The Lithosphere Slide 2 Slide 3 The Crust Thin, rocky outer
layer Either oceanic or continental Oceanic is 7-km thick
Continental is 8-75 km thick Slide 4 The Mantle 82% of Earths
volume 2890-km thick Solid rock at the top Liquid rock at the
bottom Slide 5 The Core Composed of an iron-nickel alloy Extreme
pressure found at the center Slide 6 Outer Core Liquid layer
2260-km thick Metallic iron flow creates Earths magnetic field
Inner Core Solid layer Radius of 1220-km High temperature High
pressure Mostly nickel Slide 7 Layers based on Physical Properties
Lithosphere Asthenosphere Slide 8 Layers based on Physical
Properties Lithosphere Crust and Upper most mantle Cool, rigid
shell 100-km thick Asthenosphere Below the Lithosphere Soft,
comparatively weak layer Rocks close to melting Slide 9 Types of
Rocks? Slide 10 Types of Rocks Igneous Rock Forms when lava or
magma cools Sedimentary Rock When existing rocks are broken down
into pieces then compacted and cemented together Metamorphic Rocks
When existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure Slide 11 What
is the ROCK CYCLE? Slide 12 The Rock Cycle Slide 13 What is
Continental Drift? Slide 14 Proposed by Alfred Wegener Stated that
the continents had once been joined to form a single supercontinent
Supercontinent was called Pangaea Slide 15 What did the Theory Say?
Occurred 500 million years ago Pangaea broke apart 200 million
years ago Continents Drifted (moved) to present positions
Continents broke through the oceans North America and Africa split
135 million years ago Slide 16 Evidence of Continental Drift Slide
17 Shorelines look like they fit together Same fossil organisms
found on different landmasses Several mountain belts end at one
coastline, only to reappear on a land mass across the ocean Ancient
Climates relate Slide 18 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Slide 19
Plate Boundary Activities? Slide 20 Plate Boundary Activities
Earthquakes Volcanoes Mountain Building Sea Floor Spreading Slide
21 Slide 22 Types of Plate Boundaries .. Slide 23 Types of Plate
Boundaries Divergent Boundary Convergent Boundary Transform Fault
Boundary Slide 24 Plate Boundary? When two plates move apart Also
called spreading centers New crust is created (mainly seafloor)
Known as sea floor spreading Causes Ocean Ridges and Rift Valleys
(on continents) Slide 25 Plate Boundary? Two plates move toward
each other 3 versions Oceanic-Continental Continental-Continental
Oceanic-Oceanic Slide 26 Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundary
Oceanic plate goes beneath the continental plate Causes: Slide 27
Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundary Oceanic plate goes beneath
the continental plate Causes Subduction zones Trenches Continental
Volcanic arcs (ex: The Andes) Slide 28 Continental-Continental
Convergent Boundary Two continental plates collide Causes: Slide 29
Continental-Continental Convergent Boundary Two continental plates
collide Causes Mountains to form Ex: Appalachians, Himalayas, Alps
Slide 30 Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary One oceanic plate goes
beneath another oceanic plate Causes: Slide 31 Oceanic-Oceanic
Convergent Boundary One oceanic plate goes beneath another oceanic
plate Causes Volcanic Island Arc Ex: Aleutian Islands Slide 32
Transform Fault Plate Boundary Two plates grind past each other No
production or destruction of lithosphere Causes: Slide 33 Transform
Fault Plate Boundary Two plates grind past each other No production
or destruction of lithosphere Causes Earthquakes Ex: San Francisco
Slide 34 What Causes Plate Movement? Slide 35 Convective Flow The
circulation of magma that pushes & pulls plates Driving Force
is heat Slide 36 What is a Fault? Slide 37 Fracture in Earth where
movement has taken place Most times near Plate Boundaries Slide 38
Parts of a Fault Hanging Wall Foot Wall Slide 39 Parts of a Fault
Hanging Wall Rock above the fault line Foot Wall Rock below the
fault line Slide 40 What are the types of Faults? Normal Reverse
Thrust Strike-Slip Slide 41 Types of Faults .. Slide 42 Slide 43
Types of Faults Normal Fault Occurs when the hanging wall block
moves down relative to the footwall block Reverse Fault Occurs when
the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block
Slide 44 Thrust Fault A reverse fault with dips of less than 45
degrees Strike-Slip Fault Movement is horizontal; side-by-side
motion Slide 45 Evidence of Plate Tectonics Slide 46 Slide 47 Slide
48 1.Paleomagnetism Most persuasive evidence Ancient magnetism
found in the rocks Records show a shift in the poles Slide 49
2.Earthquake Patterns Connection between deep-focus earthquakes and
ocean trenches 3.Ocean Drilling Young rocks are near ocean ridge
crest Oldest rocks are near the continental margins Slide 50 4.Hot
Spots A concentration of heat in the mantle capable of producing
magma, which rises to Earths surface Supports that the plates move
over Earths surface Ex: Hawaiian Island Chain Slide 51 Volcanoes
and Earthquakes Slide 52 Magma verse Lava? Slide 53 Magma verse
Lava Magma Molten rock under the surface of Earth Lava Molten rock
on the surface of Earth Slide 54 Factors Affecting Eruption? Slide
55 Factors Affecting Eruption Magma Composition Magma Temperature
Amount of Dissolved Gases Slide 56 Viscosity of Magma Slide 57
Substances resistance to flow Hotter the magma, more fluid and less
viscous Directly related to its silica content More silica, greater
its viscosity (slower movement) Slide 58 Dissolved Gases Consist of
: More gases, the more _________ the eruption Slide 59 Dissolved
Gases Consists mostly of water vapor and carbon dioxide More gases,
the more violent the eruption Slide 60 Pyroclastic Material Slide
61 Fragments ejected during eruptions From very fine to several
tons Ex: Volcanic Ash Cinders (lapilli) Volcanic Bombs Slide 62
Other Eruption Results Pyroclastic Flow Lahar Slide 63 Other
Eruption Results Pyroclastic Flow Consist of hot gases, glowing
ash, and large rock fragments Races down the steep slope Lahar
Mudflow that occurs when volcanic debris becomes saturated with
water and rapidly moves down steep volcanic slopes Slide 64 Ring of
Fire Slide 65 Area around the pacific ocean with extreme volcanic
activity This shows the Pacific Plate Boarder Slide 66 Parts of an
Earthquake Focus Epicenter Fault Slide 67 Parts of an Earthquake
Focus Point within Earth where the earthquake starts Epicenter
Location on the surface directly above the focus Fault Associated
with earthquakes activity where movement has occurred Slide 68
Causes of Earthquakes Elastic Rebound Hypothesis Slide 69 Causes of
Earthquakes Elastic Rebound Hypothesis Release of built-up energy
Most earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of elastic
energy stored in rock that has been subjected to great forces When
the strength of the rock exceeded, it suddenly breaks, causing the
vibrations of an earthquake Slide 70 Earthquake Waves Two Main
Types Slide 71 Earthquake Waves Two Main Types Surface Waves Body
Waves P-waves S-waves Slide 72 Surface Waves Slide 73 Seismic waves
that travel along Earths outer layer Moves up & down and side
to side Most destructive Last to arrive at the seismograph Slide 74
Body Waves P-Waves (primary waves) Slide 75 S-Waves (secondary
waves) Slide 76 Body Waves P-Waves (primary waves) They push
(compress) and pull (expand) rocks in the direction the wave
travels Can travel through solids, liquids and gases Fastest waves
First to the seismograph Slide 77 S-Waves (secondary waves) Shakes
particles at right angles to their travel Can only travel through
solids 2 nd to the seismograph Slide 78 Locating Earthquakes The
difference in velocity of a P- Wave & S-Wave provides a way to
locate the epicenter Use a travel-time curve graph Needs at least
_______? seismograph station data Slide 79 Locating Earthquakes The
difference in velocity of a P- Wave & S-Wave provides a way to
locate the epicenter Use a travel-time curve graph Needs at least
three seismograph station data Slide 80 The Richter Scale Slide 81
Measures magnitude Based on the amplitude of the largest seismic
wave A TEN-FOLD system Largest earthquake record= 9.6 (CHILE) Slide
82 Moment Magnitude Scale Slide 83 Mercalli Intensity Scale Slide
84 Moment Magnitude Scale More precise Amount of displacement that
occurs along a fault zone Most widely used Estimates energy
released by earthquakes Slide 85 Mercalli Intensity Scale How much
damage occurs Depends on: Strength Distance from the epicenter
Nature of the surface material Building design Slide 86 Earthquake
Hazards Slide 87 Seismic Vibrations Damage to building depends on
several factors Intensity of vibration Duration of vibration What
type of material built on Design of the structure Slide 88 Slide 89
Liquefaction Stable soil turns into a liquid that is not able to
support building or other structures Slide 90 Slide 91 Tsunami
Large ocean wave created by an earthquake Slide 92 Slide 93
Landslides Greatest damage to structures Sinking of the ground
triggered by the vibration Fires Caused by ruptured gas lines
