The Middle Ages (400-1400)

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The Middle Ages (400- The Middle Ages (400-

1400)1400)

The Dominance of Theology The Dominance of Theology

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Social Conditions in the MiddleSocial Conditions in the Middle

AgesAges

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The World – The World – thth Cent!ryCent!ry

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Ma" of Mediterranean – #Ma" of Mediterranean – #thth Cent!ryCent!ry

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The World – 1$ The World – 1$thth Cent!ryCent!ry

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Medie%al &ierarchyMedie%al &ierarchy

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Medie%al CastlesMedie%al Castles

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Medie%al ManorMedie%al Manor

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'nside a easant &!t'nside a easant &!t

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The ogic of Medie%al ife The ogic of Medie%al ife

The *asic logic of life in the middle The *asic logic of life in the middle

ages is relati%ely sim"le+ 't ,as a timeages is relati%ely sim"le+ 't ,as a timein ,hich life ,as short e%en for thosein ,hich life ,as short e%en for those

,ho died of .nat!ral/ ca!ses+ The,ho died of .nat!ral/ ca!ses+ The

"hysical ,orld ,as dominated *y"hysical ,orld ,as dominated *y"o,erf!l men ,ho !sed strength of"o,erf!l men ,ho !sed strength of

arms to ra"e "illage and con!erarms to ra"e "illage and con!er

their ,ay to higher stat!s+ The s"irittheir ,ay to higher stat!s+ The s"irit

,orld as conce"t!alied ,as 2lled,orld as conce"t!alied ,as 2lled

,ith demons monsters and,ith demons monsters and

corr!"ting s"irits ,hose goal it ,as tocorr!"ting s"irits ,hose goal it ,as to

sed!ce and infect the so!ls of mortals+sed!ce and infect the so!ls of mortals+

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Sec!rity of 3ody and So!lSec!rity of 3ody and So!l

The medie%al "erson then desired t,o The medie%al "erson then desired t,osec!rities of the *ody and of the so!l+ 'nsec!rities of the *ody and of the so!l+ 'norder to o*tain these it ,as necessary to gi%eorder to o*tain these it ,as necessary to gi%e!" either *odily or mental freedoms+!" either *odily or mental freedoms+

'n the sec!lar and "hysical ,orld the'n the sec!lar and "hysical ,orld the

freedom of mo%ement of "ro"ertyfreedom of mo%ement of "ro"ertyo,nershi" and the freedom to *etter one5so,nershi" and the freedom to *etter one5slife ,as s!*mitted to a lord in e6change forlife ,as s!*mitted to a lord in e6change for"rotection from other lords and in%aders+"rotection from other lords and in%aders+

'n the religio!s and s"irit!al ,orld the'n the religio!s and s"irit!al ,orld the

freedom to !estion to form one5s o,nfreedom to !estion to form one5s o,n*eliefs and to "ractice religion freely ,as*eliefs and to "ractice religion freely ,ass!rrendered to the ch!rch in e6change fors!rrendered to the ch!rch in e6change for"rotection of the so!l against the de%il and"rotection of the so!l against the de%il andto g!arantee a "lace in hea%en and esca"eto g!arantee a "lace in hea%en and esca"e

from hell+from hell+

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7ach of these systems sec!lar and7ach of these systems sec!lar and

religio!s contained their o,n distinctreligio!s contained their o,n distinct

hierarchies in ,hich more and morehierarchies in ,hich more and more

freedoms ,ere lost in eachfreedoms ,ere lost in each

s!ccessi%e ste" do,n the ladder+s!ccessi%e ste" do,n the ladder+easants and serfs ,ho made !" theeasants and serfs ,ho made !" the

%ast ma8ority of h!manity li%ed at%ast ma8ority of h!manity li%ed at

the *ottom le%el+ They lost %irt!allythe *ottom le%el+ They lost %irt!allyall of their freedoms *oth "hysicalall of their freedoms *oth "hysical

and mental in order to sim"lyand mental in order to sim"ly

s!r%i%e+s!r%i%e+

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eresy !r ng e eeresy !r ng e e

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eresy !r ng e eeresy !r ng e eAgesAges

. .'n fact the ealot ho,e%er lo%ing and charita*le he'n fact the ealot ho,e%er lo%ing and charita*le he

might other,ise *e ,as ta!ght and *elie%ed thatmight other,ise *e ,as ta!ght and *elie%ed thatcom"assion for the s!9erings of the heretic ,as notcom"assion for the s!9erings of the heretic ,as notonly a ,ea:ness *!t a sin+ As ,ell might heonly a ,ea:ness *!t a sin+ As ,ell might hesym"athie ,ith Satan and his demons ,rithing in thesym"athie ,ith Satan and his demons ,rithing in theendless torment of hell+ 'f a 8!st and omni"otent ;odendless torment of hell+ 'f a 8!st and omni"otent ;od,rea:ed di%ine %engeance on those of his creat!res,rea:ed di%ine %engeance on those of his creat!res,ho o9ended him it ,as not for man to !estion the,ho o9ended him it ,as not for man to !estion therighteo!sness of his ,ays *!t h!m*ly to imitate hisrighteo!sness of his ,ays *!t h!m*ly to imitate hise6am"le and re8oice ,hen the o""ort!nity to do soe6am"le and re8oice ,hen the o""ort!nity to do so,as %o!chsafed to him+ The stern moralists of the age,as %o!chsafed to him+ The stern moralists of the ageheld it to *e a Christian d!ty to 2nd "leas!re inheld it to *e a Christian d!ty to 2nd "leas!re in

contem"lating the ang!ish of the sinner+ ;regory thecontem"lating the ang!ish of the sinner+ ;regory the;reat 2%e cent!ries *efore had arg!ed that the *liss;reat 2%e cent!ries *efore had arg!ed that the *lissof the elect in hea%en ,o!ld not *e "erfect !nlessof the elect in hea%en ,o!ld not *e "erfect !nlessthey ,ere a*le to loo: across the a*yss and en8oy thethey ,ere a*le to loo: across the a*yss and en8oy theagonies of their *rethren in eternal 2re+ This idea ,asagonies of their *rethren in eternal 2re+ This idea ,asa "o"!lar one and ,as not allo,ed to gro, o*solete+/a "o"!lar one and ,as not allo,ed to gro, o*solete+/

– &enry Charles ea– &enry Charles ea A History of the Inquisition of the A History of the Inquisition of the--

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. . The Ch!rch th!s !ndertoo: to coerce the so%ereign to The Ch!rch th!s !ndertoo: to coerce the so%ereign to"ersec!tion+ 't ,o!ld not listen to mercy it ,o!ld not"ersec!tion+ 't ,o!ld not listen to mercy it ,o!ld nothear of e6"ediency+ The monarch held his cro,n *y thehear of e6"ediency+ The monarch held his cro,n *y theten!re of e6tir"ating heresy of seeing that the la,s ,ereten!re of e6tir"ating heresy of seeing that the la,s ,ere

shar" and ,ere "itilessly enforced+ Any hesitation ,asshar" and ,ere "itilessly enforced+ Any hesitation ,as%isited ,ith e6comm!nication and if this "ro%ed%isited ,ith e6comm!nication and if this "ro%edine<cacio!s his dominions ,ere thro,n o"en to the 2rstine<cacio!s his dominions ,ere thro,n o"en to the 2rsthardy ad%ent!rer ,hom the Ch!rch ,o!ld s!""ly ,ith anhardy ad%ent!rer ,hom the Ch!rch ,o!ld s!""ly ,ith anarmy for his o%erthro,='t ,as a""lied from the highestarmy for his o%erthro,='t ,as a""lied from the highestto the lo,est and the Ch!rch made e%ery dignitary feelto the lo,est and the Ch!rch made e%ery dignitary feel

that his station ,as an o<ce in a !ni%ersal theocracythat his station ,as an o<ce in a !ni%ersal theocracy,herein all interests ,ere s!*ordinate to the great d!ty,herein all interests ,ere s!*ordinate to the great d!tyof maintaining the "!rity of the faith+ The hegemony ofof maintaining the "!rity of the faith+ The hegemony of7!ro"e ,as %ested in the &oly >oman 7m"ire and its7!ro"e ,as %ested in the &oly >oman 7m"ire and itscoronation ,as a strangely solemn religio!s ceremony incoronation ,as a strangely solemn religio!s ceremony in,hich the em"eror ,as admitted to the lo,er orders of,hich the em"eror ,as admitted to the lo,er orders of

the "riesthood and ,as made to anathematie allthe "riesthood and ,as made to anathematie allheresy raising itself against the holy Catholic Ch!rch+ 'nheresy raising itself against the holy Catholic Ch!rch+ 'nhanding him the ring the "o"e told him that it ,as ahanding him the ring the "o"e told him that it ,as asym*ol that he ,as to destroy heresy ? and in girdingsym*ol that he ,as to destroy heresy ? and in girdinghim ,ith the s,ord that ,ith it he ,as to stri:e do,nhim ,ith the s,ord that ,ith it he ,as to stri:e do,nthe enemies of the Ch!rch+/ - &enry Charles eathe enemies of the Ch!rch+/ - &enry Charles ea A A

History of the Inquisition of the Middle AgesHistory of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages "" $$@ "" $$@

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..ne of the most e<cacio!s means for h!nting do,nne of the most e<cacio!s means for h!nting do,nheresy ,as the .7dict of Baith/ ,hich enlisted theheresy ,as the .7dict of Baith/ ,hich enlisted the"eo"le in the ser%ice of the 'n!isition and re!ired"eo"le in the ser%ice of the 'n!isition and re!irede%ery man to *e an informer+ Brom time to time ae%ery man to *e an informer+ Brom time to time acertain district ,as %isited and an edict iss!edcertain district ,as %isited and an edict iss!edcommanding those ,ho :ne, anything of any heresycommanding those ,ho :ne, anything of any heresyto come for,ard and re%eal it !nder fearf!l "enaltiesto come for,ard and re%eal it !nder fearf!l "enaltiestem"oral and s"irit!al+ 'n conse!ence no one ,astem"oral and s"irit!al+ 'n conse!ence no one ,asfree from the s!s"icion of his neigh*o!rs or e%en offree from the s!s"icion of his neigh*o!rs or e%en ofhis o,n family+ .o more ingenio!s de%ice has *eenhis o,n family+ .o more ingenio!s de%ice has *eenin%ented to s!*8!gate a ,hole "o"!lation to "aralyein%ented to s!*8!gate a ,hole "o"!lation to "aralyeits intellect and to red!ce it to *lind o*edience+ 'tits intellect and to red!ce it to *lind o*edience+ 'tele%ated delation to the ran: of high religio!s d!ty+/ele%ated delation to the ran: of high religio!s d!ty+/

The "rocess em"loyed in the trials of those acc!sed The "rocess em"loyed in the trials of those acc!sed

of heresy in S"ain re8ected e%ery reasona*le meansof heresy in S"ain re8ected e%ery reasona*le meansfor the ascertainment of tr!th+ The "risoner ,asfor the ascertainment of tr!th+ The "risoner ,asass!med to *e g!ilty the *!rden of "ro%ing hisass!med to *e g!ilty the *!rden of "ro%ing hisinnocence rested on him? his 8!dge ,as %irt!ally hisinnocence rested on him? his 8!dge ,as %irt!ally his"rosec!tor+ – ohn 3agnell 3!ry"rosec!tor+ – ohn 3agnell 3!ry A History of Freedom A History of Freedomof Thought of Thought "" 0-1"" 0-1

M th d f T tM th d f T t

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Methods of Tort!reMethods of Tort!re The only restriction on in!isitors ,as that they co!ld not *rea: the The only restriction on in!isitors ,as that they co!ld not *rea: the

s:in+ &ere are some ,ays in ,hich they ,or:ed aro!nd thiss:in+ &ere are some ,ays in ,hich they ,or:ed aro!nd this The Judas Chair:The Judas Chair: This ,as a large "yramid-sha"ed Eseat+E Acc!sed This ,as a large "yramid-sha"ed Eseat+E Acc!sed

heretics ,ere "laced on to" of it ,ith the "oint inserted into theirheretics ,ere "laced on to" of it ,ith the "oint inserted into theiran!ses or genitalia then %ery %ery slo,ly lo,ered onto the "ointan!ses or genitalia then %ery %ery slo,ly lo,ered onto the "oint,ith ro"es+ The e9ect ,as to grad!ally stretch o!t the o"ening of,ith ro"es+ The e9ect ,as to grad!ally stretch o!t the o"ening ofchoice in an e6tremely "ainf!l manner+choice in an e6tremely "ainf!l manner+

WaterboardingWaterboarding consists of immo*iliing a "erson on their *ac: ,ithconsists of immo*iliing a "erson on their *ac: ,iththe head inclined do,n,ard and "o!ring ,ater o%er the face and intothe head inclined do,n,ard and "o!ring ,ater o%er the face and intothe *reathing "assages+ Thro!gh forced s!9ocation and inhalation ofthe *reathing "assages+ Thro!gh forced s!9ocation and inhalation of

,ater the s!*8ect e6"eriences the "rocess of dro,ning and is made,ater the s!*8ect e6"eriences the "rocess of dro,ning and is madeto *elie%e that death is imminent+ Water*oarding carries the ris:s ofto *elie%e that death is imminent+ Water*oarding carries the ris:s ofe6treme "ain damage to the l!ngs *rain damage ca!sed *y o6ygene6treme "ain damage to the l!ngs *rain damage ca!sed *y o6ygende"ri%ation in8!ries (incl!ding *ro:en *ones) d!e to str!gglingde"ri%ation in8!ries (incl!ding *ro:en *ones) d!e to str!gglingagainst restraints and e%en death+against restraints and e%en death+

The Head Vice:The Head Vice: The head ,as "!t into a s"ecially 2tted %ice and The head ,as "!t into a s"ecially 2tted %ice andtightened !ntil teeth ,ere cr!shed *ones crac:ed and e%ent!ally thetightened !ntil teeth ,ere cr!shed *ones crac:ed and e%ent!ally the

eyes "o""ed o!t of their soc:ets+eyes "o""ed o!t of their soc:ets+ The Pear:The Pear: A large *!l*o!s gadget is inserted in either the mo!thA large *!l*o!s gadget is inserted in either the mo!th

an!s or %agina+ A le%er on the de%ice then ca!ses it to slo,ly e6"andan!s or %agina+ A le%er on the de%ice then ca!ses it to slo,ly e6"and,hilst inserted+ 7%ent!ally "oints emerge from the ti"s+ (A""arently,hilst inserted+ 7%ent!ally "oints emerge from the ti"s+ (A""arentlyinternal *leeding doesnFt co!nt as E*rea:ing the s:in+E)internal *leeding doesnFt co!nt as E*rea:ing the s:in+E)

The Wheel:The Wheel: &eretics ,ere stra""ed to a ,heel and their *ones ,ere&eretics ,ere stra""ed to a ,heel and their *ones ,erecl!**ed into shards+cl!**ed into shards+

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Methods of 76ec!tionMethods of 76ec!tion

Sawing:Sawing: &eretics ,ere h!ng !"side-do,n and sa,ed&eretics ,ere h!ng !"side-do,n and sa,eda"art do,n the middle starting at the crotch+a"art do,n the middle starting at the crotch+

Disembowelment:Disembowelment: A small hole is c!t in the g!t thenA small hole is c!t in the g!t then

the intestines are dra,n o!t slo,ly and caref!llythe intestines are dra,n o!t slo,ly and caref!lly:ee"ing the %ictim ali%e for as m!ch of the "rocess as:ee"ing the %ictim ali%e for as m!ch of the "rocess as"ossi*le+"ossi*le+

The Stake:The Stake: De"ending on ho, !nre"entant a hereticDe"ending on ho, !nre"entant a hereticmight *e the "rocess of *!rning at the sta:e co!ld %arymight *e the "rocess of *!rning at the sta:e co!ld %ary,ildly+ Bor instance a fairly re"entant heretic might *e,ildly+ Bor instance a fairly re"entant heretic might *estrangled then *!rned+ An entirely !nre"entant hereticstrangled then *!rned+ An entirely !nre"entant hereticco!ld *e *!rned o%er the co!rse of ho!rs !sing greenco!ld *e *!rned o%er the co!rse of ho!rs !sing green,ood or sim"ly *y "lacing them on to" of hot coals and,ood or sim"ly *y "lacing them on to" of hot coals andlea%ing them there !ntil ,ell done+lea%ing them there !ntil ,ell done+

di l d iM di l 7d i

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Medie%al 7d!cationMedie%al 7d!cation

S h l ti i F 1! C # tS h l ti i F 1! C # t

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Scholasticism: From 1! C"#" toScholasticism: From 1! C"#" to

1$! C"#"1$! C"#" So!ght to redisco%er the .nat!ral lightSo!ght to redisco%er the .nat!ral light

of reason/of reason/ Attem"ted to disting!ish *et,eenAttem"ted to disting!ish *et,een

sec!lar and religio!s :no,ledgesec!lar and religio!s :no,ledge

3elie%ed that insights *ased on reason3elie%ed that insights *ased on reason,o!ld not conGict ,ith scri"t!re,o!ld not conGict ,ith scri"t!re 'f there ,as a contradiction re%elation'f there ,as a contradiction re%elation

o%err!led reasono%err!led reason Was *ased on Aristotle5s meta"hysicsWas *ased on Aristotle5s meta"hysics Did not see: to gain ne, :no,ledgeDid not see: to gain ne, :no,ledge

*!t to integrate old :no,ledge*!t to integrate old :no,ledge

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'nG!ential Thin:ers in the'nG!ential Thin:ers in theMiddle AgesMiddle Ages

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Thomas A!inas Thomas A!inas

Hey idea A!inas ,as concerned ,ithHey idea A!inas ,as concerned ,ithdefending the tr!th of Christianity+ &edefending the tr!th of Christianity+ &e*ased his thin:ing on a set of*ased his thin:ing on a set of!n!estioned and !n!estiona*le!n!estioned and !n!estiona*le

ass!m"tions+ &e then !sed reason andass!m"tions+ &e then !sed reason andlogic in order to ."ro%e/ the a*sol!telogic in order to ."ro%e/ the a*sol!tetr!th of those ass!m"tions+ 'f histr!th of those ass!m"tions+ 'f hisass!m"tions are granted his reasoningass!m"tions are granted his reasoningis "o,erf!l and mo%ing+ 'f thoseis "o,erf!l and mo%ing+ 'f thoseass!m"tions are !estioned ho,e%erass!m"tions are !estioned ho,e%erm!ch of his arg!mentation falls a"art+m!ch of his arg!mentation falls a"art+

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Thomas A!inas Thomas A!inas

%b&ection 1"%b&ection 1" 't ,o!ld seem that the de2nition't ,o!ld seem that the de2nitionof "erson gi%en *y 3oethi!s (De D!a*+ at+) isof "erson gi%en *y 3oethi!s (De D!a*+ at+) isins!<cient--that is Ea "erson is an indi%id!alins!<cient--that is Ea "erson is an indi%id!als!*stance of a rational nat!re+E Bor nothings!*stance of a rational nat!re+E Bor nothingsing!lar can *e s!*8ect to de2nition+ 3!tsing!lar can *e s!*8ect to de2nition+ 3!t

."ersonE signi2es something sing!lar+."ersonE signi2es something sing!lar+ Therefore "erson is im"ro"erly de2ned+ Therefore "erson is im"ro"erly de2ned+

'e(l) to %b&ection 1"'e(l) to %b&ection 1" Altho!gh this or thatAltho!gh this or thatsing!lar may not *e de2na*le yet ,hatsing!lar may not *e de2na*le yet ,hat

*elongs to the general idea of sing!larity can*elongs to the general idea of sing!larity can*e de2ned? and so the "hiloso"her (De*e de2ned? and so the "hiloso"her (Deraedic+ ca"+ De s!*stantia) gi%es a de2nitionraedic+ ca"+ De s!*stantia) gi%es a de2nitionof 2rst s!*stance? and in this ,ay 3oethi!sof 2rst s!*stance? and in this ,ay 3oethi!s

de2nes "erson+de2nes "erson+

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Signi2cance of ThomasSigni2cance of Thomas

A!inas to Critical Thin:ingA!inas to Critical Thin:ing As the one of the *est minds of theAs the one of the *est minds of the

Middle Ages A!inas is remar:a*le ifMiddle Ages A!inas is remar:a*le if

only for his shar" mind and a*ility toonly for his shar" mind and a*ility toreason thro!gh ideas+reason thro!gh ideas+

&e ,as committed to disci"lined&e ,as committed to disci"lined

systematic thin:ing as ,ell assystematic thin:ing as ,ell aslifelong learning+lifelong learning+

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What can ,e learn from theWhat can ,e learn from the

Middle AgesIMiddle AgesI That it is "ossi*le to re%erse and *ecome less That it is "ossi*le to re%erse and *ecome less

critical less o"en-minded less scienti2c etc+critical less o"en-minded less scienti2c etc+ That a society ,hich does not allo, for That a society ,hich does not allo, for

freedom of tho!ght is strictly hierarchicalfreedom of tho!ght is strictly hierarchicaland e6tremely ins!lated and isolated is notand e6tremely ins!lated and isolated is notli:ely to "rod!ce m!ch critical tho!ght+li:ely to "rod!ce m!ch critical tho!ght+

That *elief has incredi*le "o,er to control That *elief has incredi*le "o,er to controlthe mind and to limit its "otential+the mind and to limit its "otential+

That critical tho!ght cannot thri%e ,hen That critical tho!ght cannot thri%e ,henanything is held .sacred/ andanything is held .sacred/ and!n!estiona*le+!n!estiona*le+

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The Middle Ages (400-1400)