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42 CHAPTER 3 MULTIUSER DETECTION 3.1 INTRODUCTION The Multiuser Detector (MUD) operates directly on the received signal, sampled once or several times during each chip period. Such a receiver is relatively insensitive to errors in the estimate of the propagation delay and other system parameters. Another advantage is that, it can be implemented in such a way that only signals that are of interest need to be detected. Instead of tuning the receiver directly from the received signal, a linear filter model of the DS CDMA system is also derived. This multivariable model has the symbols transmitted by all users as input and the received chip sampled signal as output. This model is then used as a basis for the detector design. Both synchronization errors and multi-path propagation is incorporated in this model and unknown parameters can be estimated with relative ease. The filter model will be time invariant or slowly time varying in a system with short codes. When long codes are used, the filter model will change abruptly from symbol to symbol, when the multipath channel is time invariant. Multiuser detection deals with the development and application of joint demodulation and interference cancellation techniques for improved detection of a desired set of digital signals.

The Multiuser Detector (MUD) operates directly onshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15648/8/08_chapter3.pdf · the multipath channel is time invariant. Multiuser detection

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42

CHAPTER 3

MULTIUSER DETECTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The Multiuser Detector (MUD) operates directly on the received

signal, sampled once or several times during each chip period. Such a

receiver is relatively insensitive to errors in the estimate of the propagation

delay and other system parameters. Another advantage is that, it can be

implemented in such a way that only signals that are of interest need to be

detected.

Instead of tuning the receiver directly from the received signal, a

linear filter model of the DS CDMA system is also derived. This

multivariable model has the symbols transmitted by all users as input and

the received chip sampled signal as output. This model is then used as a

basis for the detector design. Both synchronization errors and multi-path

propagation is incorporated in this model and unknown parameters can be

estimated with relative ease. The filter model will be time invariant or

slowly time varying in a system with short codes. When long codes are

used, the filter model will change abruptly from symbol to symbol, when

the multipath channel is time invariant. Multiuser detection deals with the

development and application of joint demodulation and interference

cancellation techniques for improved detection of a desired set of digital

signals.

43

A differential matched filter which is used the differential

information in the FIR filter coefficients mitigates the complexity. This

complexity reduction is important for the multistage detector. The SNR is

still maximized but the detector is not Maximum Likelihood (ML) due to

the presence of Multiple Access Interference (MAI). The effectiveness of

the conventional receiver is limited because it disregards the structure of

MAI and is susceptible to disparities in the received powers of the different

user’s signals. MUD jointly detecting the signal from different users has

been under intense research as a potential method to improve the system

performance of CDMA systems during the last ten years.

The DS/CDMA receivers are divided into Single user and

Multiuser detectors. A single user receiver detects the data of one user at a

time whereas a multiuser receiver jointly detects several users information.

Single user and multiuser receivers are also sometimes called as

decentralized and centralized receivers respectively. In DS-CDMA systems

all users concurrently share the same bandwidth. The users are

distinguished by assigning to each user a unique code or signature

sequence, whose bandwidth is much larger than that of the transmitted

information. This code sequence is used to modulate the data stream.

3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In the linear multiuser detector for synchronous CDMA systems,

the received signal is demodulated using an orthogonal multiuser receiver

that is matched to a set of orthogonal vectors that are closest in a least

squares sense to the signature vectors. This approach is equivalent to

optimally whitening the noise component in the output of the decorrelator

prior to detection reported by Eldar and Oppenheim (2002).

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In an asynchronous CDMA environment, receiver has

knowledge of the signature waveforms of all the users with white Gaussian

noise. The received energies of the users are unknown to the receiver and

whose BER is independent of the energy of the interfering users discussed

by Lupas and Verdu (1990). A new real time, digital adaptive multiuser

receiver structure over white Gaussian noise was designed. This receiver

efficiently implements the decorrelating detector and adapted to incorporate

decision feedback detector to further improvement in their detector

performance (Dao Sheng Chen Roy 1994).

The adaptive receiver has no knowledge of the signature

waveforms and timing of other users. The receiver is trained by a known

training sequence prior to data transmission and continuously adjusted by

an adaptive algorithm during data transmission. The linear receiver is a

standard single user detector receiver consisting of a matched filter with

constant coefficients discussed by Rapajic and Vucetic (1994). Several

multiuser detectors such as decorrelator, the two stage detector and the

decision feedback detector for the Raleigh flat fading synchronous CDMA

channel was compared. In the presence of channel mismatch, the

decorrelator offers better performance than more complex decision

feedback and two stage detectors performed by Duel-Hallen et al (1995).

The performance analysis of the minimum mean square error

linear multiuser detector is considered in an environment of nonorthogonal

signaling and additive white Gaussian noise. The probability of error of this

detector is better than the decorrelating linear detector for all values of

normalized cross correlations dealt by Poor and Verdu (1997). Adaptive

receivers depend on number of users, their received powers, spreading

45

codes and time delays. Two adaptive receiver architectures such as the

sampled received signals are filtered and another in which the spreading

codes of users is filtered considered by Teng joon lim and Sumit roy

(1998).

The adaptive Multiuser Detector which converges to the

minimum mean square error detector without training sequences and which

requires less information discussed by Howard C. Huang and Verdu (1998).

The signal detection based on additive colored non Gaussian noise, and

attention is focused on one-shot structures where detection of each symbol

is based only on the received process during its corresponding interval by

Poor and Verdu (1998). Lupas and Verdu (1989) proposed the performance

achieved by linear Multiuser Detectors whose linear memory

transformation is a generalized inverse of the matrix of signature waveform

cross correlations.

The multiuser receiver is quite effective in increasing capacity of

users with higher data rate and lower target bit error rate for multirate

CDMA system described by Guo and Aazhang (1999). The front-end

Recursive Least Square-minimum mean square error filters can be

implemented using systolic arrays to exploit massively parallel signal

processing computation, and to achieve energy efficiency by Xiaodong

wang and Poor (1998).

Moshavi (1996) discussed with multiuser detection, where

information about multiple users is used to improve detection of each

individual user. The optimum receiver to detect the bits of multiple CDMA

users has an exponential complexity in the number of active users using

nonlinear programming relaxations define by Yener et al (2002).

46

Komninakis et al (2002) dealt with algorithm offers good

tracking behavior for multiuser fading ISI channels at higher complexity

than conventional adaptive algorithms. Fuxjaeger and Iitis (2004) proposed

the receiver consisting of a parallel bank of extended Kalman filters extracts

estimates of the timing, and the multipath coefficients. The cross coupled

decision feedback detector is suggested to reduce both inter symbol

interference and multiple access interference for an asynchronous

multicarrier CDMA scheme suggested by Liu et al (2004).

The partial cancellation technique and minimum mean square

error multiuser detection techniques are used for interference cancellation

and the performance of this receiver is evaluated in Rayleigh multipath

fading channel by Kumpoopong et al (2005). Mitsuhiro Tomita

et al (2005) concentrated on sequential detection technique for a multiuser

receiver that is constructed over a CDMA system. In this system, the

transmitter transmits a symbol made by spreading the spectrum with an

enveloped sequence protected by guard sequences, and a receiver

demodulates the core sequence part of the received symbol with either a

decorrelating detector.

The adaptive multiuser detector has two major disadvantages.

First, it cannot be applied in systems with long codes. Second, in some

cases the rate of convergence may be too slow. However, these two issues

are used in tuning procedure.

The other group of detectors is based upon Interference

Cancellation (IC). The idea is to cancel the interference generated by users

other than the desired user. The lower computation demand and hardware

related structures are the major advantages of this strategy. This category

includes Serial Interference Cancellation (SIC) and Parallel Interference

47

Cancellation (PIC). One of the most effective PICs comes from the iterative

multistage method. The inputs of one particular stage are the estimated bits

of the previous stage. After interference cancellation, the new estimations,

which should be closer to the transmitted bits, come out to be fed into the

next stage.

Therefore in last several stages, the multistage detector will

almost compute from the same input to generate the same output. This is a

substantial waste of the computation power and it increases the system

delay.

To overcome these limitations, a modified linear multiuser

receiver has been proposed for synchronous CDMA systems, referred to as

the Orthogonal Multiuser (OMU) receiver. Unlike the linear minimum

mean squared error receiver, the OMU receiver depends only on the

signature vectors and does not require knowledge of the received

amplitudes or the channel SNR. Here an optimal set of vectors with a

specified inner product structure is constructed, from a given set of vectors

in a complex Hilbert space. The optimal vectors are chosen to minimize the

sum of the squared norms of the errors between the constructed vectors and

the given vectors.

An algorithm has been developed using the principles of

quantum parameters and some of its axioms and constraints. In place of the

classical Matched Filter (MF) receiver, proposed receiver improves the

accuracy which necessarily results in improved performance. The

simulation results suggest that in certain cases, the OMU receivers can

significantly increase the probability of correct detection with low error rate

over the MF receiver. The OMU receiver achieves lower probability of

48

error compared with other receivers such as decorrelating receiver,

minimum mean squared error receiver, Kalman receiver for SNR values

ranging from 0 dB to 10 dB.

3.3 ORTHOGONALITY AND ORTHONORMALITY

The continuous speech signal can be constructed as a set of

orthonormal and orthogonal vector {hk, 1≤ k≤ N} from a given set of

vectors {Sk, 1 ≤ k≤ N} such that the inner products between vectors in the

set have some specified structure. Specifically, the constructed vectors are

closest in a least squares sense and minimize the sum of the squared norms

of the error vectors between the constructed vectors and the given vectors.

The development considers both the case in which the given

vectors are linearly independent and linearly dependent. The closest

orthonormal vectors refer to as the Orthonormal Least Squares Vectors

(OLSV). Next generalize these results to allow for unequal weighting of the

squared norms of the error vectors referred to as the Weighted Orthonormal

Least Squares Vectors (WOLSV). The problem of constructing orthogonal

vectors that are not constrained to have equal norm and the given vectors

closest in a least squares sense are referred to as the orthogonal least

squares vectors.

3.3.1 Least Square Orthonormalization

The set of orthonormal vectors { hk, 1 ≤ k ≤ N } with set

transformation H, that minimize E = ||S –H||2F subject to <hm, hK> = δmk, or

H*H = I. Thus H is constrained to be a partial isometry. The least squares

orthonormalization problem reduces to find the partial isometry H that

49

minimizes E = ||S –H||2F. The optimal H denoted as H׀ is well known and it

is partial isometry in the polar decomposition of S.

Let S have a Singular Value Decomposition defined as S =

UΣV*, where U is an n × N partial isometry, Σ is an N × N diagonal matrix

and V is an N × N unitary matrix. Then H׀ = UΣV*. A partial isometry is a

transformation T that satisfies T*T = I. If the vectors Sk are linearly

independent, then the results obtained from H׀ = S(S*S)-1/2. The OLSV can

also be obtained as the solution to an orthogonal problem.

3.3.2 Least Square Orthogonalization

Consider the problem of constructing an optimal orthogonal

vector {hk, 1≤ k≤ N} from the given vectors {sk, 1≤ k≤ N} and the vectors

are constrained to have some specified norm. Next constructing a set of

orthogonal vectors {hk, 1≤ k≤ N} that minimize E = ||S –H||2F. F subject to

the constraint <hm, hk > = ck2 δmk, where the scalars ck ≤ 0 are specified. The

assumption without loss of generality that ck > 0 for 1 ≤ k ≤ P and the error

E can be written as E = N≤ k ≤1, < hk - hk, Sk – hk > =N≤ k. If the vectors Sk

are linearly independent and ck > 0 for all k, then the results are obtained as

H׀ = S*C (CS*SC)-1/2.

3.4 GENERAL LINEAR RECEIVER

New classes of receivers consisting of a bank of correlators with

correlating signals matched to a set of signals with a specified inner product

structure R and are closest in an LS sense to the transmitted signals shown

in Figure 3.1. These receivers depend only on the transmitted signals, so

that they do not require knowledge of the noise distribution refer to as MF

50

X1

X2

Xm

b1

b2

bm

r

receivers. In the special case in which R=I(identity), the receiver consists of

a bank of correlators with orthogonal correlating signals that are closest in

an LS sense to the transmitted signals referred to as the Orthogonal

Matched Filter (OMF) receiver.

Figure 3.1 General Linear Receiver

Multiuser receivers include the optimal multiuser receiver, the

linear minimum mean squared error receiver, the decorrelator, and the

Matched Filter (MF) receiver for CDMA signals. Both the optimal receiver

and the linear minimum mean square error receiver require knowledge of

the channel parameters, namely, the noise level and the received amplitudes

of the user’s signals.

The MF and the decorrelator receivers are linear receivers that only

require knowledge of the signature vectors. The MF optimally compensates

for the white noise, but does not exploit the structure of the MAI. The

decorrelator optimally rejects the MAI for linearly independent signature

vectors, but does not consider the white noise.

q1

:

q2

qm

51

X1

X2

Xm

b1

b2

bm

r

a1

a2

am

3.4.1 Decorrelator Receiver

The receiver shown in Figure 3.2 consists of a decorrelator

demodulator followed by an optimal minimum mean square error whitening

transformation on a space formed by the signature vectors. This whitening

transformation is designed to optimally decorrelate the outputs of the

decorrelator prior to detection. Specifically, it minimizes the Mean Square

Error (MSE) between the vector output of the decorrelator and the output of

the whitening transformation, so that distortion to the output vector is

minimized under the whitening constraint.

Figure 3.2 Decorrelator Receiver

The demodulator consists of a bank of correlators with

correlating vectors that are projections of a set of orthogonal vectors, and

are closest in a least squares sense to the decorrelator vectors and also

closest in a least squares sense to the signature vectors.

v1

:

v2

vm

Whitening W

52

3.4.2 Minimum Mean Square Error Receiver

Here the receiver consists of an MF demodulator followed by an

optimal minimum mean square error whitening transformation on a space

formed by the signature vectors, which minimizes the MSE between the

vector output of the MF and the output of the whitening transformation.

3.4.3 Orthogonal Multiuser Receiver

The whitening approach proposed in this chapter is different

from previous whitening approaches to multiuser detection. In the

decorrelating decision feedback detector, the components of the output

vector of the feed forward filter are indeed whitened, but not according to

the criterion used by the OMU demodulator. Rather, the whitening

transformation is chosen in anticipation of a nonlinear feedback loop. A

noise whitening approach is also used, where the whitening has a different

context.

Unlike the decorrelating decision feedback detector and the

OMU detector, where the whitening is performed across users in the same

symbol period, the detector performs whitening of the power spectrum of

the received chip waveform followed by MF detection of the desired user as

shown in Figure 3.3. The results are inferior performance than typical

multiuser detectors, it can be applied to a broader set of circumstances and

the spreading codes of interferers are not required to be known.

53

X1

X2

Xm

b1

b2

bm

r

Figure 3.3.Orthogonal Multiuser Receiver

Here the OMU demodulator maximizes both the total Signal to

Interference Ratio (SIR) and the total Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) at the

output subject to the whitening constraint. The OMU demodulator also

approximately maximizes both the total output SIR and the total output

SNR for nearly orthogonal signature vectors. This provides some additional

justification for this receiver. The performance of the OMU receiver

depends on the probability of error and the exact expressions for the

probability of error also derived. To analyze the asymptotic performance of

the receiver in the large system limit when random Gaussian signatures and

accurate power control are used. Specifically, the output Signal to

Interference Noise Ratio (SINR) of the output of the OMU receiver

converges to a deterministic limit. This method of proof can be easily

modified to characterize the performance of other Multiuser Detectors in

the large system limit.

h1

:

h2

hm

54

3.4.4 Coloured Noise OMU Receiver

A noise signal, v (k) being uniformly distributed random signal

is generated. Thus, v is white noise, which means it varies randomly

between the samples. This signal is sent to the discrete time signal filter

denoted as shaping filter.

)(*)1(*)( kvkkxakx (3.1)

where ‘a’ is a filter parameter and K is a gain. With ‘a’ = 0, the filter output

signal(x) is also white noise. The value of ‘a’ is in between 0 to 1, x

becomes coloured noise, which means it does not vary randomly between

the samples.

The white noise and coloured noise are important signals in

stochastic systems. In the case of white noise, the set parameter ‘a’ is equal

to 0, causing x to be white noise. Also the gain K is set with 1. In the case

of coloured noise, initially ‘a’ is set to be 0 and also set the gain K with 1.

The parameter ‘a’ is continuously increased and the shape of the signal x

changes also observed. If the noise is coloured, it can be regarded as the

output of a dynamic signal filter typically called a shaping filter.

3.4.5 Kalman Filter Receiver

The Kalman Filter (KF) is one of the most widely used methods

for tracking and estimating due to its simplicity, optimality, tractability and

robustness. However, the application of the KF to nonlinear systems can be

difficult. The most common approach is to use the Extended Kalman Filter

(EKF) which simply linearises all nonlinear models so that the traditional

linear Kalman Filter can be applied. Using this principle, a set of discrete

sampled points can be used to parameterize mean and covariance, the

55

estimator yields performance is equivalent to the KF for linear systems.

Whenever the state of a system must be estimated from noisy sensor

information, some kind of state estimator is employed to fuse the data from

different sensors together to produce an accurate estimate of the true system

state. When the system dynamics and observation models are linear, the

minimum mean squared error estimate can be computed using the Kalman

Filter.

3.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The performance of OMU receiver is compared with other

receivers such as decorrelating receiver, minimum mean square receiver,

Kalman receiver. The speech signal is opted as an input of the all receivers.

The OMU receiver has achieved low MSE than others.

Figure 3.4 Block diagram representation for Feature Vector Generation

Most useful parameters in speech processing are found in the

frequency domain. There are several ways to extract spectral information of

speech. When the audio file contains two channels (stereo), the block's

output is an M-by-2 matrix containing one frame (M consecutive samples)

Buffer Periodo gram

Selector dB converter

Buffer 1

Transpose Matrix Viewer

Input Speech Signal Vector Scope

56

of audio data from each of the two channels. When the audio file contains a

single channel (mono), the block's output is an M-by-1 matrix containing

one frame (M consecutive samples) of mono audio data. The simulink must

read a continuous stream of data from the device throughout the simulation

shown in Figure 3.4. Delays in reading data from the audio hardware can

result in hardware errors or distortion of the signal.

Table 3.1 Extraction of vectors arranged in Square Matrix

x= [ 7.1039 7.8186 8.5370 9.2648; 7.1634 7.8803 8.5986 9.3243;

7.1053 7.8222 8.5406 9.2662; 7.1655 7.8832 8.6023 9.3279;

7.1075 7.8251 8.5442 9.2698; 7.1692 7.8839 8.6030 9.3315;

7.1111 7.8259 8.5449 9.2735; 7.1728 7.8875 8.6059 9.3344;

7.1147 7.8295 8.5478 9.2764; 7.1750 7.8912 8.6095 9.3351;

7.1169 7.8331 8.5515 9.2771; 7.1764 7.8948 8.6132 9.3388;

7.1184 7.8367 8.5551 9.2807; 7.1800 7.8984 8.6146 9.3424;

7.1220 7.8404 8.5566 9.2844; 7.1837 7.9020 8.6168 9.3460;

7.1256 7.8440 8.5587 9.2880; 7.1866 7.9057 8.6204 9.3497;

7.1285 7.8476 8.5624 9.2916; 7.1873 7.9064 8.6240 9.3533;

7.1293 7.8483 8.5660 9.2952; 7.1909 7.9093 8.6262 9.3569;

7.1329 7.8512 8.5682 9.2989; 7.1946 7.9129 8.6277 9.3576;

7.1365 7.8549 8.5696 9.2996; 7.1982 7.9166 8.6313 9.3605;

7.1401 7.8585 8.5732 9.3025; 7.2018 7.9180 8.6349 9.3642;

7.1438 7.8600 8.5769 9.3061; 7.2054 7.9202 8.6378 9.3678;

7.1474 7.8621 8.5798 9.3098; 7.2091 7.9238 8.6385 9.3693;

7.1510 7.8658 8.5805 9.3112; 7.2098 7.9274 8.6422 9.3714;

7.1517 7.8694 8.5841 9.3134; 7.2127 7.9296 8.6458 9.3751;

7.1546 7.8716 8.5878 9.3170; 7.2163 7.9311 8.6494 9.3787;

7.1583 7.8730 8.5914 9.3206; 7.2200 7.9347 8.6531 9.3809;

7.1619 7.8766 8.5950 9.3228; 7.2214 7.9383 8.6567 9.3823;

57

At the start of the simulation, the audio device begins writing the

input data to a (hardware) buffer with a capacity of Tb seconds. The Wave

Device block immediately begins pulling the earliest samples off the buffer

(first in, first out) and collecting them in length-M frames for output. As the

audio device continues to append inputs to the bottom of the buffer, the

Wave Device block continues to pull inputs off the top of the buffer at the

best possible rate. Here scalar samples are converted into frame output.

Using the Periodogram block a nonparametric estimate of the power

spectrum of the speech signal is computed. With the use of transpose the

vector input signals are treated as (Mx1) matrices shown in Table 3.1.

For the specified inner product structure another constraint that

can be applied for consistency is the least square inner product constraint.

Here, the obtained optimal vectors must be orthogonal and orthonormal.

The optimal vectors are used to minimize the sum of the mean squared

norms of the errors between constructed and the given vectors. For that

singular value decomposition and other set transformations also satisfy the

condition that the inner product of the resultant matrices will be a identity

matrix, the probability value must be one for all type of vectors. The vectors

are identified for linear dependent and linear independent.

The exact and approximate expressions for the probability of

error, as well as the asymptotic Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio

(SINR) in the small system limit are derived. The analysis suggests that

over a wide range of channel parameters the OMU receiver can outperform

both the decorrelator and the single user MF and perform similarly to the

linear minimum mean square error receiver, despite not knowing the

channel parameters.

58

Figure 3.5 Feature Vector Generation

There are many ways to choose whitening transformation. Here,

to choose the whitening transformation with Eigen decomposition that

results in output that is as close as possible in an MSE sense to the output of

the decorrelator so that minimize the distortion. This whitening

transformation is designed to optimally decorrelate the outputs of the

decorrelator prior to detection, and in that way compensate for the noise

enhancement of the decorrelator receiver.

When the signature vectors are linearly independent, it

decorrelate the outputs of the decorrelator (K<M). If the signature vectors

are linearly dependent, then the noise components in the outputs are linearly

dependent, i.e., they satisfy a deterministic linear relation (K=M). Thus, the

vector noise output of the decorrelator lies in a subspace with probability

one. The same condition can be related with coloured noise components.

The kalman filter is an estimator for linear quadratic Gaussian problem

estimating the instantaneous state of linear system perturbed by white noise

and coloured noise.

59

Figure 3.6 Probability of Error for Decorrelator Receiver (For linear Dependent and Independent vectors)

Figure 3.7 Probability of Error for Minimum Mean Square Error Receiver (For linear Dependent and Independent vectors)

60

Figure 3.8 Probability of Error for Orthogonal Multiuser Receiver (For linear Dependent and Independent vectors)

Figure 3.9 Probability of Error for Coloured Orthogonal Multiuser Receiver (For linear Dependent and Independent vectors)

61

SNR (dB)

Probability of Error for linearly Dependent vectors

Orthogonal Multiuser Receiver

MMSE Receiver

Decorrelator Receiver

Coloured Orthogonal Multiuser Receiver

Kalman Filter

Receiver

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0005 0.145 0.052 0.005 0.069 2 0.0011 0.267 0.113 0.011 0.151 3 0.0018 0.265 0.184 0.018 0.246 4 0.0018 0.355 0.189 0.018 0.252 5 0.0026 0.452 0.260 0.026 0.346 6 0.0034 0.565 0.340 0.034 0.454 7 0.0043 0.643 0.431 0.043 0.575 8 0.0037 0.724 0.378 0.037 0.504 9 0.0046 0.856 0.468 0.046 0.624

10 0.0056 0.900 0.568 0.056 0.757

Figure 3.10 Probability of Error for Kalman Filter Receiver (For linear Dependent and Independent vectors)

Table 3.2 Comparison of different types of Receivers in terms of Probability of Error (Dependent)

62

In the case of OMU receiver, the error is very low for SNR

values between 0 dB to 10 dB compared with other receivers such as

decorrelating receiver, minimum mean square receiver, and Kalman

receiver. The colored OMU receiver achieved low probability of error for

SNR between 0 dB to 10 dB compared with other receivers such as

decorrelating receiver, minimum mean square receiver, Kalman receiver.

For decorrelator receiver with low SNR values ranging from 0

dB to 5 dB, the probability of error will be less than 0.5. The SNR values

ranging from 5 dB to 10 dB the probability of error will be greater than 0.5.

The probability of error can be calculated for both linearly independent and

dependent vectors.

SNR (dB)

Probability of Error for Linearly independent vectors

Orthogonal Multiuser Receiver

MMSE Receiver

Decorrelator Receiver

Coloured Orthogonal Multiuser Receiver

Kalman Filter

Receiver

0 0 0.1 0 0 0 1 0.0006 0.245 0.046 0.006 0.046 2 0.0015 0.267 0.102 0.015 0.102 3 0.0024 0.465 0.166 0.024 0.166 4 0.0025 0.505 0.170 0.025 0.170 5 0.0037 0.520 0.234 0.034 0.234 6 0.0045 0.650 0.307 0.045 0.307 7 0.0057 0.743 0.389 0.057 0.389 8 0.0050 0.824 0.341 0.050 0.341 9 0.0062 0.956 0.422 0.062 0.422 10 0.0075 0.934 0.512 0.075 0.512

Table 3.3 Comparison of different types of Receivers in terms of Probability of Error (Independent)

63

The corresponding curves for decorrelator receiver, minimum

mean squared error receiver and Kalman receiver is obtained for

comparison with OMU receiver shown in Figure 3.6 to Figure 3.10. The

OMU receiver performs similarly to minimum mean squared error receiver

at all SNR and better than decorrelator receiver and Kalman receiver.

Moreover OMU receiver performs slightly better than minimum mean

squared error receiver at high SNR (although the linear minimum mean

squared error receiver minimizes the MSE, it does not necessarily minimize

the probability of error, especially when the MAI is not approximately

Gaussian).

3.6 CONCLUSION

The multiuser receiver for CDMA channels, referred to as the

OMU receiver has been developed which relies on knowledge of only the

signature vectors to mitigate the effect of both MAI and additive noise.

First, the receiver can be interpreted as a decorrelator receiver followed by a

minimum mean squared error receiver that compensates for the noise

enhancement without reintroducing too much MAI. Second, OMU receiver

for both white Gaussian noise and coloured noise has been demonstrated

and it is equivalent to an MF receiver. The corresponding curves for the

decorrelator receiver, linear minimum mean squared error receiver, OMU

receiver for coloured noise and also to the nonstationary filter like Kalman

Filter receiver are plotted for comparisons. The OMU receiver achieved

minimum probability of error at all SNR (0 dB to 10 dB) and better than the

decorrelator receiver, minimum mean square error receiver and Kalman

Filter receivers.