The Knee Joint

SpringerParisBerlinHeidelbergNew YorkHong KongLondresMilanTokyo

The Knee Joint

Surgical Techniques and Strategies

Michel BonninAnnunziato AmendolaJohan BellemansSteven MacDonaldJacques Ménétrey

ISBN : 978-2-287-99352-7 Springer Paris Berlin Heidelberg New York

© Springer-Verlag France, Paris, 2012

Springer is member of Springer Science + Business Mediaspringer.com

Th is work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, Whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifiTh -fically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under theprovisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permissions for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.Th e use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even inThthe absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations andtherefore free for general use.Product liability: Th e publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application containedThin this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature.

Illustration of cover: Marc DononCover design: Jean-François MontmarchéLayout: Nord-Compo - Villeneuve d’Ascq

Michel BonninCentre Orthopédique Santy24, avenue Paul Santy69008 LyonFrance

Annunziato AmendolaUniversity of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics200 Hawkins Drive01018 JPP Iowa CitIA, 52242-1088USA

Johan BellemansWeligerveld 13212 PellenbergBelgique

Steven MacDonaldLondon Health Sciences CentreUniversity CampusUniversity of Western Ontario339 Windermere RoadLondon, ON, N6A 5A5Canada

Jacques MénétreyClinique et polyclinique d’orthopédie de l’appareil moteurHôpital universitaire de Genève24, rue Micheli-du-Crest1211 Genève 14Suisse

List of Contributors

M. AboelnourDepartment of Orthopaedics, MA MansouraUniversity, Mansoura, Egypt, Germany

J. D. AgneskirchnerDK Henriettenstiftung Hannover,D-30171 Hannover, Marienstrasse 72-90,Germany

T. Ait Si SelmiCentre Orthopédique Santy24, avenue Paul Santy69008 Lyon France

Sam AkhavanOrthopaedic Sports Research and Clinical,Cleveland Clinic Sports Health, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio USA

Karl Fredrik AlmqvistDepartment of Traumatology and OrthopaedicSurgery, Ghent University, Belgium

Annunziato AmendolaUniversity of Iowa Sports Medicine Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa city, Iowa, 52242 USA

Andrew A. AmisBiomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, Imperial College London,London SW7 2AZ, UK

Elizabeth A. ArendtDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454

Jean-Noel A. ArgensonDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery Aix-Marseille University Hospital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France

Abdullah AshourDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Aix-Marseille University, Hospital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France

Sunil Apsingi24 Th e DrummondsTh

745-9 Dunstable RoadLutonBeds LU4 0HL

Jean-Manuel AubaniacDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery,Aix-Marseille University,Hopital Sainte-Marguerite,Marseille, France

Xavier AyralService de Rhumatologie BHôpital Cochin27, rue du faubourg Saint Jacques75014 Paris, France

Roger BadetPôle ostéo-articulaire santé et sport60, avenue du Médipôle38300 Bourgoin Jallieu, France

Roald BahrOslo Sports Trauma Research Center,Norwegian School of Sport Sciences,PB 4014 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway

C. Lowry BarnesArkansas Specialty Orthopaedics,600 South McKinley, Suite 405,Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA

Philippe BeaufilsfiOrthopaedic DepartmentVersailles HospitalF-78150 Le Chesnay, France

Johan BellemansDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,University Hospitals Leuven, BelgiumUniversitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven,campus Pellenberg, Weligerveld 1,3212 Pellenberg, BelgiumDepartment of Orthopaedics,University hospitals Leuven,Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Guy BellierOrthopaedic Surgery23, avenue Niel75017 Paris, France

VI The Knee Joint

Timothy H. BellLondon Health Sciences Center,University Campus, Room ADDJim’s room, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario, Canada

Jérôme BérardPaediatric Orthopaedic Department,CHU Lyon, Hôpital universitaireFemme-Mère-Enfant de Lyon,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 159, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron, France

Daniel J. BerryDepartment of Orthopeadic Surgery Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW Rochester, Minnesota, USA

Aaron J. BighamDivision of Orthopaedic Surgery,London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Road,London, ON, Canada

Davide Edoardo BonasiaUniversity of Iowa Sports Medicine,Via Lamarmora 26,Torino, 10128, Italy

Jean-Paul BonvarletInstitut Nollet, 23 rue Brochant, 75017 Paris, France

M. BonninCentre Orthopédique Santy,24, avenue Paul Santy,69008 Lyon, France

Robert Barry BourneLondon Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada

Jean BrilhaultUniversité François Rabelais Tours,CHRU Tours, France

Robert H. BrophyDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,14532 South Outer Forty Drive,Chesterfi eld, MO 63017fi

Robert T. BurksUniversity of Utah Orthopaedic Center,590 Wakara Way,Salt Lake City Utah 84108

Philippe BurdinUniversité François Rabelais Tours,CHRU Tours, France

Stephen J. BurnettDivision of Orthopaedic Surgery,Royal Jubilee Victoria Hospital,Victoria, BC, Canada

Christophe BussièreCentre Orthopédique Médico-Chirurgical71640 Dracy-le-Fort

Pieter BynAZ Maria Middelares Gent,Kortrijksesteenweg 1028,9000 Gent, Belgium

James R CarmichaelConsultant orthopaedic surgeonPeterborough and Stamford HospitalsNHS Foundation Trust UK

David CarmodyLevel 2/445 Victoria Ave,Chatswood 2067 NSW Australia

Yannick CarrillonCentre Orthopédique Santy,24, avenue Paul Santy, 69008 Lyon, France

Yves CatonnéOrthopaedic DepartmentHôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière47-83 boulevard de l’Hôpital75651 Paris, France

P. ChambatCentre Orthopédique Santy, 24 Av Paul Santy, 69008, Lyon, France

Le Roy ChongDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology,Changi General Hospital, No 2,Simei Street 3, 529889, Singapore

Franck ChotelPaediatric Orthopaedic Department,CHU Lyon, Hôpital universitaire Femme-Mère-Enfant de Lyon,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1,59, boulevard Pinel,69677 Bron, France

Mark ClatworthyMiddlemore HospitalAuckland, New Zealand

Neil ClerkFowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Centre,3M Centre, University Of Western Ontario,London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7

List of Contributors VII

Brian J. ColeDepartments of Orthopedics & Anatomy and Cell BiologyDivision of Sports MedicineSection Head, Cartilage Restoration Center atRush Rush University Medical Center,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 1611 W Harrison, Suite 300 Chicago, IL 60612, USA

Kristoff CortenffDepartment of Orthopaedics,University hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven

Angela DeakinGolden Jubilee National Hospital, Beardmore Street, Clydebank,G81 4HX Glasgow UK

Michael J. DeFrancoRush University Medical Center,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 1725 West Harrison Street,Suite 1063, Chicago, IL 60612

David DejourLyon-Ortho-Clinic8 Avenue Ben Gourion,Lyon 69009, France

Marco DelcoglianoDepartment of Orthopedic and SportsTrauma, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy

Craig J. Della ValleAssociate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center,Chicago, IL 60612

Douglas A. DennisDepartment of Biomedical Engineering,University of Tennessee, Rocky MountainMusculoskeletal Research Laboratory,Denver, Colorado

Patrick DeprezOrthopaedic Department, A.Z. St-Lucas,St-Lucaslaan 29, 8310 Brugge, Belgium

Jacques DesnoyerOrthopaedic Clinic Charles LeMoyne126, rue Saint-Louis LeMoyne, QC Canada

Gérard DeschampsCentre Orthopédique Médico-Chirurgical71640 Dracy-le-Fort

Natasa DevicImperial College London, BiomechanicsSection, Mechanical Engineering Department,South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road,London SW7 2AZ

Karolien DiddenUniversitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven,Weligerveld 1, 3212 Pellenberg, Belgium

Patrick DjianEducational Secretary of the European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee surgery andArthroscopy (ESSKA)23, avenue Niel75017 Paris, France

Simon DonellInstitute of Orthopaedics,Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, UK

Michael DunbarDivision of Orthopaedic Surgery, DalhousieUniversity, 1796 Summer Street Suite# 4822,QEII Health Sciences Centre,Halifax NS, Canada

Craig J. EdsonGHS Orthopaedics WoodbineDanville, PA, USA

Andrew Edwards39 New RoadWonersh GuildfordSurrey GU5 0SF

Evan D. EllisDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,Washington University, St. Louis, MO

Lars EngebretsenDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryOslo University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Norway

Gregory C. Fanelli115 Woodbine Lane, Danville,PA 17822-5212, USA

Lutul D. FarrowDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Giuseppe FilardoDepartment of Orthopedic and SportsTrauma, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute,Bologna, Italy

VIII The Knee Joint

P. FilippiniUniversity Paris XII APHP-HôpitalHenri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France

Donald C. FithianDepartment of Surgical Outcomes and Analysis, 3033 Bunker Hill Street,San Diego, CA 92109

Brian ForsytheDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh

Peter J. FowlerSchulich School of Medicine & Dentistry,University Of Western Ontario, FowlerKennedy Sport Medicine Centre, 3M Centre, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7

Freddie H. FuDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh3471 Fifth AvenueKaufman Building, Suite 1011Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA

Donald S. GarbuzDepartment of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, 3114-910 West 10thAvenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E3,Canada

J Robert GiffinffiSchulich School of Medicine & Dentistry,University Of Western Ontario, Fowler Kennedy Sports Medicine Centre, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7

Giovanni GiordanoDepartment of Orthopedic and SportsTrauma, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy

Jason GouldDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Th e Mount Sinai Medical Center,ThNew York

Edward James GrahamLondon Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital, London, Ontario

Alberto GregoriHairmyres Eaglesham Road,G75 8RG Glasgow, UK

Ronald P. GrelsamerDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery,Th e Mount Sinai Medical Center, ThNew York

Chad J. GriffithffiDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,University of Minnesota, 2450 RiversideAvenue, R200, Minneapolis, MN 55454

Allan GrossMt Sinai HospitalToronto, Canada

Arlen D. HanssenMayo Clinic,Rochester, Minnesota

Christopher D. HarnerDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh

Yves HémonDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery Aix-Marseille UniversityHopital Sainte-MargueriteMarseille, France

Julien Henry Orthopaedic traumatology and SportMedecine DepartmentHôpital Jules Courmont, CHU Lyon69495 Pierre BéniteFrance

Philippe HernigouUniversity Paris XII APHP-HôpitalHenri Mondor – 94010 Créteil- France

Timothy E. Hewett, FACSMDepartments of Physiology and Cell Biology,Orthopaedic Surgery, Family Medicine,Biomedical Engineering & Allied MedicineTh e Ohio State UniversityTh2050 Kenny Road, Suite 3100Columbus, OH 43221-3502Departments of Pediatrics and OrthopaedicSurgery, University of Cincinnati Collegeof Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC10001, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039

Benton E. HeyworthOrthopaedic Surgery Resident, Hospitalfor Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street,New York, NY 10021

Jürgen HöherClinic for Sports Medicine und Arthroscopy

List of Contributors IX

at Cologne Merheim Medical CenterUniversity of Witten-HerdeckeCologne, Germany

James L. HowardDivision of Orthopaedic Surgery,London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON, Canada

William J. HozackRothman Institute at Th omas JeffTh ersonffffUniversity, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA

Junji IwasaOrthopaedic Center, Ullevaal University Hospital and Medical School, Oslo, Norway

Jeff rey D. JacksonffffDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905

Redouane JalilUniversity Paris XII APHP-HôpitalHenri Mondor, 94010 Créteil- France

Bret T. KeanUniversity of Utah Orthopaedic Center,590 Wakara Way,Salt Lake City Utah 84108

Frédéric KhiamiOrthopaedic DepartmentHôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière47- 83, boulevard de l’Hôpital75651 Paris, France

Sung-Jae KimDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Arthroscopy & Joint ResearchInstitute, Yonsei University Health System,Seoul, Korea

Raymond H. KimColorado Joint Replacement, Denver, Colorado

Richard Kjar42 Green St, Wangaratta, VIC 3677, Australia

Dieter KohnDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,University Hospital, Saarland University,Homburg/Saar, Germany

Elizaveta KonDepartment of Orthopedic and Sports Trauma,Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy

Tim KostamoDepartment of Orthopaedics3825 Sunset StreetBurnaby, BC V5G 1T4Canada

Tron KrosshaugOslo Sports Trauma Research Center,Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PB 4014 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway

Matthias KusmaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,University Hospital, Saarland University,Homburg/Saar, Germany

Robert F. LaPradeTh e Steadman ClinicThBiomechanics Research Department - SteadmanPhilippon Research Institute181 W. Meadow DriveSuite 1000 Vail,Colorado 81657, USA

Leonard C. LattDuke University Medical Center, Box 3000,Durham, NC 27710

Th omas LaumonierThUnité d’orthopédie et traumatologie du sport,Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologie de l’appareil moteur,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève,24, rue Micheli-du-Crest,CH-1211 Genève 14, Suisse

Jean Raphael LaurentOrthopaedic Surgery 10A, rue du Bourdeau7542 Mont-Saint-Aubert, France

Frédéric LavoieService de Chirurgie Orthopédique,Hôpital Notre-Dame, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal, 1560 Sherbrooke Est, local DR 1118-16, Montréal, Canada

Vincent LeclercqProsthesis design and manufacturingSymbios Orthopaedic SA

Pierre-François LeyvrazDépartement appareil locomoteurHôpital orthopédique CHUVCH-1011 Lausanne, Suisse

Philipp LobenhofferffffDK Henriettenstiftung Hannover, D-30171 Hannover, Marienstrasse 72-90

X The Knee Joint

David LonginoFowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Centre, 3M Centre, University Of Western Ontario,London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7

Sébastien LustigService de Chirurgie OrthopédiqueCentre Albert-Trillat, Hospitalde la Croix-Rousse, 8, rue de Margnolles 69300 Caluire, Lyon, France

Tad M. MabryMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota

Steven J. MacDonaldUniversity Hospital, London, Ontario,Canada

Maurilio MarcacciDepartment of Orthopedic and SportsTrauma, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy

Giulio M. Marcheggiani MuccioliDepartment of Orthopedic and SportsTrauma, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy

Fabrizio MargheritiniDepartment of Health Science, Unit of Sports Traumatology, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00199, Rome, Italy

Pier Paulo MarianiDepartment of Health Science, Unit of Sports Traumatology, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00199, Rome,Italy

Robert G. MarxFoster Center for Clinical Outcome Research,Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East70th Street, New York, NY 10021Weill Medical College of Cornell University,New York, NY

Randy MascarenhasDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh

Bassam A. MasriDepartment of Orthopaedics,University of British Columbia,3114-910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E3, Canada

Matthew. J. MatavaWashington University Departmentof Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Louis, MO

David R. McAllisterSports Medicine ServiceDavid Geff en School of Medicine at UCLAffffDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryLos Angeles, CA 90095-6902

James McAuleyLondon Health Sciences Center, University Campus, Room ADD, 339 Windermere Road,London, Ontario, Canada

Richard W. McCaldenUniversity of Western Ontario,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery,London Health Science Centre,London, Ontario, Canada

Allison G. McNickleRush University Medical Center,Department of Orthopedic Surgery,1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 1063,Chicago, IL 60612

Jacques MénétreyUnité d’orthopédie et traumatologie du sport(UOTS), Service de chirurgie orthopédiqueet traumatologie de l’appareil moteur,University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14

Guy MesserliUnité d’orthopédie et traumatologie du sport(UOTS), Service de chirurgie orthopédiqueet traumatologie de l’appareil moteur,University Hospital of Geneva,Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4,1211 Geneva 14

Anthony MiniaciCCLCMCleveland Clinic5555 Transportation Blvd.Garfi eld Heights, OH 44125, USAfi

Bernard MoyenOrthopaedic SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Lyon-SudChemin du Grand Revoyet69495 Pierre-BéniteFrance

M. Mukisi MukasaUniversity Paris XII APHP-HôpitalHenri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France

List of Contributors XI

Douglas D. R. NaudieLondon Health Sciences Center,University Campus, Room A9-028, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario, Canada

John H. NewmanAvon Orthopaedic Centre, Bristol, UK

Philippe NeyretService de Chirurgie Orthopédique,Centre Albert-Trillat, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 8, rue de Margnolles,69300 Caluire, Lyon, France

Jean-Yves NordinOrthopaedic Surgery Hôpital Bicêtre78, rue du Général Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre France

Fabio R. OrozcoOrthopedic Surgery 2500 English Creek Avenue Building 1300 Egg Harbor Township, NJ 08234

S. OstermeierOrthopaedic DepartmentHannover Medical SchoolAnna-von-Borries-Str. 1-730625 Hannover, Germany

Mark W. PagnanoDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW,Rochester, MN 55905

Ludovico PanarellaClinica Valle Giulia, Via De Notaris 2b,00197 Roma, Italy

Jean Claude PanissetCollege of Orthopaedics, Cliniquedes Cédres-Grenoble48, avenue de Grugliasco38130 Echirolles, France

Dietrich PapeDepartment of Orthopaedic and TraumaSurgery, Centre for Sports and PreventiveMedicine, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg-Clinique d’Eich, 78, rte. d’Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg

Richard D. ParkerCleveland Clinic Sports Health,Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio

Sebastien ParratteDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryAix-Marseille University, HopitalSainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France

Frédéric PicardGolden Jubilee National Hospital, BeardmoreStreet, Clydebank, G81 4HX Glasgow UK

Sergio R. PiedadeProfessor, Department of Orthopedicsand Traumatology, School of Medical Sciences, Exercise and Sport Medicine Group,State University of Campinas / UNICAMPRua Tessália Vieira de Camargo n° 126Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz,13083-887, Campinas/SP

Alexandre PoignardUniversity Paris XII APHP-HôpitalHenri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France

Mathew W. PomboDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh

Hollis G. PotterWeil Medical College of Cornell University,535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021

Jean Louis PrudhonCollege of Orthopaedics,Clinique des Cedres-Echirolles48, avenue de Grugliasco38130 Echirolles, France

Giancarlo PudduClinica Valle Giulia, Via De Notaris 2b,00197 Roma, Italy

Bénédicte QuelardCentre Orthopédique Santy, 24, avenue PaulSanty, 69008, Lyon, France

Olivier RachetCentre Hospitalier Publique d’Hauteville,01 110 Hauteville, France

Kian Raiszadeh400 Craven Road, San Marcos, CA 92078,USA

Amar S. RanawatHospital for Special Surgery535 East 70th St, 6th FloorNew York, NY 10021, USA

Anil. S. RanawatHospital for Special Surgery

XII The Knee Joint

535 East 70th St, 6th FloorNew York, NY 10021, USA

Chitranjan S. RanawatHospital for Special Surgery535 East 70th St, 6th FloorNew York, NY 10021, USA

Corey J. RichardsDepartment of Orthopaedics,University of British Columbia,3114-910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E3, Canada

James R. RobinsonAvon Orthopaedic Centre,Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol.BS10 5NB, UK

Samuel P. RobinsonDepartment of Orthopaedics,University of Pittsburgh, 3200 South Water Street,Pittsburgh, PA 15213

Sérgio Rocha PiedadeDepartment of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medical Sciences, Exercise and Sport Medicine Group, State University of Campinas, CEP 13081-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil

James R. Robinson Orthopaedic SurgeryNuffi eld Health Bristol HospitalffiUpper Byron PlaceClifton Bristol BS8 1JU UK

Aaron G. RosenbergRush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 1063, Chicago, IL 60612

Alexander P. SahRush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 1063,Chicago, IL 60612

Elhadi SarialiOrthopaedic DepartmentHôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière47-83 boulevard de l’Hôpital75651 Paris, France

Sven Scheffl erfflCenter for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité,University Medicine Berlin, Germany

Richard D. ScottNew England Baptist Hospital

125 Parker Hill Ave Ste 560Boston, MA

Romain SeilDepartment of Orthopaedic and TraumaSurgery, Centre for Sports and PreventiveMedicine, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg-Clinique d’Eich, 78, rte. d’Eich,L-1460 Luxembourg

Elvire ServienService de Chirurgie Orthopédique,Centre Albert-Trillat, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 8, rue de Margnolles, 69300 Caluire, Lyon, France

Michael A. Shaff erffffDepartment of Rehabilitation Th erapies, Th0733 JPP, University of Iowa Hospitalsand Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242

Sven Shafi zadehfiDepartment for Orthopedicsand Trauma Surgery Cologne Merheim Medical CenterUniversity of Witten-Herdecke Cologne,Germany

Wei ShenDepartment of Orthopaedics, University of Pittsburgh, 3200 South Water Street,Pittsburgh, PA 15213

Yosuke ShimaOrthopaedic Center, Ullevaal University Hospital and Medical School, Oslo, Norway

Darryl B. Sneag,Fourth-year Medical Student Albert Einstein College of Medicine,Yeshiva University

Bertrand Sonnery-CottetCentre Orthopédique Santy, 24 Av Paul Santy, 69008 Lyon, France

Sankar SripadaTrauma and Orthopaedics, Ninewells Hospitaland Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY,Scotland, UK

Christina Stukenborg-ColsmanOrthopaedic DepartmentHannover Medical SchoolAnna-von-Borries-Str. 1-730625 Hannover Germany

Michael TanzerDivision of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGillUniversity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

List of Contributors XIII

Neil Th omasThConsultant Orthopaedic SurgeonBMI Th e Hampshire Clinic UKTh

Bruno TillieOrthopaedic SurgeryClinique Bon Secours2, rue du Docteur Forgeois 62000 Arras

Harukazu TohyamaDepartment of Sports Medicine and JointReconstruction Surgery Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan

Geert Van DammeDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryAZ Sint Lucas, Sint Lucaslaan 298310, Brugge, Belgium

Pieter VansintjanDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,Ghent University Hospital,Ghent, Belgium

Ronald J van HeerwaardenLimb Deformity Reconstruction Unit, Depart-ment of Orthopaedics Sint Maartenskliniek Woerden, Polanerbaan 2, 3447 GN Woerden, Th e NetherlandsTh

Johan VanlauweDepartment of Orthopaedics, University hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven

Hilde VandenneuckerDepartment of Orthopaedics,University hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Chris M. van den BroekDepartment of Orthopaedics, Sint Maartensk-liniek, PO Box 9011 6500 GM Nijmegen, Th e NetherlandsTh

Gijs G. van HellemondtDepartment of Orthopaedics, Sint Maartensk-liniek, PO Box 9011 6500 GM Nijmegen, Th e NetherlandsTh

Ramiro Vargas Centre Orthopédique Santy,24 Av Paul Santy, 69008 Lyon, France

Florence Unno-VeithClinique et polycliniqued’orthopédie de l’appareil moteur

Hôpital universitaire de Genève24, rue Micheli-du-Crest1211 Genève 14Suisse

Rene VerdonkKnee Surgery & Sports TraumatologyDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery Ghent University HospitalBelgium

Peter VerdonkKnee Surgery & Sports TraumatologyDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery Ghent University Hospital and StedelijkZiekenhuis Roeselare Belgium

Jan VictorOrthopaedic Department, A.Z. St-Lucas,St-Lucaslaan 29, 8310 Brugge, Belgium

Coen A. WijdicksBiomechanics Research DepartmentSteadman Philippon Resarch Institute181 West Weadow Drive,Suite 1000 Vail, CO 81657, USA

Philippe WilmesDepartment of Orthopaedic and Trauma Sur-gery, Centre for Sportsand Preventive Medicine,Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg-Cliniqued’Eich, 78, rte. d’Eich,L-1460 Luxembourg

H. WindhagenOrthopaedic DepartmentHannover Medical SchoolAnna-von-Borries-Str. 1-730625 HannoverGermany

Andy WilliamsDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,Chelsea and Westminster Hospital,369 Fulham Road,London SW10 9NH

Glenn N. WilliamsGraduate Program in Physical Th erapy Thand Rehabilitation Science,Medical Education Building,University of Iowa, Iowa

Rick W. WrightWashington University Departmentof Orthopaedic Surgery,St. Louis, MO

XIV The Knee Joint

Th omas Y. WuThDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery,Ventura County Medical Center,Ventura, California, USA

Ate B. WymengaDepartment of Orthopaedics, Sint Maartensk-liniek, PO Box 9011 6500 GM Nijmegen, Th e NetherlandsTh

Kazunori YasudaDepartment of Sports Medicine and JointReconstruction Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo,Japan

Stefano Zaff agniniffffDepartment of Orthopedic and Sports Trauma,Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy

Rachad ZayniCentre Orthopédique Santy24 Av Paul Santy69008 Lyon, France

Bohdanna T. ZazulakDPT, MS, OCSYale New Haven HospitalDepartment of Orthopaedicsand Rehabilitation20 York StreetNew Haven, Connecticut 06510, USAYale University School of MedicineDepartment of OrthopaedicsYale Physician’s Building800 Howard AvenueNew Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA

Sébastien ZilberUniversity Paris XII APHP-HôpitalHenri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France

Table of Contents

Foreword ........................................................................................ XXI

Th I e Traumatic Knee .....................................................................Th 1

Basic Sciences ............................................................................................ 3

Th e menisci: anatomy, healing response, and biomechanicsTh1. A. Amendola, D. E. Bonasia....................................................................................... 5

Th e cruciate ligaments: anatomy, biology, and biomechanicsTh2. S. Scheffl er ..............................................................................................................ffl 11

Th e anatomy and biomechanics of the medial collateral ligament Th3. and posteromedial corner of the kneeA. A. Amis, J. R. Robinson ........................................................................................ 23

Th e lateral collateral ligament and posterolateral cornerTh4. C. J. Griffi th, C. A. Wijdicks, R. F. LaPrade ............................................................... ffi 31

Basic science of ligament healing5. H. Tohyama, K. Yasuda ............................................................................................. 43

Clinical Basis ............................................................................................. 51

Clinical basis: epidemiology, risk factors, 6. mechanisms of injury, and prevention of ligament injuries of the kneeT. E. Hewett, B. T. Zazulak, T. Krosshaug, R. Bahr ................................................... 53

MRI evaluation of knee ligaments7. H. G. Potter, D. B. Sneag, L. R. Chong ....................................................................... 71

Classifi cation of knee laxitiesfi8. S. R. Piedade, E. Servien, F. Lavoie, P. Neyret ........................................................... 85

Scoring the knee9. B. E. Heyworth, R. H. Brophy, R. G. Marx ................................................................ 95

Th e Menisci ............................................................................................... Th 107

Arthroscopic meniscectomy10. J. C. Panisset, J. L. Prudhon ...................................................................................... 109

Meniscal sutures11. P. Wilmes, D. Pape, R. Seil ......................................................................................... 125

Meniscal allograft transplantation12. P. Verdonk, P. Vansintjan, R. Verdonk ....................................................................... 139

Th e ACL .....................................................................................................Th 149

Diagnostic and surgical decision ACL tears13. B. T. Kean, R. T. Burks .............................................................................................. 151

Natural history of ACL tears: from rupture to osteoarthritis14. M. J. Matava, R. W. Wright, E. D. Ellis ..................................................................... 163

XVI The Knee Joint

Graft choice in ACL reconstruction15. D. E. Bonasia, A. Amendola....................................................................................... 173

Tunnels, graft positioning, and isometry in ACL reconstruction16. A. Williams, N. Devic ................................................................................................ 183

Technique in ACL reconstruction: hamstring reconstruction17. D. Longino, N. Clerk, P. J. Fowler, J. R. Giffin ........................................................... ffi 195

Technique in ACL reconstruction: patellar tendon18. D. R. McAllister, T. Y. Wu .......................................................................................... 203

Place of navigation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction19. G. Messerli, J. Ménétrey ........................................................................................... 217

Single or double bundle?20. B. Sonnery-Cottet ..................................................................................................... 227

Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction: how I do it?21. K. Yasuda .................................................................................................................. 235

Results of ACL reconstruction22. J. Iwasa, Y. Shima, L. Engebretsen ............................................................................ 245

Arthrofi brosis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructionfi23. P. Chambat, R. Vargas, J. Desnoyer........................................................................... 263

ACL rehabilitation24. M. A. Shaffer, G. N. Williams .................................................................................... ffff 269

ACL rupture in children: anatomical and biological bases, outcome25. of ACL defi cient knee in childhood: strategy, operative technique, results, fiand complications.F. Chotel, J. Henry, J. Bérard .................................................................................... 291

Combined injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament 26. and posterolateral cornerS. P. Robinson, W. Shen, F. H. Fu ............................................................................... 325

Failure in ACL reconstruction: etiology, treatment, and results27. N. Th omas, J. Carmichael ......................................................................................... Th 343

Th e PCL ......................................................................................................Th 355

Defi nition and diagnosis of posterior cruciate ligament injury fi28. and algorithm of treatmentJ. Ménétrey ............................................................................................................... 357

Natural history of PCL ruptures29. S. Akhavan, R. D. Parker ........................................................................................... 369

Th e PCL: diffTh erent options in PCL reconstruction: ffff30. choice of the graft? One or two bundles?J. Höher, S. Shafizadeh ............................................................................................. fi 377

Graft tunnel positioning during PCL reconstruction31. A. A. Amis, A. Edwards, S. Apsingi ........................................................................... 387

Techniques in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: 32. an arthroscopic approachB. Forsythe, R. Mascarenhas, M. W. Pombo, C. D. Harner ........................................ 395

Arthroscopic reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament 33. using double-bundle and tibial-inlay techniqueS.- J. Kim .................................................................................................................. 405

Technique in PCL reconstruction: mini posterior approach34. R. Badet, P. Verdonk, S. Rocha Piedade ..................................................................... 411

Table of Contents XVII

Results of PCL reconstruction35. F. Margheritini, M. Aboelnour, P.P. Mariani .............................................................. 417

Combined injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament36. and medial collateral ligament of the kneeB. Forsythe, R. Mascarenhas, M. W. Pombo, C. D. Harner ........................................ 421

PCL injury associated with a posterolateral tear37. K. Corten, J. Bellemans ............................................................................................. 427

Bicruciate injuries and dislocations .......................................................... 441

Th e multiple-ligament injured kneeTh38. G. C. Fanelli, C. J. Edson .......................................................................................... 443

Surgical treatment of cartilage tear: principles and results39. F. U. Veith, J. Ménétrey ............................................................................................ 457

Technique of mosaicplasty40. A. Miniaci, L. D. Farrow ........................................................................................... 483

Allograft osteoarticular resurfacing41. M. J. DeFranco, A. G. McNickle, B. J. Cole................................................................ 497

Technique of chondrocytes implantation42. S. Zaff agnini, E. Kon, G. Filardo, G. Giordano, M. Delcogliano, ffffG. M. Marcheggiani Muccioli, M. Marcacci ............................................................... 505

Regenerative medicine for cartilage43. T. Laumonier, J. Ménétrey ........................................................................................ 511

Patello-femoral joint ................................................................................. 517

Th e biomechanics of the patellaTh44. R. P. Grelsamer, J. Gould ........................................................................................... 519

Imaging of patellofemoral joint45. Y. Carrillon ................................................................................................................ 525

Anterior knee pain and patellar instability: diagnosis and treatment46. K. F. Almqvist, E. A. Arendt ...................................................................................... 533

Patellar stabilization for episodic patellar instability47. K. Raiszadeh, D. C. Fithian, L. D. Latt ...................................................................... 539

Deepening trochleoplasty for patellofemoral instability48. D. Dejour, P. Byn ....................................................................................................... 549

Th II e Degenerative Knee ............................................................... Th 559

Osteoarthritis of the patello-femoral joint ............................................... 561

Patellofemoral osteoarthritis: pathophysiologie, treatment,49. and resultsH. Vandenneucker, K. Didden, J. Bellemans ............................................................. 563

Patellofemoral replacement50. J. H. Newman ........................................................................................................... 573

Indications in osteoarthritis of the femoro-tibial joint ............................ 583

Is there a place for arthroscopy in the degenerative knee?51. P. Djian, G. Bellier, B. Moyen, X. Ayral, J. P. Bonvarlet .............................................. 585

Surgical indications in medial knee osteoarthritis52. F. Lavoie, S. Lustig, E. Servien, S. R. Piedade, P. Neyret ............................................ 591

XVIII The Knee Joint

Osteotomy around the knee ...................................................................... 601

Biomechanics, basis, and indications of osteotomies around the knee53. P. Hernigou, S. Zilber, A. Poignard, R. Jalil, P. Filippini, M. Mukisi Mukasa ............. 603

Technique of closing wedge HTO54. D. Kohn, D. Pape ....................................................................................................... 611

Technique of open wedge HTO55. P. Lobenhoff er, J. D. Agneskirchner ........................................................................... ffff 621

Results of HTO in medial OA of the knee56. A. Amendola, D. E. Bonasia....................................................................................... 633

Osteotomies in the valgus knee57. G. Puddu, L. Panarella .............................................................................................. 643

Medial closing wedge varus osteotomy of the distal femur58. R. J. van Heerwaarden ............................................................................................. 653

Unicondylar knee arthroplasty ................................................................. 661

Technical considerations, results,59. and complications of mobile-bearing UKAR. W. McCalden ........................................................................................................ 663

Fixed bearing unicompartmental knee prosthesis: 60. results, complications, and technical considerationsG. Deschamps, C. Bussière, S. Donell ........................................................................ 669

Indications of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty61. C. L. Barnes, R. D. Scott ............................................................................................ 685

Lateral Unicompartmental Knee Replacement62. J. H. Newman ........................................................................................................... 689

III Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty ............................................... III 695

Design and concept in TKA ....................................................................... 697

Th e history of total knee arthroplastyTh63. A. S. Ranawat, A, S. Ranawat, C. S. Ranawat .......................................................... 699

Posterostabilized TKA: advantages and disadvantages64. S. Parratte, J.-M. Aubaniac, J.-N. A. Argenson ......................................................... 709

Conservation of posterior cruciate ligament 65. in fi xed-bearing total knee replacementfiJ.Y. Nordin, Guepar Group ....................................................................................... 721

Deep dish TKA: advantages and disadvantages66. P.-F. Leyvraz, V. Leclercq ........................................................................................... 729

Bicruciate retaining TKA: the future?67. J. Bellemans, K. Corten, J. Vanlauwe, H. Vandenneucker ......................................... 735

Mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty: 68. advantages and disadvantagesR. H. Kim, D. A. Dennis ............................................................................................ 741

Fixed-bearing total knee arthoplasty: 69. advantages and disadvantagesD. Kohn, M. Kusma ................................................................................................... 755

Cement fi xation for total knee arthroplastyfi70. J. D. Jackson, M. W. Pagnano.................................................................................... 759

Table of Contents XIX

Surgical techniques ................................................................................... 765

Pre-operative imaging techniques 71. in primary total knee replacement: role for computed tomographyP. Beaufi ls .................................................................................................................. fi 767

Th e mini-subvastus approach for total knee arthroplastyTh72. J. D. Jackson, M. W. Pagnano.................................................................................... 775

Th e degenerative knee – surgical techniques: “gap balancing”Th73. C. Stukenborg-Colsman, S. Ostermeier, H. Windhagen ............................................ 783

Component orientation and total knee arthroplasty74. F. R. Orozco, W. J. Hozack ......................................................................................... 791

Rotation of components in total knee arthroplasty75. M. Bonnin ................................................................................................................. 797

Improving mobility76. S. Parratte, A. Ashour, Y. Hémon, J.-M. Aubaniac, J.-N. Argenson ........................... 809

Medical management before and after TKA77. E. J. Graham, R. B. Bourne ....................................................................................... 815

Rehabilitation protocol following total knee arthroplasty78. B. Quelard, O. Rachet ............................................................................................... 823

Th e Patella in TKA .....................................................................................Th 839

Why I always resurface the patella in TKA79. K. Corten, S. J. MacDonald ....................................................................................... 841

Why I do not routinely resurface the patella in TKA80. A. J. Bigham, J. L. Howard........................................................................................ 857

Navigation in TKA ..................................................................................... 865

Total knee replacement navigation: the different techniquesffff81. F. Picard, A. Gregori, A. Deakin................................................................................. 867

Why using navigation in total knee arthroplasty?82. P. Deprez, J. Victor .................................................................................................... 879

Results in Primary TKA ............................................................................. 885

Results and function of total knee arthroplasty83. M. Dunbar, S. Sripada, R. Kjar ................................................................................. 887

Diffi culties in Primary TKA ....................................................................... ffi 895

TKA in the stiff kneeff84. J. Vanlauwe, H. Vandenneucker, J. Bellemans ........................................................... 897

Th e lateral approach in the valgus kneeTh85. R. Zayni, M. Bonnin .................................................................................................. 901

TKA in the severe valgus knee: lateral epicondyle sliding osteotomy technique86. J. Brilhault, P. Burdin ................................................................................................ 907

Total knee replacement in patients with severe varus deformity87. Y. Catonné, E. Sariali, F. Khiami, B. Tillie ................................................................. 915

Total knee arthroplasty after failed high tibial osteotomy88. M. Bonnin, R. Zayni .................................................................................................. 923

Total knee arthroplasty after malunion89. T. Ait Si Selmi, D. Carmody, Ph. Neyret .................................................................... 933

XX The Knee Joint

Revision total knee arthroplasty after failed unicompartmental knee replacement90. J. R. Laurent ............................................................................................................. 941

Failures and Revision in TKA .................................................................... 953

Causes of failures in TKA91. M. Bonnin ................................................................................................................. 955

Th e painful total knee arthroplastyTh92. G. Van Damme, J. Victor ........................................................................................... 969

Pre-operative planning for revision TKA93. E. J. Graham, S. J. MacDonald.................................................................................. 983

Technique of revision: surgical approach94. M. Tanzer, S. Burnett ................................................................................................ 989

Revision TKA: component removal95. K. Corten, S. J. MacDonald ....................................................................................... 1003

Management of bony defects in revision TKR96. M. Clatworthy .......................................................................................................... 1009

Stems in revision TKA97. D. J. Berry ................................................................................................................. 1021

Technique of revision in TKA: joint line level98. C. M. van den Broek, G. G. van Hellemondt, A. B. Wymenga .................................... 1029

Technique of revision in total knee arthroplasty: the patella99. D. D. R. Naudie, T. H. Bell, J. McAuley ...................................................................... 1039

Extensor mechanism allograft – surgical technique100.A. P. Sah, C. J. Della Valle, A. G. Rosenberg .............................................................. 1049

Infection in total knee arthroplasty – prevention101.T. Kostamo, S. J. MacDonald .................................................................................... 1057

Diagnosis of infection after total knee arthroplasty102.C. J. Richards, D. S. Garbuz, B. A. Masri ................................................................... 1063

Infection in total knee arthroplasty: treatment103.T. M. Mabry, A. D. Hanssen ...................................................................................... 1071

Foreword

E verything began when Johan Bellemans, Michel Bonnin, Jacques Ménétrey and I concluded the1999 ISAKOS Congress in Washington, to anxiously begin our ESSKA-AOSSM Travelling Fellow-ship. We travelled together visiting each of our host centers around the United States for almost a

month, where I enjoyed every day with my three fellows in my role as the “godfather”. During the next part of our trip when guests of Peter Fowler, one of my best friends, at the University of Western Ontarioin London, Canada, we met Annunziato Amendola, a young “Italian” surgeon. More recently I met StevenMcDonald, a brilliant young Canadian surgeon.Since normal locomotion is impossible without proper knee function and since numerous abnormalitiescan interfere with normal function, the knee joint is our most frequently operated joint in the humanbody. Th e expansion in knee treatment options and approaches introduce challenging problems to theThpracticing surgeon and to the orthopaedic residents in training. Most important, this knowledge provides the basis upon which an orthopaedist counsels a patient regarding the risks and benefi ts of every opera-fitive treatment. Actually many patients before or after the physician visit go into the internet to try to understand if the suggestions of the treating surgeon are the same suggested by the “opinion leaders”.Th ey often get confused and frightened by the very diffTh erent suggestions and proposals from diffffff erent fffforthopaedic surgeons. Th ese patients have high expectations for overcoming their knee complaints and Thability to return to their previous activity level.Th e text of this book is comprehensive and covers all surgical aspects of the knee pathology. Basic science, Thepidemiology, imaging and surgical techniques are clearly reported and illustrated in a didactic fashion.Despite the huge number of textbooks, journals and instructional courses dedicated to the knee, there are still enormous areas of controversies within the orthopaedic community. Th is is why a multicontinen-Thtal team of experts have been invited to defi ne and present their own vision and hands-on experience. fiTh e book is divided in three parts: meniscal and ligamentous injuries, patello-femoral pathology and the Thdegenerative knee. One lesson that can be drawn from this book is that none of us can accomplish much by ourselves andthat only through cooperation in groups and across national boundaries we can achieve real progress in term of improved patient care. For the future much remains to be improved and basic research needs to be further refined. With its com-fiprehensive, up-to-date summary of our knowledge of the knee, this book, thanks to the organization andknowledge of the editors, will be a very valuable aid in furthering our understanding and management of the “knee patient”.Wishing a great success to the editors, I would like to report three quotations. The fiTh rst is from WilliamfiHarvey (1578-1657): “I would say with Fabricius, let all reasoning be silent when experience gainsays its conclusion. Th e too familiar vice of the present age is to obtrude as manifest truths, mere fancies, born of Thconjecture and superfi cial reasoning, altogether unsupported by the testimony of sense.”fiTh e second is from Robert Leach: “Enjoy the book, absorb the material so assiduously collected by the Theditors and use that material to the benefi t of your patients”. Thfi e third quotation is from my teacher ThJack C. Hughston: “To readers I would say, let the experience presented by this book speak for itself.”

Giancarlo Puddu, MDInternationally Renowned Orthopaedic Surgeon

Inducted into Sports Medicine Hall of Fame