The Intensity Frontier The Next Challenge for Fermilab

Fermilab Public LectureFermilab Public Lecture

The Intensity FrontierThe Next Challenge for

Fermilab Stanley Wojcicki

Stanford University March 23, 2012

The Intensity FrontierThe Next Challenge for

Fermilab Stanley Wojcicki

Stanford University March 23, 2012

22Fermilab Public LectureFermilab Public Lecture

Our world is DIVERSEOur world is DIVERSE

Our goal is SIMPLIFICATIONOur goal is SIMPLIFICATION

All of Physics on a T-shirt (Leon L.)

All of Physics on a T-shirt (Leon L.)

For both Constituents and the Forces

For both Constituents and the Forces

very smallvery smallvery largevery large


Truth is ever to be found in simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things. He is the God of order and not of confusion.

Sir Isaac Newton

Truth is ever to be found in simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things. He is the God of order and not of confusion.

Sir Isaac Newton


THE GRAND QUESTIONSTHE GRAND QUESTIONS

What is the world made of ?What is the world made of ?

What holds it together ?What holds it together ?

Where do we come from?Where do we come from?

Why are we “us” and not “anti-us”?

Why are we “us” and not “anti-us”?


THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS In 1920 there were 3 elementary

particles:proton (p+), electron (e-), photon (γ)

In 1920 there were 3 elementary particles:

proton (p+), electron (e-), photon (γ)In 1955 there were about 20 (+ their

antiparticles):p, e, γ and also: n, μ, ν, π, Κ, τ, θ, χ, Λ, Σ,

Ξ ...

In 1955 there were about 20 (+ their antiparticles):

p, e, γ and also: n, μ, ν, π, Κ, τ, θ, χ, Λ, Σ, Ξ ...

And starting in the 1960’s there was even a greater explosion

And starting in the 1960’s there was even a greater explosion

CAN SO MANY PARTICLES BE ALL ELEMENTARY?CAN SO MANY PARTICLES BE ALL ELEMENTARY?


If I could remember the names of all these particles, I’d be a

botanist. Enrico

Fermi

If I could remember the names of all these particles, I’d be a

botanist. Enrico

Fermi


THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTSWHAT WE BELIEVE TODAY

THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTSWHAT WE BELIEVE TODAY

1) Quarks and Leptons are fundamental

2)They may be point particles or little strings3) There are at least 6 of

each, maybe more

1) Quarks and Leptons are fundamental

2)They may be point particles or little strings3) There are at least 6 of

each, maybe more


I have long held an opinion, amounting almost to conviction,

in common, I believe, with many other lovers of natural knowledge, that the various

forms under which the forces of matter are made manifest have

one common origin. Michael

Faraday

I have long held an opinion, amounting almost to conviction,

in common, I believe, with many other lovers of natural knowledge, that the various

forms under which the forces of matter are made manifest have

one common origin. Michael

Faraday


THE FIRST UNIFICATION THE FIRST UNIFICATION Isaac Newton (1642 -

1727)Isaac Newton (1642 -

1727)

Celestial GravityCelestial Gravity Terrestial GravityTerrestial Gravity

They are the same They are the same

1010


THE SECOND UNIFICATION THE SECOND UNIFICATION James Clark Maxwell (1831 -

1879)James Clark Maxwell (1831 -

1879)

Electricity and magnetismare different

manifestations of the same phenomenon

Electricity and magnetismare different

manifestations of the same phenomenon

==

1111


THE THIRD UNIFICATION THE THIRD UNIFICATION S. Glashow, A. Salam, S. Weinberg

(1967-68)S. Glashow, A. Salam, S. Weinberg

(1967-68)

Holds atoms together;

Responsible for electricity, magnetism

Holds atoms together;

Responsible for electricity, magnetism

Responsible for neutron decay, radioactivity in

reactors

Responsible for neutron decay, radioactivity in

reactors

Weak + Electromagnetic → Electroweak

Weak + Electromagnetic → Electroweak

1212


The Grand Unified Theory (GUT) ?The String Theory ?

The Grand Unified Theory (GUT) ?The String Theory ?

THE NEXT UNIFICATION (S) ?THE NEXT UNIFICATION (S) ?

1313


THE FAMILIAR FORCESTHE FAMILIAR FORCES

But there are also forces at a distance

Examples: Gravity, Magnetism

But there are also forces at a distance

Examples: Gravity, Magnetism

Pull (contact)Pull (contact)Push (contact)Push (contact)

1414


THE FORCES IN PARTICLE PHYSICS THE FORCES IN PARTICLE PHYSICS

How do we describe them?How do we describe them?

Exchange ForcesExchanged particle can be heavy

It is virtual

Uncertainty Principle:ΔEΔt ≳ ħ

Exchange ForcesExchanged particle can be heavy

It is virtual

Uncertainty Principle:ΔEΔt ≳ ħ

Exchange Force (repulsive)Exchange Force (repulsive)

The Standard ModelThe Standard Model

1515


THE STEPS TOWARDS KNOWLEDGETHE STEPS TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE

Example: Chemical Elements Example: Chemical Elements

1. Observation (New Data):1. Observation (New Data):Hydrogen, Carbon, Copper, Mercury,

Gold...Hydrogen, Carbon, Copper, Mercury,

Gold...

3. Understanding (Why?):3. Understanding (Why?):Quantum Mechanics,

Spin...Quantum Mechanics,

Spin...

2. Classification:2. Classification:Periodic TablePeriodic Table

1616


WHERE ARE WE IN PARTICLE PHYSICS?WHERE ARE WE IN PARTICLE PHYSICS?

1. Observation : 1. Observation : Many Particles,

SimilaritiesMany Particles,

Similarities Structure in the Proton Structure in the Proton

2. Classification:

2. Classification:Quarks, Leptons,Quarks, Leptons,

Force CarriersForce Carriers⟶ SM⟶ SM

3. Understanding:3. Understanding:Many Questions Need AnswersMany Questions Need Answers

1717


FEW DETAILED QUESTIONSFEW DETAILED QUESTIONS

Why 3 families of quarks and leptons?Do all forces become one?

Why are the masses of quarks so different?Why are neutrino masses so small?

What happened to anti-matter?How will Standard Model break down?

What is dark matter?What is dark energy?

Are quarks and leptons little strings?

Why 3 families of quarks and leptons?Do all forces become one?

Why are the masses of quarks so different?Why are neutrino masses so small?

What happened to anti-matter?How will Standard Model break down?

What is dark matter?What is dark energy?

Are quarks and leptons little strings?

1818


A theory is more impressive the greater the simplicity of

its premises, the more diverse the things it relates, and the more extended its

area of applicability. Albert Einstein

A theory is more impressive the greater the simplicity of

its premises, the more diverse the things it relates, and the more extended its

area of applicability. Albert Einstein

1919


Colliders, Tevatron ➙ LHCColliders, Tevatron ➙ LHC

External beamfixed target

External beamfixed target

TelescopesSatellitesBalloons

Large Arrays

TelescopesSatellitesBalloons

Large Arrays

THE 3 FRONTIERS OF PARTICLE PHYSICSTHE 3 FRONTIERS OF PARTICLE PHYSICS

Intensity Frontier experiments can be sensitive to mass scales >> LHC

Intensity Frontier experiments can be sensitive to mass scales >> LHC

2020


ENERGY AND INTENSITY FRONTIERSENERGY AND INTENSITY FRONTIERSDirect and Indirect MeasurementsDirect and Indirect Measurements

Real particles created from energy

Requires high energy

Real particles created from energy

Requires high energy

Virtual particles existfor a short time

Requires high intensity

Virtual particles existfor a short time

Requires high intensity

E = mc2

E = mc2

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

ΔE Δt ≥ ħΔE Δt ≥ ħ

Werner HeisenbergWerner Heisenberg

2121


FROM 300 Kw TO 2.2 MwFROM 300 Kw TO 2.2 Mw

1. Upgrade of an existing fixed target complex from 300 Kw to 700 Kw

1. Upgrade of an existing fixed target complex from 300 Kw to 700 Kw

2. Construction of a new accelerator complex - Project X

2. Construction of a new accelerator complex - Project X

Number of Protons

Time

Number of Protons

Time

>2MW @ 120 GeV

3 MW @ 3 GeV

150 kW @ 8 GeV

2222


PROPOSED LOCATION OF PROJECT XPROPOSED LOCATION OF PROJECT X

2323


PROJECT X EXPERIMENTAL CAMPUSPROJECT X EXPERIMENTAL CAMPUS

2424


FEYNMAN DIAGRAMS FEYNMAN DIAGRAMS

Method for Calculating Particle Properties and the Rates for

Their Interactions and Decays

Method for Calculating Particle Properties and the Rates for

Their Interactions and Decays

Rules are Simpler than in Monopoly:

Rules are Simpler than in Monopoly:

1. Each diagram is composed of vertices, internal lines, external lines

1. Each diagram is composed of vertices, internal lines, external lines

3. Add up all the diagrams and square the sum3. Add up all the diagrams and square the sum

2. Each of these contributes a factor to the amplitude for this diagram

2. Each of these contributes a factor to the amplitude for this diagram

Allows Visualization of the ProcessAllows Visualization of the Process

2525


AN EXAMPLE (Feynman and Indirect Expt)

AN EXAMPLE (Feynman and Indirect Expt)

A decay K0→ μ+μ- A decay K0→ μ+μ-

But the prediction for this rate based on this diagram did not

agree with the experiment

But the prediction for this rate based on this diagram did not

agree with the experiment

Few years later, required quark, charm, was discovered

Few years later, required quark, charm, was discovered

The “box” diagram on the right describes a mechanism for this

decay

The “box” diagram on the right describes a mechanism for this

decayνν

Theory and experiment could be reconciled if one postulated

additional diagram with a new quark

Theory and experiment could be reconciled if one postulated

additional diagram with a new quark

νν

2626


ANOTHER EXAMPLE - FROM ASTRONOMY ANOTHER EXAMPLE - FROM ASTRONOMY

In 1781 William Herschel discovered the 7th planet, eventually named Uranus, using the 15cm telescope

he had constructed himself.

In 1781 William Herschel discovered the 7th planet, eventually named Uranus, using the 15cm telescope

he had constructed himself.NEW YORK

LIBRARYNEW YORK

LIBRARY

But there was a problem: Uranus trajectory in the sky did not follow the expectation from

Newton’s law

But there was a problem: Uranus trajectory in the sky did not follow the expectation from

Newton’s lawTwo possible explanations were put

forward:a) Newton’s law was not rigorously trueb) There was another perturbing planet

Two possible explanations were put forward:

a) Newton’s law was not rigorously trueb) There was another perturbing planet

2727


Urbain LeVerrier (France) and John Adams (UK) espoused the planet idea and calculated its

location.

Urbain LeVerrier (France) and John Adams (UK) espoused the planet idea and calculated its

location.LeVerrier asked Johann Galle at the Berlin

Observtory to look for a planet in the suggested sky area.

LeVerrier asked Johann Galle at the Berlin Observtory to look for a planet in the suggested

sky area. In 1846 Galle found the planet

(named Neptune)within 1o of LeVerrier ‘s prediction. LeVerrier got credit for

the discovery.

In 1846 Galle found the planet (named Neptune)within 1o of LeVerrier ‘s prediction. LeVerrier got credit for

the discovery.

NEWTON WAS RIGHT AFTER ALLNEWTON WAS RIGHT AFTER ALL

2828


DIFFERENT MEASUREMENTSDIFFERENT MEASUREMENTSprecision measurements

orrare (forbidden)

processes

precision measurementsor

rare (forbidden) processes

interactions or decaysor

particle properties

interactions or decaysor

particle properties

K0→π0νν μ g-2

μ→e captureelectric dipole

moments

particle properties particle properties interactions,interactions,decaysdecays

precision measurements

precision measurements



+ NEUTRINO INTERACTONS+ NEUTRINO INTERACTONS

2929


Question: What are spin and magnetic moment?

Question: What are spin and magnetic moment?

Answer: Fundamental properties of particles, like mass or charge

Answer: Fundamental properties of particles, like mass or charge

Ratio of spin and magnetic moment is called g factor

Ratio of spin and magnetic moment is called g factor

For charged leptons (e,μ,τ), g is close to 2 and its deviation from 2 (g-2) can be both

measured and calculated very precisely (<1 ppm)

For charged leptons (e,μ,τ), g is close to 2 and its deviation from 2 (g-2) can be both

measured and calculated very precisely (<1 ppm)

gμexp = 2.00233184178(128)gμexp = 2.00233184178(128)

Classical analogue: spinning top that is

charged

Classical analogue: spinning top that is

charged

3030


MUON g-2 (THEORY)MUON g-2 (THEORY)Muon g-2 can be calculated very preciselyThus disagreement between theory and

experiment might be an indication of new physics

Muon g-2 can be calculated very preciselyThus disagreement between theory and

experiment might be an indication of new physics

Leading diagramLeading diagram

Higher order diagramsHigher order diagrams

Possible diagram from new physics (supersymmetry)

Possible diagram from new physics (supersymmetry)

3131


MUON g-2 (EXPERIMENT)MUON g-2 (EXPERIMENT)Protons on target → pions→π➟μν →store μ in

ringProtons on target → pions→π➟μν →store μ in

ringObserve muon spin rotation

through muon decays to electrons

Observe muon spin rotation through muon decays to

electrons

Frequency(f) = no. of cycles/timeFrequency(f) = no. of cycles/time

g-2 α f/Bg-2 α f/B“Never measure

anything but frequency”

I.I.Rabi

“Never measure anything but frequency”

I.I.Rabi

BNL experimentBNL experiment

Need lots of muons Need lots of muons

3232


MUON CAPTURE (mu2e)MUON CAPTURE (mu2e)What happens when μ- stops in matter?What happens when μ- stops in matter?

Can it transform itself into an electron?Can it transform itself into an electron?

Yes, but VERY rarely. In SM, ∼10-52

Yes, but VERY rarely. In SM, ∼10-52

Only SM diagram possibleOnly SM diagram possible

Excellent candidate for looking for New Physics

Excellent candidate for looking for New Physics

Current experimental limit: ∼10-12

Can one do significantly better than that? Current experimental limit: ∼10-12

Can one do significantly better than that?

a) It can decay: μ- →e-ννb) It can be captured by the nucleus: μ- +p→n+ν

a) It can decay: μ- →e-ννb) It can be captured by the nucleus: μ- +p→n+ν

3333


Most New Physics models predict a rate for muon conversion to electrons of ∼10-16

- 10-13

Most New Physics models predict a rate for muon conversion to electrons of ∼10-16

- 10-13

To reach 10-16 need a lot of muons, ∼1019 To reach 10-16 need a lot of muons, ∼1019

This requires LOT of protons and sophisticated apparatusThis requires LOT of protons and sophisticated apparatus

Compare to about 5 x 1019

(?)grains of sand on all the

world’s beaches

Compare to about 5 x 1019

(?)grains of sand on all the

world’s beaches

3434


DECAY MODE: K0→πo ν ν DECAY MODE: K0→πo ν ν

The New Physics can increase this decay rate

The New Physics can increase this decay rate

Very difficult experimentally; not seen yet

Very difficult experimentally; not seen yet

neutral → neutral + neutral + neutral

neutral → neutral + neutral + neutral

Hence no visible tracksHence no visible tracksTo achieve required precision need high

intensityTo achieve required precision need high

intensity

Standard Model prediction:

Standard Model prediction: BR∼.2 x 10-10BR∼.2 x 10-10

There are today about 7 x 109 people in the world

There are today about 7 x 109 people in the world

3535


Need to make small Ko beam to have good direction precision

Need to make small Ko beam to have good direction precision

Also good photon detection and measurement

Also good photon detection and measurement

Strive for 10% measurement of

BR

Strive for 10% measurement of

BR

All of this requires high intensityAll of this requires high intensity

3636


NEUTRINOSNEUTRINOS

They are produced in nature:

They are produced in nature:

in the sun, in cosmic rays, in the earth, in the oceans,...take 99% of energy in supernovas

in the sun, in cosmic rays, in the earth, in the oceans,...take 99% of energy in supernovas

They are also produced by humans:

They are also produced by humans: in reactors, by the accelerators, in medical

isotopesin reactors, by the accelerators, in medical

isotopesThey are unique and important but ill

understoodThey may be responsible for our existence

WE MUST STUDY THEM

They are unique and important but ill understood

They may be responsible for our existenceWE MUST STUDY THEM

They are fundamental and ubiquitousThey are fundamental and ubiquitous1014 go through each one of us

every sec1014 go through each one of us

every sec

3737


NEUTRINOS ARE WEIRD

NEUTRINOS ARE WEIRD

They hardly interact with matter: Out of ∼100,000 all but one will get through 450

miles of earth (like a hot knife through butter)

They hardly interact with matter: Out of ∼100,000 all but one will get through 450

miles of earth (like a hot knife through butter)

Neutrino masses are tiny; their mass is no more than one millionth the mass of an

electron

Neutrino masses are tiny; their mass is no more than one millionth the mass of an

electron

As they move along they change from

As they move along they change fromone flavor to another,

eg. νμ→ ντ and back again

one flavor to another, eg. νμ→ ντ and back

again

3838


NEUTRINO AND ELECTRON MASSES COMPARED

NEUTRINO AND ELECTRON MASSES COMPARED

electronelectronneutrinoneutrino

3939


NEUTRINO EVENT RATESNEUTRINO EVENT RATES

Thus for precise measurement we need:

Thus for precise measurement we need:

large detector masslarge ν flux ie. intense proton

beam

large detector masslarge ν flux ie. intense proton

beam

No of events will be proportional to: x-section x detector mass x

flux x time

No of events will be proportional to: x-section x detector mass x

flux x time

⇒⇒ ⇒⇒protons target pions neutrinos detectorprotons target pions neutrinos detector

4040


MINOS (Far Det.)

735 km

LBNE(Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment)

1300 km

NOvA810 km

MiniBooNEMINERvA

MicroBooNEShort Baseline Program

AERIAL VIEW OF POTENTIAL FERMILAB NEUTRINO PROGRAM

AERIAL VIEW OF POTENTIAL FERMILAB NEUTRINO PROGRAM

4141


Principal Goals of future neutrino program:

a) Mass hierarchy: which ν is heaviestb) Study of matter-antimatter

symmetryc) Search for more ν’s, unexpected

Principal Goals of future neutrino program:

a) Mass hierarchy: which ν is heaviestb) Study of matter-antimatter

symmetryc) Search for more ν’s, unexpected

AN EXAMPLE: NOvA EXPERIMENTAN EXAMPLE: NOvA EXPERIMENT

14,700 tons, 810 km away, to start in 2013

14,700 tons, 810 km away, to start in 2013

385,000 extrusions385,000 extrusions

4242


CONCLUDING REMARKSCONCLUDING REMARKS

Since its beginning, some 40 years ago, Fermilab has dominated the

high energy frontier in particle physics

Since its beginning, some 40 years ago, Fermilab has dominated the

high energy frontier in particle physics

This torch has now passed to CERN and LHC

This torch has now passed to CERN and LHC

The richness and diversity of currently planned program on the

intensity frontier should keep Fermilab at the forefront of particle physics for

many years to come

The richness and diversity of currently planned program on the

intensity frontier should keep Fermilab at the forefront of particle physics for

many years to come

4343


ONE GLORIOUS ERA IS COMING TO AN END

ONE GLORIOUS ERA IS COMING TO AN END

4444


ANOTHER ONE, EQUALLY PROMISING, IS JUST AROUND

THE CORNER

ANOTHER ONE, EQUALLY PROMISING, IS JUST AROUND

THE CORNER

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

I want to acknowledge help and use of graphics from R.Bernstein, R.Tschirhart, S.Holmes and Y.K.Kim

I want to acknowledge help and use of graphics from R.Bernstein, R.Tschirhart, S.Holmes and Y.K.Kim

Documents

The Intensity Frontier The Next Challenge for Fermilab