The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Dimitri MendeleevDimitri Mendeleev

I. PeriodsI. Periods

The rows ( ) on the periodic table The rows ( ) on the periodic table are called PERIODS.are called PERIODS.A. There are 7 periods, just as there A. There are 7 periods, just as there are 7 energy levels.are 7 energy levels.B. Each period has a similar eB. Each period has a similar e-- configuration. configuration.

**11stst period: outer e period: outer e- - occupies the 1 s occupies the 1 s orbitalorbital

*2*2ndnd period: 2s and 2p orbitals period: 2s and 2p orbitals*3*3rdrd period: 3s and 3p orbitals period: 3s and 3p orbitals

II. Groups or FamiliesII. Groups or Families

The columns ( ) are called The columns ( ) are called GROUPS or FAMILIES. They usually GROUPS or FAMILIES. They usually have similar properties. have similar properties.

There are 18 groups or families. There are 18 groups or families.

III. Classification of III. Classification of ElementsElements

A.A. METALSMETALS Found to the left of the staircaseFound to the left of the staircase Have luster (shiny)Have luster (shiny) Excellent conductors of electricityExcellent conductors of electricity Ductile (can be rolled into wiresDuctile (can be rolled into wires Malleable (can be flattened into sheets)Malleable (can be flattened into sheets) React with water and oxygen in the air React with water and oxygen in the air

and will rust or corrodeand will rust or corrode LOSE valence electronsLOSE valence electrons

B.B. NONMETALSNONMETALS– Have no lusterHave no luster– Are not ductileAre not ductile– Are not malleableAre not malleable– Do not react with water and oxygen to Do not react with water and oxygen to

rust or corroderust or corrode– Poor/no conductivityPoor/no conductivity– GAIN GAIN electronselectrons

C.C. METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS– Have characteristics of both metals Have characteristics of both metals

and nonmetalsand nonmetals– Semi-conductors = o.k. at conducting Semi-conductors = o.k. at conducting

electricityelectricity

The elements that are classified as The elements that are classified as metalloids are: metalloids are:

B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, AtB, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At

***All elements touching the ***All elements touching the staircase, EXCEPT FOR aluminum, staircase, EXCEPT FOR aluminum, are metalloids.are metalloids.

IV.IV. Main Group or Main Group or Representative Elements Representative Elements

(s- and p-blocks)(s- and p-blocks) Groups 1A, 2A, 3A – 8A (13-18)Groups 1A, 2A, 3A – 8A (13-18) A. All elements in each group or A. All elements in each group or

family have the same number of family have the same number of outer (valence) electrons. Ex: Group outer (valence) electrons. Ex: Group 3A> all elements in that family have 3A> all elements in that family have the same # of valence electrons, 3.the same # of valence electrons, 3.

B. There are 8 groups in the B. There are 8 groups in the “Representative Elements”. (We will “Representative Elements”. (We will list them below.)list them below.)

1. Alkali Metals (Group 1A)1. Alkali Metals (Group 1A)

Li (lithium)Li (lithium) Na (sodium)Na (sodium) K (potassium)K (potassium) Rb (rubidium)Rb (rubidium) Cs (cesium) Cs (cesium) Fr (francium)Fr (francium)

High reactivity—they are the MOST High reactivity—they are the MOST reactive metalsreactive metals

Explosive in waterExplosive in water Very soft metalsVery soft metals React with oxygen in the airReact with oxygen in the air Have 1 valence electronHave 1 valence electron Lose 1 electronLose 1 electron to become stable to become stable

and then have a and then have a +1 charge+1 charge Excellent conductors of electricity Excellent conductors of electricity

2.2. Alkaline-Earth MetalsAlkaline-Earth Metals(Group 2A)(Group 2A)

Be (beryllium)Be (beryllium) Mg (magnesium)Mg (magnesium) Ca (calcium)Ca (calcium) Sr (strontium)Sr (strontium) Ba (barium)Ba (barium) Ra (radium) Ra (radium)

Reactive, but not as reactive as the Reactive, but not as reactive as the Gr. 1AGr. 1A

Harder and stronger than Gr. 1AHarder and stronger than Gr. 1A Have 2 valence electronsHave 2 valence electrons Lose 2 electronsLose 2 electrons and then have a and then have a +2 charge+2 charge

3.3. The Boron FamilyThe Boron Family(Group 3A)(Group 3A)

B (boron – a metalloid)B (boron – a metalloid) Al (aluminum) The rest are Al (aluminum) The rest are

metals.metals. Ga (gallium)Ga (gallium) In (indium)In (indium) Tl (thallium)Tl (thallium)

The METALS of this group (all of them The METALS of this group (all of them except for except for boronboron))

Have 3 valence electronsHave 3 valence electrons Usually lose 3 electronsUsually lose 3 electrons +3 charge+3 charge

4.4. The Carbon FamilyThe Carbon Family(Group 4A)(Group 4A)

C (carbon – nonmetal)C (carbon – nonmetal) Si (silicon – metalloid)Si (silicon – metalloid) Ge (germanium – metalloid)Ge (germanium – metalloid) Sn (tin – metal)Sn (tin – metal) Pb (lead – metal)Pb (lead – metal)

Have 4 valence electronsHave 4 valence electrons Carbon, silicon, and germanium Carbon, silicon, and germanium

shareshare electrons – do electrons – do notnot gain or lose gain or lose electronselectrons

Tin and lead Tin and lead lose lose 2 or 4 electrons for 2 or 4 electrons for a +2 or +4 charge.a +2 or +4 charge.

5.5. The Nitrogen FamilyThe Nitrogen Family(Group 5A)(Group 5A)

N (nitrogen – nonmetal)N (nitrogen – nonmetal) P (phosphorus – nonmetal)P (phosphorus – nonmetal) As (arsenic – metalloid)As (arsenic – metalloid) Sb (antimony – metalloid)Sb (antimony – metalloid) Bi (bismuth – metal)Bi (bismuth – metal)

Have 5 valence electronsHave 5 valence electrons GAIN GAIN 3 electrons and have a 3 electrons and have a -3 charge-3 charge

6.6. The Oxygen FamilyThe Oxygen Family(Group 6A)(Group 6A)

O (oxygen – nonmetal)O (oxygen – nonmetal) S (sulfur – nonmetal)S (sulfur – nonmetal) Se (selenium – nonmetal)Se (selenium – nonmetal) Te (tellurium – metalloid)Te (tellurium – metalloid) Po (polonium – metalloid)Po (polonium – metalloid)

Have 6 valence electronsHave 6 valence electrons GAIN GAIN 2 electrons to have a 2 electrons to have a -2 charge-2 charge Also called the Also called the chalcogenschalcogens

7.7. HalogensHalogens(Group 7A)(Group 7A)

F (fluorine -- nonmetal)F (fluorine -- nonmetal) Cl (chlorine -- nonmetal)Cl (chlorine -- nonmetal) Br (bromine -- nonmetal)Br (bromine -- nonmetal) I (iodine -- nonmetal)I (iodine -- nonmetal) At (astatine – metalloid)At (astatine – metalloid)

Highly reactive -- they are the most Highly reactive -- they are the most reactive nonmetals.reactive nonmetals.

Usually combine with most metals to Usually combine with most metals to form salts (“Halogen” is Greek for form salts (“Halogen” is Greek for ‘salt former’.)‘salt former’.)

Have 7 valence electronsHave 7 valence electrons GAIN GAIN 1 electron to have a 1 electron to have a -1 charge-1 charge

8.8. Noble GasesNoble Gases(Group 8A)(Group 8A)

He (helium)He (helium) Ne (neon)Ne (neon) Ar (argon) All are nonmetals,Ar (argon) All are nonmetals, Kr (krypton) gases.Kr (krypton) gases. Xe (xenon)Xe (xenon) Rn (radon)Rn (radon)

Have 8 valence electronsHave 8 valence electrons Do NOT react with other elements Do NOT react with other elements

because they do not need any more because they do not need any more electrons to be stableelectrons to be stable

Have a “0” chargeHave a “0” charge

C. Transition MetalsC. Transition Metals

Found between Gr. 2A and Gr. 3A Found between Gr. 2A and Gr. 3A (“D” block)(“D” block)

Valence electrons varyValence electrons vary They all They all LOSELOSE electrons electrons Some common transition metals areSome common transition metals are

copper, silver, gold, zinc, copper, silver, gold, zinc,

D. Rare Earth Metals or Inner D. Rare Earth Metals or Inner Transition Metals Transition Metals

1. 1. Lanthanoid Series: Lanthanoid Series: (also called the (also called the Lanthanide series) -- atomic #58 – 71Lanthanide series) -- atomic #58 – 71

They are shiny, reactive metals that are They are shiny, reactive metals that are often used to make alloys.often used to make alloys.

2. 2. Actanoid Series: Actanoid Series: (also called the (also called the Actinide series) -- atomic #90 – 103Actinide series) -- atomic #90 – 103

Have unstable arrangements or protons and Have unstable arrangements or protons and neutronsneutrons

All are All are radioactive radioactive and most are man-and most are man-mademade

E. HydrogenE. Hydrogen

Most common isotope has 1 proton Most common isotope has 1 proton and no neutronsand no neutrons

Most common element in the Most common element in the universeuniverse

Behaves like no other element Behaves like no other element Has 1 valence electronHas 1 valence electron Loses the electron to have a Loses the electron to have a +1 charge+1 charge