The mints of Vespasian / [H. Mattingly]

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3/47

CONTENTS.

ANCIENT

NUMISMATICS.

PAGE

Hill

(George

F.).

Greek oins

cquired

y

the

British

Museumn

1920

Plates

V,

Y)

.

.

161

Mattingly

(Harold).-

The

Mints

f

Vespasian

Plates

VI-VII)

187

A

Find f

Roman

enarii t

Nuneaton

.

.

145

Milne

J.Grafton).

A

silver rachma f

Smyrna

Plate

III, fig. )

148

Robinson

E.

S.

G.).

Greek

oins

rom

he

Dardanelles

(Plate

)

.

1

Aspeisas,

atrap

f

Susiana

Plate

II,

fig.

)

.

37

Rogers

Rev.

dgar).-

Some

New

Seleucid

opper ypes

(Plate

I)

26

Sandars

(Horace).

Notes

n

a Hoard f

Roman

enarii

found

n

theSierra

Morena

n

the outh

f

pain

.

179

Webb

(Percy

H.).-

Thud-Century

oman

Mints

and

Marks 226

MEDIAEVAL

AND

MODERN

NUMISMATICS.

Barnard

(F.

P).-

SomeUnrecorded

okens

.

. .

152

Bern

ys

(Edouard).-

A

Rare

Penny

truck

bout

1346

at

Arlon

Belgium)

n

he

eign

f

John he

Blind,

ing

of

Bohemia

nd Count

f

Luxemburg

1309-46)

y

the

Provost rnouldfArlon 126



4/47


5/47

XIII.

THE MINTS OF VESPASIAN.

[See

Plates

VI,

VII.]

This

paper

is

the

natural

continuation

of

a

study

of

the

coinages

of

the

Civil

Wars

of

a.

d.

68-69,

published

in

the

Numismatic

Chronicle for

1914.

Like

many

enterprises

of

far

greater

importance

it

has been

delayed years

long

by

the

War.

I

can

only

hope

that

the

delay

will

bring

with

it

some

compensating gain

in the form f betterconsidered and tested udgements

than

I

could

have offered

even

years

ago.

The

reign

of

Vespasian

marks

the

end

of the

first

period

of the

Empire

and the

beginning

of

a

new

age,

and

this fact we find

reflected s

soon

as

we

enter

on

the closer

study

of

the

coinage.

Vespasian

does

away

with the

confusions of the

Civil

Wars,

brings

the

coinage

into

the channels

in

which it

was to

run

for

more than a

century,

and

indicates clearly that he

fully

realizes the

part

assigned

to

him

in

history

of

second

founder of

the

Roman

Empire.

Into all the

problems

of

his

extensive

coinage

I

cannot for

the

moment

enter.

My

main

objects

are

to determine the

places

of

mintage

and,

to some

extent,

he

chronology

of

his

coins.

I

have tried

to

quote

only

coins

which

1

Some

nteresting

nformation

ill

be

found

n

B. Pick's

articles,ntitledZurTitulaturerFlavier",n ZeitschriftürNumismatik1885, 886.



6/47

188

H.

MATTINGLY.

I

have

been able

to

examine

personally

(either

in

the

British Museum

or

in

other

collections)

or

which

have

been

published

and

illustrated

with

such

scientific

accuracy

as

to

exclude

any

danger

of serious

error.

What is lost

in

breadth

by

this

method

will,

I

trust,

be

compensated by

increased

accuracy.

The

misfor-

tune is that our chief handbook, Cohen, sometimes

falls

short of

the

minimum

standard

that must be

required.

I

will

first

deal with

the mints in succession

and

then

conclude with

a discussion

of the

results

obtained.

I.

Mint

of

Rome.

U9

iR

(for

M,

see

below).

M,

M.

The

earliest aurei and denarii

of this

mint

may

be

readily recognized

by

a

comparison

with

the

Roman

issues

of

Vitellius. The

first

portrait

of

Vespasian,

in

fact,

s

virtually

that

of

his

predecessor

this

gives

way

to one

more

characteristic

of

Ves-

pasian

himself,

but it is

not

till

about

a.d.

72 that

we

find

what we

may

call

the

normal

type

of

portrait.

The

legends

of

both obverse

and reverse

read

from

1. to r., inwardly, fromA.D. 69-73; from r. to 1.

outwardly

from

a.D.

73-75

;

in

a.d. 76

the direction

1.

to r.

is

restored

for the

reverse,

while the direction

r.

to

1.

is

retained

for

the

obverse.

The

portraits

of

Titus and

Domitian,

who share

with their

father

he

right

of

coinage,

invariably

face

r. that

of

Vespasian

is

usually

r.,

though

from a.d.

75

to the

end

of the

reign

a

portrait

facing

1.

alternates with

it.

Whilst

the

actual

portrait

of the

Emperor

varies,

the

general

style of the mint,especially in the lettering,remains



7/47

THE

MINTS OF VESPASIAN.

189

singularly

uniform

and enables us

as a rule without

much

difficulty

o

detect its

issues.

[Pl.

VI.

1-9.]

I

append

a

conspectus

of

the issues of

this

mint,

which,

though

far

from

complete,

will

give

a

general

idea of

its

working

Vespasian.

I. Obv. Head laureate r. IMP CAESAR VESPA-

SIAN VS

AVO

(1.

to

r.).

Dec.

a.d. 69-end

of

70

(?).

1.

¿ta;.-

CAESAR AVC

F COS

CAESAR

AVC

F

PR

Heads

of

Titus

and

Domitian

facing

one

another.

N

,

JR.

2.

COS

ITER FORT

RED

Fortuna

standing

1.,

holding

ornucopiae

nd

rudder. JR.

3.

COS

ITER

TR POT

Aequitas

standing

.,

holding

scales and

rod.

N,

iR.

4. COS ITER TR POT Marsadvancingr.,carrying

spear

nd

trophy.

N,

iR.

5.

COS

ITER

TR POT

Neptune tanding

.,

holding

trident

nd acrostolium. JR.

6.

COS

ITER

TR

POT

Pax

standing

.,

holding-

branch

nd

caduceus.

Af,

R.

7.

COS

ITER

TR

POT

Pax seated

1.,

&c.

as above).

AT,

JR.

8.

IVDAEA

Judaea

seated

r. on

ground,

mourning:

behind

her,

trophy.

N,

Ai.

9. TITVS ET DOMITIANVS CAESARES PRIN

I VEN

Titus and

Domitian

seated

1.,

holding

branches.

JR.

Probably

to this

mint and

to this

period

of

the

mint

belong

the

denarii

10. Obv.

Emperor

n

Quadriga

.

IMP

CAESAR

Rev.

Victory

n

prow.

VESP

AVG

11. Obv

Bust

of

Sol,

radiate,

raped, acing.

Rev

Vespasian

standing

.,

holding

pear

n

1.

hand

and raising . in act of address. VESPAS IA-

NVS

[Pi.

vi. io.

]



8/47

190

H.

MATTINGLY.

The

former s an

oDvious

adaptation

of the denarius

of

Augustus,

with

legend

CAESAR

DIVI F

or

IMP

CAESAR

(cf.

Grueber,

B

M.

Cat.

of

Rep

Coins

ii,

pp.

12

ff.)

the

latter

borrows its

obverse

from

a

denarius

of L.

Mussidius

Longus,

moneyer

c.

39

b.c.

(cf.

Grueber,

op

cit.,

.

578),

its

reverse

from

denarius

of Augustus (Grueber, op. cit, ii. p. 9). For the

significance

of these

imitations see

below.

11.

Obv

Head

laureate

.

IMP

CAES

VESP

AVO

PM

(1.

to

r.).

a.D.

71.

12. Rev.

AVCVR PON

MAX

Sacrificial

imple-

ments.

JR.

13.

AVCVR

TRI

POT

Sacrificial

mplements.

JR.

14.

PON

MAX

Vesta

seated

.,

holding

impulum.

JR.

15. TRI POT Vestaseated1.,holding impulum. JR.

16.

TRI

POT

II

COS III

PP

Pax

seated

1.,

holding

branch nd

caduceus.

N

,

JR.

17. VIC

AVC

Victory

tanding

. on

globe,

holding

wreath.

N.

III.

Obv.

Head

laureate

. IMP

CAES

VESP

AVC PM

COS INI

(1.

to

r.).

a.D.

72-

73

(June

0).

18.

Rev. AVCVR TRI

POT

Sacrificial

imple-

ments.

JR.

19.

CONCORDIA

AVCVSTI

Concordia

seated

1.,

holdingpateraand cornucopiae.JR.

20.

IMP

Quadriga

o

r.

N.

21.

I

VDAEA

Judaea

eated

r.

(as

above).

JR

plated.

22.

Rev.

NEP

RED

Neptune

tanding

.,

holding

rident

and

acrostolium.

N.

23.

TRI

POT

Vesta

seated

1.,

holding

impulum.

JR.

24.

VEST

A

Vesta

standing

.,

holding

impulum.

JR.

25.

VIC

AVC

Victory

tanding

r.

on

globe,

holding

wreath.

N.

26. VICTORIA AVCVSTI Victory tanding .,crown-

ing

trophy.

JR.



9/47

THE MINTS

OF

VESPASIAN.

191

27. No

legend.

Warrior

standing

.,

palm-tree,

udaea

seated

r., mourning.

N.

28.

No

legend.

Quadriga

o r.

N.

IV.

Obv.

Head laureate

r.

IMP

CAES

VESP

A

VC

PM

COS

IMI CEN

(l.tor.).

a.

d. 73

(July

0).

29.

Bev.

FIDES

PVBL

Clasped

hands,

holding

adu-

ceus,corn-ears,ndpoppies. M.

30.

PAX

AVC

Pax

standing

1.,

leaning

on

cippus,

holding

branch

n

1.

hand and

caduceus

over

tripod

n r.

U.

31.

SALVS

AVC

Salus

seated

1.,

holding

atera.

M.

32.

VEST

A Round

temple.

N.

i

V.

Obv.

Head

laureate

r.

IMP CAES

VESP

AVC,

CEN

(1.

to

r.).

J

VI.

Obv

Head

laureate

r.

IMP

CAES

VESP

AVC

CEN (r.to1.).

VII.

Obv.

Head

laureate

r.

IMP CAES VESP

AVC

'

CENS

(r. toi.),

a.d.

73-74.

33. Rev.-

PAX

AVC

Pax

standing

.

as above).

N.

34.

PONTIF

MAXIM

Emperor

eated .

holding

ranch

and

sceptre.

iH.

35.

SALVS

AVC

Salus

seated

1.,

holding atera.

JR.

36.

SPQR

in oak-

reath.

M.

37.

VEST

A Round

temple.

N.

VIII.

Obv

Head

laureate

r.

IMP CAES

VESP

AVG

PM

COS

V

CENS

(r.

to

1.).

a.d. 74.

38. Bev

VICTORIA

AVCVSTI

Victory

flying

.,

holding

wreath

nd

branch. JR.

Q.

39.

VICTORIA

AVCVSTI

Victory

eated

1.,

holding

wreath

nd

branch.

JR.

Q.

IX.

Obv.

Head

laureate

.

IMP CAESAR VESP

AVC

(rarely

A VC

VST)

(r.

to

1.).

a.d.

74.

40. Bev.

A VC

VR

TRI

POT Sacrificial

mplements.

R.

41. COS V Laurelbranches. JR.



10/47

192

H.

MATTINGLY.

42.

PONT

MAX

TR

P

COS

V

Emperor

seated

r.,

holding

ranch

nd

sceptre.

JR.

43. PONT

MAX TR

P

COS

V

Winged

caduceus.

JR.

44. PONTI F

MAXIM

Winged

caduceus.

M.

45.

Capricorns,

lobe

nd

shield

nscribed

C

JR.

X. Obv

-

Head laureate r. (occasionally .). IMP CAE-SAR VESPASIANVS AVO

(r.

to

1.).

Before

end

of

a. d. 75

to end

of

reign.

46. Rev.

AETERNITAS

Aeternitas

tanding

.,

holding

busts

of

un

and moon.

N.

47.

COS VI

Mars

standing, olding

pear

and

flag.

JR.

48. COS VI

Bull

butting

.

N.

49. COS VI

Capricorn

nd

globe.

JR.

50.

COS

VII

Cow

walking or

standing)

.

N,

JR.

51.

COS

VII

Eagle

on

cippus.

JR.

52.

COS

VIII

Mars

standing

as

above).

JR.

53.

COS

VIII

Victory

rowning

mperor.

N,

JR.

54. COS VIII

Yoke

of

oxen 1.

JR.

55.

COS

VIII

Star

above

prow.

JR.

56.

FORTVNA

AVCVSTI

Fortune

standing

1.

on

altar,

holding

ornucopiae

nd

rudder.

N.

57. IMP X

1

Bull

butting

.

N,

^Et.

58.

IOVIS

CVSTOS

Jupiter

tanding

1.,

holding

sceptre

nd

patera

at

his

feet,

ltar.

JR.

59. PAX

AVC

VST

Pax

seated

1.,

holding

ranch

and

sceptre.

N.

60.

PONT

MAX TR P

COS

V

Winged

caduceus.

JR

61.

PONT MAX

TR P

COS

V

Emperor

eated

r.,

holding

branch

nd

sceptre.

JR.

62. PONT MAX TR

P

COS

VI

Pax

seated

1.,

&c.

A'.

63.

PONT

MAX

TR P

COS VI

Victory

tanding

n

cista,

between

wo

serpents. A/,

M.

64.

PONT MAX

TR

P

COS VI

Securitas eated1.,r.handabovehead. JR.



11/47

THE

MINTS

OF

VESPASIAN, 193

65.

PONT

MAX TR

P

COS

VI

Victory

tanding

.

on

prow,holding

wreath.

JR.

66. TR

P

X COS Villi

Ceres

seated

1.,

holding

orn-

ears and

torch.

N,

67.

TR P

X

COS Villi

Victory

tanding

1.,

erecting

trophy.

N,

^R.

68.

TR

P

X COS Villi

Capricorn

nd

globe.

JR.

69. TR P X COS Villi Statue on rostralolumn.zH.

70.

VICTORIA

AVCVSTI

Victory

eated

L,

holding

wreath nd

palm.

N.

Q.

71. VICTORIA AVCVSTI

Victory

seated

1.,

&c.

JR.

Q.

72.

VICTORIA AVCVSTI

Victory

flying

r.,

&c.

JR.

Q.

(Both

he ast

withVESPASIAN

not VESPASIAN VS

on

obv.)2

XI. Obv Head laureate . (and1.). CAESAR VESPA-

SIANVS

AVC

3

(r.

to

1.).

a.D.

78-79

(?).

73.

Bev.-

ANNONA AVC Annona seated

1.,

holding

basket

f fruit.

AT,

JR.

74.

CERES

A VC VST Ceres

tanding

.,

holding

orn-

ears and torch.

N,

M.

75.

IMP

XIX

Sow

and little

pigs,

1.

JR.

76.

IMP

XIX

Modicus nd

corn-ears. J3.

77.

IMP XIX

Goatherd

milking he-goat.

JR.

Titus.

I.

Obv

Head

laureate

.

T

CAES

IMP

VESP

PON

TR

POT

(1.

to

r.). July

1,

a.

D.

71-June

30,

A.D.

73.

2

This bverse

elongs

o

this

eriod, erhaps

o

the

beginning

of

t

(cf.

Titus)

so

far

s

I

know,

t

occurs

nly

n

quinarii.

3

The

omission

f

praenomen

MP

is curious. The

reason,

I

think,

s

that

the obverse

s

properly

esigned

o

go

with

he

reverse

MP XIX,

when

MP, occurring

s a

cognomen,

as

notneededsa praenomen.

NUMISM.

HRON.,

OL.

,

SERIES

.

Q



12/47

194

H.

MATTINGLY.

1.

Rev.

NEP RED

Neptune

standing 1.,

holding

trident

nd

acrostolium.

JR.

2.

VIC

AVO

Victory

tanding

r. on

globe,

holding

wreath,

tf.

3.

No

legend.

Warrior

standing

r.,

palm-tree,

udaea

seated

r.

mourning.

N,

JEl.

4.

No

legend. Quadriga,

. tf.

II.

Obv.

Head laureate .

T

CAES IMP VESP PON

TR

POT CENS

(1.

to

r.).

III.

Head

laureate .

T

CAES IMP

VESP

TR P CENS

(1.

to

r.).

IV. Head

laureater.

T

CAES IMP

VESP

TR

P

CENS

(r.

to

1.).

V.

Head

laureate

r. T

CAES

IMP

VESP

CENS

(r.

to

1.).

VI.

Head

laureate

r.

T

CAES IMP

VESP

CEN

(r. tol.).

i

July

1st a. d.

73-74.

5.

Rev PAX

AVG Pax

standing

.,

eaning

n

cippus,

&c.

tf.

6.

PONTI

F TR POT

Titus

seated

1.,

holding

ceptre

and

branch.

N,

A.

7.

VESTA Round

temple,

tf.

8.

VICTORIA AVGVSTI

Victory

lying

.,

&c.

JR.

Q.

9.

VICTORIA

AVGVSTI

Victory

eated

.,

&c. JR.

Q.

10.

No

legend. Quadriga

to

r.

tf.

VII.

Obv.

Head

laureate

r.

T

CAESAR

IMP

VESP

(r.

to

1.).

a. d.

74.

11.

Rev.

PONTIF TR

POT

Fortuna

tanding

. on

altar,

&c.

tf

12.

PONTIF

TR P

COS

III

Winged

caduceus.

M.

VIII. Obv.

Head

laureate

. T

CAESAR IMP

VESPA-

SIAN

A.D.

74.

13. Rev. AETERNITAS Aeternitastanding.,&c. tf.



13/47

THE

MINTS

OF

VESPASIAN.

195

14.

COS

IMI

Bull

butting

.

AT,

JR.

15. COS

V

Cow

standing

.

N,

JR.

16.

COS V

Cow

standing

.

JJ.

17.

COS

V

Eagle

on

cippus.

JR

18.

IMP VIII

Bull

butting

.

N.

19. PAX AVGVST Pax seated1.,holdingbranch nd

sceptre.

N.

20.

PONTIF TR

P

COS

1

Titus

seated

r.

holding

sceptre

nd

branch.

JR.

21.

PONTIF

TR

P

COS

IMI

Pax seated

1.,

&c.

JR.

22.

PONTIF

TR

P COS IMI

Victory

standing

on

cippus

between

wo

serpents.

N.

23.

PONTIF

TR POT

Fortuna

standing

on

altar,

&c.

N.

24. VICTORIA AVGVSTI Victory flyingr., &c.

JR.

Q.

25.

VICTORIA

AVGVSTI

Victory

seated

1.,

&c.

JR.

Q.

IX.

Obv.

Head laureate

r.

T CAESAR

IMP VESPA-

SIAN

VS

(r.

to

1.).

Before

nd of a.d. 74-79.

26.

Rev.

COS

V

Cow

standing

.

N.

27.

COS

VI

Mars

standing, olding

pear

nd

trophy.

N,

£1.

28. COS VI Homeseated

r.,

with

agles,

tf,

JR.

29.

COS

VI

Yoke

of

oxen

1. JR.

80. COS VI

Star

and

prow.

JR.

31. IOVIS CVSTOS

Jupiter

tanding

.,

holding

ceptre

and

patera.

JR.

32.

TR POT

VIII

COS VII

Venus

standing

.,

ean-

ing

on

cippus,

&c.

JR.

33 TR

POT

VIII

COS VII

Quadriga

oi.

AL

34. TR POT VIII COS VII Captive nd trophy.JR.

o

2



14/47

196

H. MATTINGLY.

X.

Obv.

Head laureater.

T CAESAR

VESPASIA-

NVS

(r.

to

1.).

a.D. 78-79

?)>

35. Be».-

ANNONA

AVG Annona

seated

1.,

&c.

tf,

M.

36.

CERES AVCVST

Ceres

tanding

.,

&c.

JR.

37.

IMP XIII

Sow and little

pigs

1. JR.

38. IMP XIII Goatherdmilking he-goat. JR.

Domitian.

I.

Obv.

Head bare

r.

CAES

AVG

F

DOMITIAN

COS

II

(1. tor.).

-

II. Head

barer.

CAES

AVG

F

DOMIT

COS II

(1.

or.).

III.

Head barer.

CAES

AVG

F

DOMIT COS

II

(r. toi.).

A.D. 73.

1.

Rev.

VEST

A

Round

temple,

tf

2. No legend. Domitian iding . tf, JR-.

IV.

06v.

Head

bare r.

CAES

AVG

F

DOMIT

COS

III

(r.

to

1.).

a.D. 74.

3.

Rev.

PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS

Spes

advancing

1.,

&c.

tf,

Ä

4.

VICTORIA

AVGVSTI

Victory lying

.,

&c.

JR.

Q.

5.

VICTORIA

AVGVSTI

Victory

eated

.,

&c. JR.

Q.

V.

Obv.

Head

bare

r.

CAESAR

AVG F

DOMIT IA-

NVS (r.toi.) a.D. 74-79.

6.

ite*;.-

CERES

AVGVST

Ceres

tanding

. &c.

M.

7. COS

IUI

Cornucopiae.

N.

8.

COS

V

She-wolf

nd

twins.

N,

iR.

9. COS

V

Captive

neeling

nd

restoring

tandards, f.

10. COS

V.

Warrior

n

horseback .

JR.

11.

VICTORIA

AVGVST

Victory

lying

.,

&c. M.

Q.

12.

VICTORIA

AVGVST

Victory

eated. .,

c.

JR.

Q.

3aForomissionf IMP, cp.above, .1 3note .



15/47

THE MINTS OF

VESPASIAN.

197

VI.

Obv

Head

bare r.

CAESAR

A

VC

F

DOM

ITI

A-

NVS

COS

VI

a.D. 79.

K,

JR.

18.

Rev

PRINCEPS

IVVENTVTIS

Salus

standing

r., eaning

on

cippus,

eeding

nake.

A7,

JR.

14.

PRINCEPS

IVVENTVTIS

Vesta eated

.,

holding

sceptre

nd

Palladium.

N,

iR.

15. PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS Claspedhandsholding

eagle,

set on

prow.

N,

JR.

One

feature

of

this series of reverse

types

which

deserves

special

attention

is

the

frequent

occurrence

of

types,

either

directly

copied

or

else

adapted

from

types

of

Augustus

and his

period.4

LafFranchi,

n

an

interesting

article

5

has

already

discussed

this

point

and

explained

its

significance.

Vespasian

deliberately

directs

public

notice

to the fact

that

he desires

to

be

regarded

as the successor of

Augustus,

the second

founder

of the

Empire.

The

Centenary

of the

battle

of Actium

probably suggested

the

inauguration

of

the

series

but,

once

started,

he idea was

developed

and

extended

far

beyond

this immediate

aim.

Mint

oj

Rome.

JE.

The

"

Aes"

coinage

of

Vespasian

was

struck

mainly

at the mint of Rome, the only othermintto issue on

a

considerable

scale

being Lugdunum.

The

Lugdunum

issues

can

be

distinguished

by

their likeness

(a)

to

the

gold

and silver

of

that

mint,

(

b to

the

Lugdunum

"

Aes

"

of Nero.

The

Roman issues

preserve

the

traditional

style

of

the Senatorial

mint. For the sake'

4

Cf. for

xample,

he

butting

ull,

he

capricorn

nd

globe,

the

yoke

f

oxen,

he

aptive

ith

tandard,

c.

cf. oo

the

ltar

andthe agleonAsses f hereign.5 InRiv. tal.diNum., 911, p.427 f.



16/47

198 H. MATTINGLY.

of

brevity,

I shall

give only

a

rough

list

of the

obverse titles

employed

and

a series of

portraits.

The

coinage

of the

years

A.D.

70-71, however,

offers ome

special

difficulties,

nd it will therefore eceive a

fuller

treatment ater

(see below).

Vespasian.

Obverse

egends.

IMP

CAES VESPASIAN

AVO

P

M TR

P PP

COS

II

A.D.

70.

IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN

AVC PM TR P

PP

COSMI A.D. 71.

IMP CAES VESPAS

AVC

PM

TR P

PP

COS III

A.D.

71.

IMP CAES VESPAS

AVC

PM

TR P

PP

COS llll

A.D. 72.

IMP CAES

VESP AVC PM

TR P

PP

COS

llll

CENS

a.D. 73-74

(July

1).

IMP CAES

VESP

AVC

PM

T P

COS

V

CENS

A.D.

74.

IMP CAESAR VESP

AVC

COS V

CENS

A.D. 74.

IMP CAES VESP

AVC PM

T

P

COS VI

A.D.

75.

IMP CAES

VESPASIAN

AVC

P

M

TR

P

PP

COS VII

A.D. 76.

IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVC PM TR P PP

COS

VIII

A.D.

77-78.

Titus.

Obverse

egends.

T

CAES

VESPASIAN

IMP

PON

TR

POT

COS II

a.d. 72

(-June

80).

T

CAESAR

VESPASIAN

IMP III

PON TR

POT II

COS II

A.D. 72

(July

)-73

(June

0).

T

CAESAR

VESPASIAN

IMP

llll

PON

TR

POT

II COS II A.D.72 ( ? )-73 (June30).



17/47

THE MINTS OF

VESPASIAN.

199

T

CAESAR

VESPASIAN IMP

Nil

PON TR

POT

III

COS II

a.D.

73

(July

1-).

T

CAES VESP IMP

PON

TR

POT COS II CENS

a.D.

73

(July

1

-).

T

CAES IMP

PON TR P COS

II CENS A.D. 73

(July

-).

T CAES IMP PON TR P COS III CENS A.D. 74.

T

CAESAR

IMP COS

III

CENS

A.D.

74.

T

CAESAR IMP COS

V

A.D.

76.

T

CAES IMP

AVO

F

TR

P COS VI

CENSOR

a.D.

77-79.

The shorter

legends

are,

in some

cases,

found

only

on

dupondii

and

asses,

not on sestertii.

Domitian.

Obverse

egends.

.CAESAR

AVC

F

DOMITIANVS

COS DES

II.

a.d.

72.

CAESAR

AVC F DOMITIANVS COS III

A.D.

74.

CAESAR AVC

F

DOMITIANVS COS

Mil

a.d.

75.

CAESAR AVC

F

DOMITIANVS

COS

V

A.D. 77.

CAESAR

AVC F DOMITIANVS

COS

VI

A.D.

77-

79.

(On dupondii

and asses the shortform DOMITIAN

is

used.)

The

legends,

obverse

and

reverse,

normally

read

1. to

r.,

etters

outwards

the direction

r.

to

1. is

found,

but

only very

rarely

on

the obverse

of

coins with

the

head of

Vespasian

to

1. This

portrait

lternates

with

the

portrait

r.

in the last

few

years

of

the

reign.

The

portraits

of Titus

and Domitian

invariably

face

r.

(For sequence ofportraits ee Plates.)



18/47

200 H.

MATTINGLY.

II. Mint

of Lugdunum

tf,

My

JE.

tf,

iE.

The mint

of

Lugduiium

strack

for

Vespasian

in

the

distinctive

style, already

observed

for

Galba

and

Vitellius,

from

a.D. 69-73.6

Its issues

were,

especially

in

gold, considerably

larger

than those

of

any

of

the

other

provincial

mints,

and it

clearly

retained

something

of ts old

dignity

and

importance.7

But

in

a.D. 73

it

appears

to have

been

closed,

not

to

be

reopened

until the time of

Albinus

(see

below)

;

its

distinctive

style disappears

from he

coinage

and

there

is

no sufficient

vidence

to

make

us

believe

that it

continued to work as a

branch of

the

Roman

mint.

[Pl.

VI.

11-15.]

I

append

a

conspectus

of the

coinage,

which,

it

appears,is all ofVespasian :

8

I.

Obv

Head

laureate

.

IMP CAESAR VESPASIA-

NI

VS

AVG

TR P

a.D.

69-71.

1.

Rev.

FORTVNA

AVCVST

Fortune

tanding

.,

holding

ornucopiae

nd rudder. M.

2. IVDAEA

DEVICTA

Judaea

standing

1.,

beside a

palm-tree.

M.

3.

LIBERTAS

RESTITVTA

Libertas

standing

1.,

holding ileus

and

sceptre

Paris).

Ai.

4.

MARS CONSERV

Mars

standing acing,

ooking

r.,holding pear ndtrophyParis). N.

5.

TITVS

ET

DOMITIAN

CAESARES

PRIN

I

VEN

The

princes

iding

.

tf.

[PI.

VI.

11.]

6

See

article

n

Num.

hron.,

914,

uoted bove, .

187.

7

The

war

against

he

rebels n

the

Rhinewas

undoubtedly

the

mmediateause of

this.

8

A

denarius

f

Titus n

B. M.

with

Obv

Head

laureate .

T

CAES IMP

VESP

PON

TR

POT

Rev

Victory

tanding

.

on

globe,

holding

wreath

VIC

AVC

may erhapselong ere.



19/47

THE

MINTS

OF

VESPASIAN.

201

6.

TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAESARES PRIN

I

VEN

The

princes

eated1.

N,

iE.

7. TRIVMP

AVO

Triumphal procession

captive,

chariot,

&c.

N.

[Pl.

VI.

12.]

8.

VICTORIA

AVCVSTI

Victory

tanding,

olding

shield

bove

head.

N.

9. VICTORIA AVCVSTI Victory lying .,holdingwreath nd

palm

Paris).

N.

10.

Hand

clasped

over

eagle

and standards

Paris).

M.

A.D.

70.

11.

COS

ITER FORT

RED Fortune

standing

1.,

holding

cornucopiae

nd

rudder.

N.

12. COS

ITER

TR POT

Aequitas

standing

.,

holding

rod and scales.

N iR.

13. COS ITER TR POT Neptune tanding .,holdingtridentnd

dolphin

M.

A.

D.

71.

14.

COS

III

FORT RED

Female

figure

tanding

1.,

holding

aduceus

nd

ball.

N.

15.

COS

III

FORT RED

Fortune

tanding

.,holding

cornucopiae

nd

rudder.

N.

16.

COS

III

TR POT

Aequitas

standing

., holding

rod and

scales.

N.

17. TR POT COS III

Aequitas

standing

1.,

holding

rod and scales.

N.

A.D.

71.

II.

Obv.

Head

laureate

.

IMP

CAESAR

VESPASIAN

AVO

PM

TR

P PP

COS

III.

18.

Rev.

PACI

AVCVSTI

Winged

female

figure

d-

vancing

r.,

holding

aduceus

and

raising

old

of

dress

in

front

snake.

N.

SPQR PP OB CS in oak-wreath.A7.



20/47

202

H. MATTINGLY.

A.D.

71.

III.

Obv.

Head laureater. IMP CAES VESPAS

AVO

TR P

COS

III

19. COS III

FORT RED Female

figure

tanding

1.,

holding

aduceus

nd ball.

M.

A.D.

71.

IV. Obv. Head laureater. IMP CAES VESP AVO

PM

TR

P lili

PP COS

III

20.

Rev VIC AVC

Victory standing

1. on

globe,

holding

wreath.

M.

A.D.

72.

V.

Obv

Head

laureate .

IMP

CAES VESPAS

AVC

PM

TR Pilli PP COS

INI

21.

Rev. DE

IVDAEIS

Trophy.

M.

[Pl.

VI.

13

rev.]

22.

PACI

AVGVSTI

Winged

female

figure

dvancing

r. (as above). N.

On

all

these

coins the

legends,

both obverse

and

reverse,

read

1. to

r.,

nwardly.

On the

following

coin

the

Obv.

legend

reads

r.

to

1.,

outwardly.

A.D. 73

?).

VI.

Obv.

Head laureate

. IMP CAESAR

VESPASIA-

NI

S

AVC9

23.

Rev. VEST

A

Round

temple.

N.

The

style

of

lettering

remains

uniform

throughout

this

series,

the

portrait

undergoes

considerable

changes.

A

few

aurei

show a

quite

unusual

portrait

in

high

relief

and

of

considerable

beauty.

The

lettering

and

the

form

of

obverse

legend

lead

one

to

assign

them

to

this

mint,

but

they

were

probably

struck

as

special

9

Whether

he

egend

IMP

CAESAR

VESPASIANVS

AVC, reading

.

to

r.,

s

ever

found

t

Lugdunums notquitecertain.



21/47

THE

MINTS OF

VESPASIAN.

203

commemorative

pieces,

i.e.

as medals

rather than as

ordinary

coins,

from

dies

prepared by

skilful

artists,

and

issued in

limited

quantities.10

A

denarius

in

the

British

Museum shows :

Obv.

Head laureate

r.

IMP

CAES

VESP

AVO

P

M COS Nil

Rev.

TITVS

ET DOMITIAN

CAESARES PRIN

I

VEN

The

princes

seated 1.

an

obverse

of

the

Roman,

with a reverse

of

the

Lugdunum

mint

date a. d.

72.

(For

a

discussion

of

this

see

below.)

M.

There were

issues from

this mint at

intervals

from

the

beginning

to

the

end

of

the

reign.

The

portraits,on the whole, run parallel to those of the

Lugdunum

gold

and

silver,

the

types

for

the

most

part

follow the

Roman

mint,

but there

are

a

few

distinctive

of

Lugdunum.

This mint for

Aes

had

been

opened by

Nero

to

supply

the

special

needs

of

Gaul, Britain,

and

Spain.

Africa

was,

probably,

sup-

plied

from

Rome. Vitellius

apparently

used

the

mint

but

slightly

for this

metal,11

Galba not

at

all.12

The

following

s a

list of

obverse

titles

employed

at

themint

Vespasian.

IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS

AVC

P

M

TR

P

a.D. 69-70.

IMP

CAES

VESPASIAN AVC

PM

TR

P

PP

COS

II

A.D.

70.

10

A

series f

aurei

nd denariiwas struck

y

Vespasian

or

Galba at this

mint.

11

And

nly

n

the

ast

fewmonths

f

his

reign.12HisLugdunumssues reall posthumous.



22/47

204

H.

MATTINGLY.

IMP

CAES

VESPASIAN

AVO

PM TR

P

PP

COS

III

A.D.

71.

IMP

CAES

VESPASIAN

AVO

PM

TR P

PP

COS Uli

a.D.

72.

IMP

CAES

VESPASIAN

AVO COS

IUI

a.D. 72.

IMP

CAES

VESPASIAN

AVG

PM

TR

P PP

COS VIII

a.D. 77-79.

IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVC COS VIII PP

A.D.

77-79.

IMP

CAES

VESPASIAN AVC

COS

Villi

a.d. 79.

Titus.

T

CAES

IMP AVC

F

PON

TR

P

COS

VI CEN-

SOR

a.D. 77-79.

T CAES

IMP

AVC

F

TR

P

COS VI

CENSOR

a.D. 77-79.

Domitian.

CAESAR

AVC

F DOMITIAN

VS COS

V

a.D.

77-79

The

shorter

legends

are,

in some

cases,

found

only

on

dupondii

and

asses,

not on sestertii.

Among

the

most characteristic

Lugdunum

reverses

are

«

PROVIDENT

S. C.

Altar

"

&

"

S.

C.

Eagle

on

globe

From a.d.

72

onwards the

classification

f

the "Aes"

ofVespasian is absolutely straightforward the earlier

issues

particularly

those

of

a.d.

71

present

some

curious difficulties. We find

a

variety

of

portraits,

unlike the

regular

portraits

of Rome

and

Lugdunum,

and an

extremely arge

series of

reverse

types,

ome of

great

interest. The

question

at

once

arises

whether

the

whole

of

this varied

series can

be

distributed

over

the

two mints

of

Rome

and

Lugdunum.

In

all

proba-

bility

it

can;

but

we must

recognize

here

special

issues commemoratingthe end of the Civil Wars



23/47

THE MINTS

OF

VESPASIAN.

205

and the

suppression

of

the

German-Gallic revolt-

which,

bearing

so

marked

a

medallic

nature,

were

adorned with a

profuse variety

of

fine and

selected

portraits.

It is

interesting

to

note

that there

is

a series

of "Aes" of

Galba,

quite

detachable from the main

body

of his

coinage,

which

curiously

resembles

the

series ust discussed in the fine and unusual character

of

its

portraits

and,

in

several

cases,

in

reverse

type.

Mr.

F. A.

Walters

has

already

suggested

that Galbas

series

was

commemorative

n

nature and

was issued

at the

close of his

reign,

in

connexion

with

the

adoption

of

Piso;

while

fully

accepting

the

idea

that

it was

commemorative,

think

it

probable

that

it

was issued

by

Vespasian,

not

by

Galba

himself,

n

a.D.

71,

side

by

side with

the

series

discussed

above.

Galba

had

enjoyed

extraordinary popularity

in

Spain

and Southern

Gaul

and his

partisans

had sub-

sequently

espoused

the

cause

of

Vespasian,

who

might

well

be

disposed

therefore

o favour

them,

the

more

so as

the anti-Galban

faction

in Gaul

had

embraced

the

cause

of Vitellius

and afterwards

hrown

n

its

lot

with

Civilis

and his

rebels.

The

following

is

a

conspectus

of the

sestertii

struck

by

Vespasian

in a.d. 71-

giving

first list of

obverses,

secondly

a list

of

reverses,

with

notes of

obverses with

which

they

occur.

Obverses

(R

=

Rome,

L=Lugdunum.)

R. 1.

Bust

of

Vespasian

bare,

head laureate

r.

IMP

CAES

VESPASIAN AVC PM

TR

P

PP

COS

III

R.

2.

Bust

of

Vespasian

bare,

head

laureate

r.

IMP

CAES VESPAS AVC PM TR P PP COS III



24/47

206 H.

MATTINGLY.

These are what

may

be

regarded

as

the normal

portraits

f

the Roman

mint,

(2)

succeeding (1).

L. 1.

Bust

of

Vespasian bare,

head

laureate r. IMP

CAES VESPASIAN

AVO PM TR

P

PP

COS

III

L. 2. Bust

of

Vespasian

bare,

head

laureate

r.

IMP

CAES VESPASIAN AVO PM TR P PP

COS

III

L. 3. Bust

of

Vespasian

bare,

head

laureate

r.

IMP

CAES

VESPASIAN AVO PM TR P PP

COS III

Three distinct successive

portraits

of the mint

of

Lugdunum.

1.

Bust of

Vespasian

bare,

head aureate .

Small die on

large

flan. IMP

CAESAR

VESPASIAN

AVO

PM TR P PP COS III

2. Bust

bare,

head laureate

r.

(small portrait).

IMP

CAES VESPASIAN

AVC PM TR P

PP

COS

III

3.

Bust

bare,

head laureate r.

(large portrait).

IMP

CAES

VESPASIAN

AVC PM

TR P

PP

COS III

4.

Bust

bare,

head

laureate

1.

IMP CAES

VESPA-

SIAN

AVC PM TR P

PP COS III

5.

Bust

bare,

head

laureate . IMP

CAESAR

VESPA-

SIANVS AVC PM TP PP COS III

6. Bust with

paludamentum,

ead

laureate,

r. IMP

CAESAR

VESPASIANVS

AVC PM TP

PP

COS

III

7. Bust with

egis,

head

aureate

.

(often

globe

below

bust).

IMP

CAESAR

VESPASIANVS

AVC

PM TP PP

COS III

These

seven

portraits

appear

to me

exceptional,

either for Bome

or

Lugdunum,

and

were

probably

made forthe special issue describedabove.



25/47

THE

MINTS OF VESPASIAN.

207

Eeverses.

1. CAESAR AVO

F DES

IMP

AVO

F COS DES

IT

S.

C. Titus

and

Domitian

tanding

ace to

face.

R.l,

L.l,

L.2,

2,

3,

4.

2. CONCOR

AVC S.

C. Concordia

eated

1.,

holding

palm

and

cornucopiae.

R.2.

3.

FIDES

EXERCITVVM S.C.

Clasped

hands

holding

eagleon prow. 4, 6.

4.

FORTVNAE

REDVCI

S.

C.

Fortune

standing

1.,

holding

udder

nd

cornucopiae.

R.l,

R.2, 4,

6.

5.

HONOS

ET VIRTVS S.

C.

Honos and

Virtus

standing

face

to

face.

R.2,

6,

7.

6.

I

VDAEA

CAPTA

S.

C.

(1)

Judaea

eated

n

ground,

r. behind

her,

alm

and

captive.

R.l,

R.2,

2,

3.

7.

I

VDAEA

CAPTA S. C.

(2).

Judaea eated n

ground,

1.: behind

her,

palm

and

captive.

R.l,

3

(?).

8. IVDAEA CAPT A S. C. (3). Judaea eated nground

behind

her,

palm

and

warrior.

R.l,

L.3,

3.

9.

LIBERTAS

PVBLICA

S.C. Libertas

tanding

.,

holdingpileus

and

sceptre.

R.l, 3,

5.

10.

LIBERTAS

RESTITVTA S.C.

Emperor

tanding

1.,

raising

kneeling

woman.

5,

6.

11.

MARS

VICTOR

S.C.

(1).

Mars

standing

facing,

holding

pear

nd

trophy.

R.1,

4.

12.

MARS

VICTOR

S. C.

(2).

Mars

dvancing .,

hold-

ing

Victory

nd

trophy.

R.1,

R.2,

2.

13. PAX AVGVSTI S. C. (1). Pax standing .,

holding

branch

nd

cornucopiae.

R.l,

R.2, 3, 5,

6.

14.

PAX

AVGVSTI

S.

C.

(2).

Pax

standing

.

setting

fire o

a

heap

ofarms. R.2.

15.

PAX

P.

.

. ROMANI S.

C.

Pax

standing

.,

holding

branch

nd

cornucopiae.

R.l.13

16.

ROMA

S. C.

(1).

Roma

standing

.,

holding

Victory

and

spear.

R.l,

R.2,

L.3,

3,

4.

13

Possibly

I

MP

"

should e

read

the

oin

s

worn

tthis

oint):cp.rev. fGalba, VICTORIA IMPERI ROMANI S.C."



26/47

208

H.

MATTINGLY.

17.

ROMA

S. C.

(2).

Roma

standing

.,

holding ictory

and

eagle, eaning

n a

trophy.

7.

18.

ROMA

S.

C.

(3).

Roma

seated

.,

holding

Victory

nd

parazonium.

L.l,

L.2.

19.

ROMA

S.C.

(4).

Roma seated

1.,

holdingVictory

nd

parazonium

in

background,

he seven

hills.

2,

6,

7.

20. ROMA RESVRCES S. C. Emperor tanding1.»

raising

a

kneeling

woman.

R.l,

3.

21.

S.

C.

Mars

advancing

.,

holding

pear

nd

trophy.

R.2,

2,

3,

4,

5.

22.

S. C. Frontview

of

hexastyle

emple.

R.l.

23.

S. C.

Victory

advancing

1.,

holding palm

and

wreath. R.l.

24.

S.

C.

Shrine

f

sis,

with

emicircular

ediment.

.

25.

S.

C.

Quadriga

. R.2.

26.

S.P.Q.R.ADSERTORI

LIBERT

ATIS

PVBLICAE

in oak-wreath.R.l, 5. 6.

»

27.

S.

P.Q.

R.

OB CI VES

SERVATOS

in

oak-wreath.

R.1,

3.

28.

SALVS

A VC

VST A

S. C. Salus

seated

1.,

holding

patera

nd

sceptre.

R.

2.

29.

SIGNIS RECEPTIS

S.

C.

Victory

standing

1.,

holding

out

standard o

Emperor

standing

on

platform.

1,

6.

30. SPES

AVGVSTA

S.

C.

Spes

standing

.

and

greet-

ing

three

soldiers,

one

of

whom

hands her

a

standard. 2.

31.

VICTORIA

AVO

S.C.

Emperor

tanding

.,

acri-

ficing

ver n

altar,

rowned

y

Victory.

R.l.

32.

VICTORIA

AVGVSTI S. C.

Victory

tanding

.,

inscribing

trophy.

R.l, R.2, 2,

á,

5,

7.

33.

VICTORIA

AVGVSTI

S.

C.

Victory

lying

.,

Emperor

tanding

1.

5,

7.

The solution

of

the

problems

of A.D.

71

will

probably

involve

the

solution

of

earlier

problems

of the

reign

:

I have not dealt in detail with the coinage of a. d. 69-

70

owing

to lack

of sufficient

eliable

material.



27/47

THE

MINTS OF

VESPASIAN.

209

III.

Mint

of

Tarraco. N

,

M.

This

mint

issued

ail

interesting

series of

aurei and

denarii till

about

the

end

of a. d.

70.

The

style

of

portraiture

s

anything

but

uniform,

and one

might

be

tempted

to

assign

the

coins

to

two or even three

mints,

did

not

links exist which

closely

connect

coins,

at first

ight

very

unlike one another. A

conspectus

of

this

coinage

follows

I.

Obv.

Head

laureate .

IMP

CAESAR VESPASIA-

NVS

(r.

to

1.

outwardly).

1.

Rev

IVDAEA Judaea seated

r.,

mourning:

ehind

her, rophy.

ÄI.

II.

Obv.

Head laureate .

IMP

CAESAR

AVC

VES-

PASIAN

VS

(r.

to 1.

outwardly).

2. Rev CONSENSVS EXERCITVVM Mars ad-

vancing

.,

holding

pear

nd

eagle.

M.

[Pl.

VI.

17.]

III.

Obv.

Head

laureater.

IMP

CAESAR

AVC

VES-

PAS

IAN VS

(1.

to r.

inwardly).

3. Rev

-

H

I

SPAN

IA

Hispania standing

1.,

holding

corn-ears,

pears,

nd

shield.

N.

(Paris.)

[Pl.

VI.

16.]

4.

Rev.

MARS

VLTOR

Mars

advancing

.,

holding

spear

nd

trophy.

N.

(B.

M. and

Paris.)

5 Rev PAX Pax standing , holding aduceus, orn-ears, ndpoppy. N.

IV. Obv.

Head

laureate

. IMP CAESAR

VESPASIA-

NVS AVC

(1.

to r.

inwardly).

6. Rev-

COS

ITER

FORT

RED Fortune

tanding

.,

holding

ornucopiae

nd

rudder.

N.

[Pl.

VI. 18-

J

7.

Rev.

COS

ITER

TR

POT

Pax seated

1.,

holding

caduceus

nd

branch.

N.

[Pl.

VI.

19.]

8.

Rev.

COS

ITER

TR

POT

Neptune tanding

1.,

holding

dolphin

nd

trident. M.

9. Rev.-

IVDAEA

Judaea

eatedr.,mourning

behind

her, rophy. N, iR.

NUMISM.

HRON.,

OL.

,

SERIES

.

P



28/47

210 H. MATTINGLY.

And

with

one

reverse,

apparently

later

than

the

others

10. Rev.

COS

DESIC

III

TR

POT

Aequitas

tanding

1.,

holding

cales

and

rod.

N.

(Baldwin, 1919.)

V.

Obv.

Head laureate .

IMP

CAESAR

VESPASIA-

NI

VS

AVC

PM

TR

P

(1.

to r.

inwardly.)

11. Rev. COS ITER TR POT Pax seated1.,holdingcaduceus ndbranch. N.

A

small

series

of

denarii with

Obv

Head laureate

.

IMP CAESAR

VESPASIA-

NI

VS AVC

(1.

to r.

inwardly).

12.

Rev.

LIBERTAS

PVBLICA

Liberty

tanding

1.,

holding

pileus

and

wand. M.

18. Rev.-

VICTORIA IMP

VESPASIAN

Victory

standing

.on

globe

holding

wreath

nd

palm.

M.

[Pl.

VI.

20.]

probablybelongsto the samemint.14 n portraiturend

lettering

t

diverges

somewhat

from

any

other

series,

and no one

seems to have known for

certain

whether

to

assign

it to

East or

West.

I

think

it

is

probably

Spanish

;

the reverse

types

in

particular

are all

closely

connected

with the

Spanish

series of

Galba.

The

reverse

egends invariably

read

1.

to

r.

inwardly,

except

in the

few

cases,

specially

noted

above,

where

they read verticallydownwardson r. and 1.

The Tarraco

coins of

Vitellius with

head

r.,

read»

r.

to

1.,

outwardly,

in

obverse

legend.

The

earliest

coins

of

Vespasian

follow

them.

The

legend

of

Vitellius

was

"

A.

Vitellius

Imp

Grermanicus",

mitting

14

LaiFranchi

ssigns

t to

Antioch.On

Pl.

II

of

his

article

e

illustratesnumberf

oins,

ome

ssigned

ere

o

Tarraco,

hich

he.

ttributes

o an

"unknown

mint".

I

have

oply

dealt

with

thosewhich

have

een ble to

examine

ersonally.My

mpres-

sion

s that ll

except

he

ureus

with

ev.

MARS

CONSERV

belongothe Tarraco group.



29/47

THE MINTS

OF

VESPASIAN.

211

"Augustus";

and

in

this omission

the

earliest

legend

of

Vespasian, ''Imp

Caesar

Vespasianus"

follows

t.

"

Augustus

(Aug)

"

is

then inserted

between

"Caesar" and

"

Yespasianus

"

and

finally

is

placed

in

its

normal

position

at the end

of

the

legend.

During

the

period

n which

the

legend

"

Imp

Caesar

Aug

Vespasianus" was in use, the directionof legend was

changed

to

1.

o

r.,

nwards.

The

coins

of

Vitellius

with

head

1. read 1. to

r.,

letters

inwardly

on obverse

the

little series

of

Vespasian's

with

head

1.

follows

them.

A

few

of the

links

that connect

the

various

parts

of

this

series

may

here be

noted. The

Paris aureus

with

rev HISPANIA

(strong

evidence

in

favour of

the

Spanish

origin

of

the

coin)

is

closely

related

by

obverse

die to

the

British

Museum

aureus

with

rev MARS

VLTOR. AnotherParis

aureus,

linked

by

its reverse

MARS

VLTok

to the

last-mentioned

oin,

is

closely

related

by

obverse

to other

British

Museum

aurei

with

rev PAX

and

IVDAEA.

IV. Mint

of

Poetovio

(?).

It would

appear

probable

a

priori

that

the

armies

of

Illyricum,

on

joining

Vespasian, signalized

their

choice by

a

special coinage.

We can trace

that

coinage

in

the

following

group

of

denarii

:

Obv,

Head

laureater.

IMP CAESAR

VESPASIA-

NI S

A

VG

(1.

to r.

inwardly).

1. Bev.

CONSEN

EXERCIT

(in

vertical

ines).

Two

soldiers

tanding

. nd

r. and

clasping

hands.

M.

(Paris.)

2. Rev.-

CONSENSVS

EXERCIT(VS)

Two

soldiers

standing

.

and r.

and

clasping

hands.

M.

[PI.

VII.

1.]

3. Bev.- CENIVM

P R

Geniusstanding1.,holdingcornucopiaend patera. M.

p

2



30/47

212

H.

MATTINI

LY.

4.

Bev.

PACI

S

EVENT(VM)

Genius

standing

L,

holding

corn-ears

nd

patera.

JR.

5.

Bev

ROMA PERPETVA

Roma

seated

1.,

holding

Victory

nd

parazonium.

JR.

[Pl.

VII.

2.]

The

portrait

is

curious

and

unusual.

The

reverse

types

have an

original

flavour. There

are

several

special

tricks,for instance, the accusative case (" genium

"eventum")

and

the

writing

of

this

reverse

legend

in

vertical

lines.15 "We

have to

deal with a

new mint

rather

Western

than Eastern

in

its affinities.

The

attribution o

Illyricum

is

strongly

probable

Poetovio

was

perhaps

the

place

of

mintage.

(Cp.

Tac.

H.

iii. 1.

Council of

"War

held

there.)

The

following

mule

is

of

great

interest

Obv.-Head laureate . IMP CAES VESP AVG PM

COS IMI

Bev.

Two

soldiers

tanding, lasping

ands. CON

SEN

EXERCIT

(in

vertical

ines).

JR.

(Paris.)

The

obverse

is

certainly

of

the

mint

of

Eome,

the

reverse no less

certainly

of the

mint

above

assigned

to

Poetovio

(?).

We

noted

above a

similar

mule

with

obv.

of

Eome,

rev.

of

Lugdunum.

These

coins

appear

to

afford

material

support

for

the

plausible

suggestion,

that on the closing of the non-Eoman mints there

was a

transfer

f

personnel

and

material

to

Eome.l(;

15

This

ast

rick

eappears

n

coins

f

Tarraco,

ut s

it

ppears

there irst

n coins

f

Vespasian

t

may

have

been

earnt

rom

his

mint.

16

Other

mules re

Cohen 4.

Paris.

JR.

Obv.

MP

CAES

VESP AVG

PM

TR

P

PP

COS

III

Head

aureate .

Lugdunum.

Rev.

AVCVR

PON

MAX

Sacrificial

mplements.Rome.



31/47

THE MINTS OF

VESPASIAN.

213

V. Mints

of

Asia

Minor

N

,

M.

(See

Imhoof-Blumer,

Revue Suisse de

Num.

1905,

pp.

161

if.)

Before

discussing

the

question

of

mintage,

I

will

give

a

summary

of the issues

concerned

The

following

reverse

types

are

found

(1) AVC inwreath.

(2)

CONCORDIA

AVC

Female

figure

Ceres

)

seated

1.,

holding

orn-ears.

(3)

LIBERI

IMP AVC VESPAS

Busts

of Titus and

Domitian

acing

ne

another.

(4)

(a)

PACI

AVGVSTAE

Victory advancing

1.,

holding

wreath.

(b)

PACI

AVGVSTAE

Victory advancing

r.,

holding

wreath.

(5)

PACI

ORB TERR

AVC

Female

bust,

draped,

turreted, .

The

following groups

of

coins,

distinguished by

obverse

legend

and

(in

some

cases) by

mint-mark,

may

be

traced

(1)

Vespasian.

Obv.

Head

laureate

. IMP

CAES

VESPAS

AVC

No

mint-mark.

Hev

1,

3,

4

a,

5.

All JR.

Cohen 8. Paris. JR.

Obv.

MP

CAESAR

VESPASIANVS

AVC

Head aureate

.

Rome.

Rev.

CONSEN

EXERCIT

Two

oldiers.

oetovio.

After

ohen

85.

Paris.

JR.

Obv

IMP CAESAR

VESPASIANVS

AVC

Head

aureate

.

Rome.

Rev.

PACI AVCVSTI

Winged

female

igure.

Lugdunum.

Cohen

88.

Paris.

JR.

Obv.

MP

CAES

VESP

AVC

PM

Head

aureate

r. Rome.

Rev.PACI AVCVSTI, as above. Lugdunum.



32/47

214

H.

MAITINGLY.

(2)

Vespasian.

Obv.

Head

laureate

r. IMP

CAES

VESPAS

AVC

Mint-mark

Rev.

1,

4,

5.

All -£t.

(Add

Cohen

292.

M.

Paris.

Variant

f

5.

Female

bust

draped .)

(3)

Vespasian.

Obv (a) Head laureate r. IMP CAESAR VESPA-

SIAN

VS

AVC

[Pl.

VII.

3.]

(b)

Head

laureate

r.

IMP

CAESAR

VESPA-

SIANVS

AVC P

Mint-mark

Rev 3.

M.

(With

obv.

.,

B.

M.;

with

obv.

,

Berlin.)

(4)

Vespasian.

Obv.-

Head

laureate r.

IMP

CAESAR

VESPAS

AVC COS

II

TR P

PP

Mint-mark-

Rev.

1,

2,

3,

4,

5.

All

M.

[Pl.

VII.

4.]

(5)

Vespasian.

Obv. Head

laureate

r.

IMP

CAESAR

VESPAS

AVC COS

II

TR P

PP

Mint-mark

fi-

Rev.

2

(N,

Berlin

JB,

Walters

Coll.),

3

(

M

,

5

(M).

(6)

Vespasian.

Obv.-

Head

laureate

r.

IMP

CAESAR

VESPAS

AVC

COS

III

TP P

PP

Mint-mark

fl-

Rev.-

5

(^R).

[Pl.

VII.

5.]

(7)

Vespasian.

Obv.

Head

laureate

r. IMP

CAESAR

VESPAS

AVC

COS

III

TR

P

PP

Mint-mark

Pt

or

EBE

Rev.-

1, 2,

3,

4

b,

5.

All

M.

[Pl.

VII.

0.]

Titus.

Obv.-

Head

laureater.

IMPERATOR T

CAESAR

AVCVSTI F

Same

mint-mark.

Rev.- 1 (#), 2 (N, M), 4 b {M). [Pl. VII. 7.]



33/47

THE

MINTS OF

VESPASIAN.

215

Domitian.

Obv.

Bust, draped, uirassed,

head

bare,

r.

DOMI-

TIANVS

CAESAR

AVC

F

Same

mint-

mark.

Rev.-

1,

2,

4 b. All

M.

(8)

Vespasian.

Obv Head laureate r. IMP CAESAR VESPAS

AVC

COSV TR

P

PP

Mint-mark,

tar.

Rev.

5

(M).

Titus.

Obv.

Head laureate

r.

IMP T

CAESAR COS

III

Same

mint-

ark.

Rev.

2,

4

b.

Both

M.

The

dating

of

these

groups

causes

no

difficulty.

Groups

1-3

belong

to the

very beginning

of

the

reign

circa

August

a. d. 69 -

early

a. d.

70,

groups

4,

5

to

a.D.

70,

groups

6

and

7

to

a.d.

71

(the

undated coins

of Titus

and

Domitian

presumably

going

with their

father's ated

ones),

group

8

to

a.d.

74.

The

question

of mints

is

less

simple.

The mintmark

of

group

7,

E

EE

has

long

been

recog-

nized

as

"

EPHE

"

-

Ephesus

;

the

mint-mark f

groups

5

and

6,

>-ß-,

is

certainly

Byzantium,17

hough

it

has

not as yet been generally recognized and has been

usually

dismissed

as

inexplicable.

The

mint-marks

f

groups

2 and

4

)

and

group

3

(

tr)

remain

in doubt.18

On

the

analogy

of EPCand

>"B~,

we

expect

a Latin

17

Cp.

Tac.

H. ii.

83.

Mucianus

ciassem

Ponto

Byzantium

adigi

iusserat

;

Tacitus

eems

o

imply

hat

Byzantium

as

a

main aseof

perations

n

the

first

tages

f

the

war

in

ch.84

he

goes

n to

speak

f

Mucianus's

ndeavours

o raise

money.

18

B. Pick

has

suggested

hocaea.

The

suggestion

s,

priori

extremelynlikely

Phocaeawas

a

town

f

slightmportance

t

the ime. See,however,ote np.225.



34/47

216 H. MATTINGLY.

monogram

and

it

is

just possible

that

we

have

here

shorthandformsof

the latter

(>"B~).

The

style

is

quite

consistentwith

this

suggestion

and

I

would

tentatively

assign

these

groups

(2-5)

together

with

group

1

(no

mint-mark)

o

Byzantium.

Group

(8), probably

com-

memorating

the

completion

of

Vespasian's

first

quin-

quennium,maybelong toEphesus,butit is conceivable,

at

least,

that

it

may

belong

to another

mint.19

Asia

boasted

many

notable

citiés and

Vespasian

may

not

have confined o

Ephesus

the

honour

of

ssuing

imperial

currency.

The

motive

for

the

choice of

Byzantium

as the

first

mint was

certainly

military

it

was

found

convenient

to

strike

money

at the

base of

operations.

The

transfer-

ence

of

the

mint

to

Ephesus,

when

warlike

operationswere

entirely

over,

s

equally

intelligible,

for

Ephesus

was

the

centre of the

provincial

coinage

(the

so-called

"Cistophoric

Medallions

"),

and

had

therefore irst

laim

to

issue

these

mperial

coins,

which for

he time

replaced

the

provincial.

For

asses

of

Vespasian,

assigned

by

Imhoof-Blumer

to

Asia

Minor,

see below.

VI. Mints

of

the

Syrian

District.

Here again a survey of the coinage must precede

questions

of

mintage.

Group

1.

Vespasian

and

Titus.20

1. Obv.

Head

of

Vespasian

aureate

.

IMP

CAESAR

VESPASIA AVC

19

Why

hould

not

Ephesus

ontinue

o

sign

with

ts

own

mark,

PE?

;o

Undated

enarii

f

Vespasian

with

Obv.

MP CAESAR

VESPASIANVS

AVC

andhead aureater.

Äe?-.

1)

VlRTVS

AVCVST Virtustanding.,holdingpearand parazoniumand

2)

AVC in wreath ay elong ere. [Pl.VII. 9.]



35/47

THE

MINTS

OF

VESPASIAN.

217

Bev.

Head

of Titus laureate .

T FLAVI

VESPA-

SIANVS

CAESAR

N.

2.

Obv.

Head

of

Vespasian,

aureate

r.

IMP CAESAR

VESPASIANVS AVC

Bev.

Head

of

Titus laureate 1*.

IMP

T FLAVIVS

CAESAR AVC

F

N

[Pl.

VII.

8.]

3.

Obv

Head

of

Vespasian,

aureate

r.

IMP CAESAR

VESPASIANVS AVC

Bev. Head

of

Titus laureate r.

IMP

T

FLAVIVS

CAESAR

AV F

N.

(Paris.)

Group

2.

Vespasian,

Vespasian

and

Titus,

and

Vespasian,

Titus,

and

Domitian.

Obv.

Bust of

Vespasian

draped,

head

laureate

.

IMP

VESPAS AVC

PM TRI

P

P

P COS

Mil

4. Bev

Vespasian

standing

.,

extending

and

to

female

figure, neeling

.

PAX

A

VC

VST

I

N.

[PI. VII. 10.]

5. Bev.

Head of

Titus,bare,

r.

IMP

CAES VES

.

. .

AVC F TRI

PII COS

II

N.

(Jameson

oll.)

Found

at

Ephesus.

6. Bev. Heads

of

Titus

and Domitian

acing

ne

another.

CAE

DVM ET Tl

CAES IMP

VESPAS

N.

(Montagu

ale.)

The

following

denarii are to

be connected

with this

group

of

aurei.

Group 2a. Vespasian.

Obv.-

Head

of

Vespasian

laureate

r.

IMP CAES

VESP AVC

P M

COS

IMI

7.

Bev.

CONCORDIA

AVCVSTI

Female

figure

seated

1.,

holding

atera

nd

cornucopiae.

M.

8.

NEP RED

Neptune standing .,

holding

acrostolium

and

trident.

Mã

9.

VICTORIA

AVCVSTI

Victory

advancing

r.

to

crown

standard.

A'.

[PI.

VII.

11.]

10.

Judaea seated

r.

behind

her,

palm-tree

nd Roman

warrior.

JR.

11. Emperorn quadriga . JR.



36/47

218

H. MATTINGL.Y.

Titus.

Obv.

Bust of

Titus,draped,

head

laureate .

T

CAES

.

IMP

VESP PON TR

POT

12. ^.-CONCORDIA

AVGVSTI,

as

above. M.

[PL

VII.

12.]

13.

NEP

RED,

as

above.

^R.

14.

Judaea

eated

r.,

as

above.

M.

15. Prince n quadriga, . M.

Aurei of

Vespasian

and

Titus

(and

a few

denarii),

with the above

obverse

and

reverse

types,

show

all

the

characteristics

of the

Roman

mint and

must

certainly

be

assigned

to

it.

These

denarii,

on the

other

hand,

in

general

style

and

particularly

n letter-

ing,

clearly diverge

from it.

They

are

Eastern

showing

no affinities

with

any

of

the

Western

mints.21

Group

3.

Vespasian,

Vespasian

and

Titus,

and

Titus.

Obv. Head

of

Vespasian,

laureate r.

IMP

VESPA

CAESAR

AVCVS

[Pl.

VII.

13

obv.]

16.

Bev.

ROMA

Roma seated r. on

shield,

holding

parazonium

nd

spear.

N.

IMP

17. Bev.

T

In

three ines

on shield

laid

on

two

CAESAR

crossed

pears.

N.

(Hall

Coll.)

Obv

-

Head ofVespasian,aureater. IMP CAESARVESPASIANVS AVC

18.

Bev.

PONT

MAX TR

POT

Female

figure

eated

r.,

holding

branch and

sceptre.

N.

(Ponton

d'Amécourt

ale.)

Obv.

Head of

Titus,

aureate r.

IMP

T

CAESAR

VESPASIANVS

21

Cp.

Paris

aureuswith

Obv.

Head

of

Vespasian

aureate

.

IMP CAES VESP

AVO

PM

in

style

of

these

denarii.

Rev.

Head

of

Titus,bare,

.

IMP CAES

VESP

AVO P

TRIP

[II]

COS II

(cp.

group

of aurei

above)

a

definite

connectingink.



37/47

THE

MINTS OF

VESPASIAN.

219

19. Bev.

CONCORDIA

A

VC

Concordia seated

1.,

holding atera

nd

cornucopiae.

Pl.

VII.

13

rev

20.

Obv.

As above.

Bev.

IVDAEA DEVICTA

Victory

tanding

r.,

in-

IMP

scribing

T

on

shield fastened o

palm-tree.

CAES

N. (Paris.)

21.

Obv

As

above.

Bev.

[VIRTVS]

AVCVSTI

(?)

Virtus

tanding

.,

holding spear

and

parazonium.

End

of

rev

legend

doubtful.

N.

(Coll.

Trivulzio.

Boil

di

Num.

e

Sfr.

ii.

13.)

Group

4.

Vespasian.

Obv.

Bust

bare,

head

radiate

.

IMP

CAES

VESPA-

SIANVS

AVC

22. Bev.

Victory

flying

1.,

holding

wreathand

palm.

VICT

AVC N.

(Paris.)

Group

5.

Denarii

of

Vespasian,

Titus,

and Domitian.

Vespasian.

Obv.

Head

of

Vespasian,

aureate

r.

IMP

CAESAR

VESPASIANVS

AVC

(r.

to

1.).

23. Bev.-

COS

VII

Pegasus

r.

(1.

to

r.).

[PL

VII.

14.]

24. PON MAX TR P COS VII Winged caduceus

(r.

to

1.).

25.

FIDES

PVBL

Clasped

hands

holding

caduceus

Documents

The mints of Vespasian / [H. Mattingly]