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THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1200 AD

THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1200 AD

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THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1200 AD. The Dark Ages. Early Middle Ages- few advances or developments Why: Invasions, language barriers and decline in: trade, education, population, cities Europe goes from one government (Rome) to many that change frequently with wars. The Franks. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: THE MIDDLE AGES   500-1200 AD

THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1200 AD

Page 2: THE MIDDLE AGES   500-1200 AD
Page 3: THE MIDDLE AGES   500-1200 AD

The Dark Ages Early Middle Ages- few advances or developments Why: Invasions, language barriers and decline in:

trade, education, population, cities Europe goes from one government (Rome) to many

that change frequently with wars

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Page 5: THE MIDDLE AGES   500-1200 AD

The Franks Germanic people in central Europe Clovis- leader, converted to Christianity

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Charles Martel

ruler of the Franks in 719 AD expanded kingdom, defeated

Muslims After Martel, the Pope names

Pepin (Martel’s son) king- began Carolingian rule.

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Charlemagne b/cm king in 771 largest empire since

Rome crowned emperor set up counties, ruled by

a count (wealthy noble) The count collected taxes, tolls, built forts, led armies

stressed education- schools in monasteries.

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Charlemagne crowned by the Pope

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Monasteries and ConventsReligious communities est.

by the Church*Monasteries- ran by monks*Convents- ran by nuns*Religious centers w/

schools & libraries

Pope Gregory I – declared Church was responsible for all Christianity

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NEW INVADERSThe Vikings from Scandinavia aka Northmen or Norsemen worshipped war gods (Odin, Thor) attacked Cent. Europe w/

“longboats” (go up rivers to shallow water)

experts - long sword & battle axe took land in Iceland, France and

England colonies in Iceland, Greenland

and Russia

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Toward the end of the 8th century CE, Viking seafarers from what we now call Norway (A), Denmark (B), and Sweden (C) embarked on a series of daring voyages for trade, colonization, and sometimes even plunder. Over the next 250 years, they planted settlements in Europe — from the British Isles (D) and France (E) to Italy (F) and Russia (G). Vikings from Norway, in particular, became the first Europeans, ever, to establish a passage across the Atlantic to North America. They did it in stages, setting up bases, as they went, in the Shetland Islands (H), Faroe Islands (I), Iceland (J), Greenland (K), and — for

just a few years — in the place they called Vinland (L).

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The Vikings 1000 AD - Leif Erikson led

settlers to North America (Canada), they called it Vinland

Vikings lived in N. America about 10 years, 500 years before Columbus

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The Magyars

great horseback riders - fierce warriors from the East (Hungary)

attacked towns & monasteries

took slaves

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Europe Looks for Help Invaders caused panic - people

looked for protection – turned to local kings

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Page 18: THE MIDDLE AGES   500-1200 AD

FEUDALISMPolitical / social system King granted a fief (land) to nobles (lords) for services,

loyalty, protection Nobles granted land to knights for protection Knights granted land to peasants for service

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CHIVALRY Code of conduct and ideals-

including loyalty, bravery, purity, kindness, honesty, generosity

Fight for God, his king, lord and lady

Rules for fighting, treating prisoners and treating women

Women worshipped Troubadours praised women

in poems & songs.

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CHIVALRY

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FEUDALISMKNIGHTHOOD- began training

age 7, b/cm squire at age 15Care for horses, learn to fight, clean armor &

weapons, cook, serve

*Laziness punished w/ beatings

Older knight “dubbed” young knight

Knights would fight for their lords

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Tournaments for practiceCompetitions in sword, axe, mace

Jousting most popular

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Each knight had a Coat of Arms

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FEUDALISM SERFS- bound to the land,

could not leave Worked the fields, built

roads, bridges, fences, castles

Made payments to the lords for protection

Harsh life - long days Ate bread, some vegetables Animals pulled in the house

at night Disease, life expectancy- 35.

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THE CASTLE Built for defense from

invaders High walls- could be 8-12

ft. thick Towers for observation Villagers, food & animals

brought inside during attacks

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Castle Siege

attack on a castle

could take weeks

Weapons- siege tower, battering ram, trebuchet and mangonel

Items shot over the walls- pots of burning lime, boulders, human heads, diseased cows, dead horses, prisoners

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THE CHURCHHeaded by the Pope or Pontiff

-Papacy- office of the Pope (Cardinals, Archbishops)

-Clergy- church officials-Bishops- supervised priests-Priests- performed marriages,

baptisms, mass, sacraments

-Tithe- 1/10 of income -Canon Law- law of the Church.

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Power of the PopeThe Pope could use: Excommunication- kicked out of the Church

Interdiction- ban sacraments

Deposition- declare a king is no longer king

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HOLY ROMAN EMPIREOtto I (Otto the Great) (936-973)

ruled Germany & Italy, supported by the Pope, defended the empire

Kings & Popes Collide in power struggle

Pope Gregory VII vs. King Henry IV Pope banned Henry from appointing

Church officialsHenry called the Pope a “false monk”.Henry excommunicated, waited 3 days in

snow before forgiven. Pope more powerful

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PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH

Priest marrying, having children (out of wedlock)

Selling church positionsBriberyKings appointing bishopsGambling, drinking,

illiteracy

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CHURCH REFORMS

EducationBanned marriage for

clergyOath of celibacyFriars (traveling

monks) spread the word of God

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The Rise of IslamIslam                                         Muhammad: Founder of Islam  

Islam: "surrender to Allah“

Muslims: followers "those who submit to god's will"   

Quran: holy book - writings/expressions of Muhammad

  

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IslamFive Pillars of Islam                *”There is only 1 God and His name is Allah”

*prayer facing Mecca – 5 times a day      

*give to the poor                     

*fasting during Ramadan               

*hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca

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Jihad: a "holy war" Muhammad and his successive caliphs (Muslim rulers) waged “jihad” to spread Islam over Persian Empire, Egypt, India, North Africa, Spain

1453 - conquered Constantinople took control of the Eastern Roman Empire      

Islamic Empire: Muslim countries threatened to crush Christian Europe                         

Islam

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THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS”

The Pope declared war on “infidels” (Turks & Muslims) who occupied Holy Land/Jerusalem

Pope hoped the knights would stop fighting each other & fight the Muslims

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THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS”First Crusade (1097)50,000+ knights marched

to Constantinople wearing red crosses

2nd attack captured Jerusalem, Edessa, Tripoli and Antioch

Second CrusadeEdessa fell into Muslim

control Christians lose Jerusalem

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THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS”

Third Crusade“The Three Kings Crusade”-Philip Augustus - France-Frederick I “Barbarossa” -

Germany -Richard the Lion-Hearted -

England tried to recapture Jerusalem.Philip went home - Barbarossa

drowned - Richard fights Muslim king Saladin. Christians gain the right to visit the Jerusalem

5 later Crusades most unsuccessful.

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THE CRUSADES

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TOWNS AND TRADE AGRICULTURAL BOOMEurope warms

horses plow 2Xs faster than oxen

3-field system- plant 2/3, let 1/3 rest

More food – more people

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The 3 field system OR “Crop rotation”

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TRADE BOOMmore people - more trade

# artisans increased

Towns fairs- buy and sell

*Guilds- artisans (bakers, glassmakers, tailors, druggists, etc.)To control wages, prices, standards for products

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TOWNS / TRADE BOOMTOWNS- most about 2,000

people Paris had 60,000. Towns formed on trading routesTowns not well designed- no

sewers or running water, animal / human waste in the street

Most towns controlled by the merchants & businessmen.

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LEARNING BOOMUniversities in Europe [Paris,

Bologna (Italy) and Oxford (England)]

Scholars (scholastics) – teachers - studied in libraries of the Middle East studied Greek & Roman works

LiteratureGeoffrey Chaucer (“The

Canterbury Tales”)Dante (“The Divine Comedy”)

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ENGLAND vs. FRANCE NORMAND INVASION

William the Conqueror- led Normandy (northern France) Invaded England

*October 14, 1066- The Battle of Hastings- William defeated Harold of the Saxons

claimed England & gave away English land

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ENGLISH GOVERNMENT*The Magna Carta- “Great

Charter” King overtaxed the people, they revolted, King forced to accept

trial by jury, no taxation without representation

Parliament est. to make laws

US govt.- based on Magna Carta.

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The Great SchismDIVIDED CHURCH

Philip IV of France arrested the Pope and elected French pope

Two Popes

Italian Pope Urban VI

French Pope Clement VII

Popes excommunicated the other

1417- Schism over w/ Pope Martin V

Challenges to the Pope

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus – Bible & Jesus are the authority - not the pope, clergy shouldn’t live in luxury

Hus- burned at the stake

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THE BUBONIC PLAGUE From Asia, Mongols carried the disease (shot diseased

bodies over city walls) Italian merchants carried plague to Europe *The Carriers- fleas on black rats, bacteria called

Yersinia Pestis

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What were the symptoms of the plague?

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The Black Death* Swelling boils called buboes* Skin turned red, purple, black* Skin decayed and smelled* High fever, delirium * Death in 5-7 days* The Fear - cause unknown* Treatment unknown* Dirty towns were rat breeding

grounds* Cures - blood letting* Blamed volcanoes, earthquakes,

Jews

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Effects of the Plague 1347 to 1353 over 35

million died Trade declined - inflation Peasants revolts Church lost followers

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HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453)ENGLAND & FRANCE

Both claimed Northern France

English Edward III claimed French crown- war followed

*Battle of Crecy (1346)

English used longbow- arrows pierced armor, traveled 300 yards, French lost 1/3 of army

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HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453)*Battle of Poitiers- French (35,000+) outnumber English (7,000) - English win w/ long bow

*Battle of Agincourt (1415) – 6,000 English vs. 30,000 French- English archers won again

Treaty- King Henry V of England to b/cm king of France after the death of Charles VI

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Joan of ArcFrance desperate

-peasant girl of 13 had

-visions & heard voices of saints

-told her to drive English from France and make Charles VII king.

-Joan convinced Charles VII to let her lead an army

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Joan of Arc*May 7, 1429- Joan attacked an

English fort near Orleans- had to retreat on the 1st attack. 2nd charge- won

French took Orleans, saved Paris

Charles VII was crowned king

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Joan of ArcJoan captured, turned over to the Church, found guilty

of heresy & witchcraft, burned at the stake 1431

End of Middle Ages Knighthood & Chivalry over

Joan was made a Saint in 1920