The Land and People The Land and People of Southeast Asiaof Southeast Asia

Region between China and IndiaRegion between China and India

Malay PeninsulaMalay Peninsula

Archipelago including Indonesia and Archipelago including Indonesia and the Philippinesthe Philippines

““Melting pot” of Chinese, Indian, Melting pot” of Chinese, Indian, indigenous cultureindigenous culture

Geographical BarriersGeographical Barriers

OceansOceans MountainsMountains ValleysValleys

– All resulted in the development of many All resulted in the development of many distinct cultures and languagesdistinct cultures and languages

– Southeast Asia was never unified under Southeast Asia was never unified under one single central government one single central government

The Formation of StatesThe Formation of States

Between 500 and 1500 AD Between 500 and 1500 AD

Adopted Adopted andand adapted government adapted government models from India and Chinamodels from India and China

Changed these government models Changed these government models to fit their local needs.to fit their local needs.

VietnamVietnam

China conquered Vietnam in 111 BCChina conquered Vietnam in 111 BC Tried to make it part of China, but the Tried to make it part of China, but the

people were just too hard to controlpeople were just too hard to control In the 10In the 10thth century Vietnam overthrew century Vietnam overthrew

the Chinesethe Chinese They adopted a Confucian centralized They adopted a Confucian centralized

government and the merit-based civil government and the merit-based civil service examservice exam

Angkor (Khmer) KingdomAngkor (Khmer) Kingdom Jayavarman established the Kingdom Jayavarman established the Kingdom

of Angkor in what would be of Angkor in what would be Cambodia in the 9Cambodia in the 9thth century. century.

United the Khmer people and United the Khmer people and declared himself a “god-king”declared himself a “god-king”

Most powerful kingdom on the Most powerful kingdom on the Southeast Asian mainland until the Southeast Asian mainland until the Thai arrived North of themThai arrived North of them

The Thai destroyed Angkor’s capital The Thai destroyed Angkor’s capital city in 1432city in 1432

ThailandThailand In the 6In the 6thth century the Thai people century the Thai people

were on the frontiers of China.were on the frontiers of China. The Mongol expansion caused the The Mongol expansion caused the

Thai to move southward during the Thai to move southward during the 1111thth and 12 and 12thth centuries. centuries.

Conquered AngkorConquered Angkor Converted to BuddhismConverted to Buddhism Adopted Indian style governmentAdopted Indian style government

BurmaBurma Burmans migrated from Tibet in the Burmans migrated from Tibet in the

77thth century AD to avoid the Chinese century AD to avoid the Chinese invasion.invasion.

Started out as pastoralists, became Started out as pastoralists, became agriculturalistsagriculturalists

In the 11In the 11thth century they founded the century they founded the Kingdom of PaganKingdom of Pagan

Pagan controlled much of the Indian Pagan controlled much of the Indian Ocean trade for the next 200 yearsOcean trade for the next 200 years

The Mongols caused the Pagan The Mongols caused the Pagan decline in the 13decline in the 13thth century. century.

The Malay WorldThe Malay World The economy of the people of the The economy of the people of the

Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Malay Peninsula and Indonesian archipelago was connected to trade archipelago was connected to trade on the Indian Ocean between the on the Indian Ocean between the Indian Kingdoms and East Asia.Indian Kingdoms and East Asia.

The Srivijaya dominated and The Srivijaya dominated and depended on the trade through the depended on the trade through the Strait of Malacca in the 8Strait of Malacca in the 8thth century. century.

The Kingdom of Sailendra (on the The Kingdom of Sailendra (on the island of Java) developed an island of Java) developed an economy based on farming.economy based on farming.

Majapahit Majapahit

1313thth century became the largest century became the largest Kingdom in the areaKingdom in the area

Included most of the archipelago and Included most of the archipelago and some of the mainlandsome of the mainland

Controlled the east Indian Ocean and Controlled the east Indian Ocean and South China Sea trade for the next South China Sea trade for the next 200 years.200 years.

MelakaMelaka

Islamic state that emerged after the Islamic state that emerged after the Muslim conquest of northern India. Muslim conquest of northern India.

Muslim merchants moved from India Muslim merchants moved from India to settle around the Indian Oceanto settle around the Indian Ocean

Settled in Melaka, which became a Settled in Melaka, which became a trading rival to Majapahittrading rival to Majapahit

Eventually the entire region was Eventually the entire region was absorbed by the Sultanate of Melaka. absorbed by the Sultanate of Melaka.

Economic ForcesEconomic Forces

Agricultural Agricultural EconomiesEconomies

1.1. VietnamVietnam

2.2. AngkorAngkor

3.3. PaganPagan

4.4. SailendraSailendra

Trade Based Trade Based EconomiesEconomies

1.1. SrivijayaSrivijaya

2.2. Sultanate of Sultanate of MelakaMelaka

Growth of Indian Ocean and Growth of Indian Ocean and South China Sea Trade South China Sea Trade

Trade expanded after the emergence of Trade expanded after the emergence of centralized states in Southeast Asiacentralized states in Southeast Asia

Muslim conquest of India caused a rise Muslim conquest of India caused a rise in demand for spices like cloves, in demand for spices like cloves, pepper, nutmeg, and cinnamon.pepper, nutmeg, and cinnamon.

Then, as Europe and China both became Then, as Europe and China both became more wealthy trade in spices and woods more wealthy trade in spices and woods like teak and sandalwood increased.like teak and sandalwood increased.