambe bay and other incidents Need for research focusing on experiences of
migrants themselves - face to face interviews with 200 migrant workers
Interviews with more than 60 employers Five regions in England and Wales Surveys of employers and unions Report available February/March 2006 Good practice guidelines
Initial findings Wide range of nationalities Mostly in low paid jobs, in specific sectors Disproportionately located in London, but new areas of migration Greater likelihood that they will not be represented by trade unions,
impacts on their negotiating abilities key issues unequal pay unfair deductions from pay, long hours, poor
terms and conditions of work, harassment, job security and immigration status/ work permit issues
English Language difficulties make the understanding of health and safety procedures difficult. Managing health and safety risks is particularly complex when workers have communication difficulties
Vulnerable to health and safety risks