The Industrial &The Industrial & Agricultural Agricultural

NorthNorth

Early Textile ManufacturingEarly Textile Manufacturing

• 1789 Samuel Slater arrived in America1789 Samuel Slater arrived in America

• Slater built 1Slater built 1stst textile mill in 1790 textile mill in 1790

• 1807 Jefferson’s embargo stimulated 1807 Jefferson’s embargo stimulated domestic productiondomestic production

• War of 1812 restricted imports and War of 1812 restricted imports and encouraged growth of manufacturingencouraged growth of manufacturing

• By 1815, textile mills numbered in hundredsBy 1815, textile mills numbered in hundreds

The Factory SystemThe Factory System• New way of organizing New way of organizing

labor - machines too labor - machines too large for worker's large for worker's homehome

• Replaced the home -Replaced the home -based system of early based system of early 1800’s1800’s

• Spread rapidly in the Spread rapidly in the 1820’s & again 1820’s & again between 1840-60between 1840-60

Production and locationProduction and location

• First impact- textile industry: New EnglandFirst impact- textile industry: New England

• Moved to shoe industry: E. MassMoved to shoe industry: E. Mass

• By 1830sBy 1830s

- moved to other industries- moved to other industries

- moved to other areas of NE- moved to other areas of NE

• NE = over ½ of industries , 2/3 of production NE = over ½ of industries , 2/3 of production and ¾ of workersand ¾ of workers

TechnologyTechnology• By 1830’s overtook Great Britain By 1830’s overtook Great Britain

- Euros traveled to US to study new - Euros traveled to US to study new techniquestechniques

• Development of machine toolsDevelopment of machine tools

• Interchangeable parts revolutionized Interchangeable parts revolutionized machinerymachinery

The Family SystemThe Family System

• Hiring an entire familyHiring an entire family

- men for heavy labor (power loom)- men for heavy labor (power loom)

- women and children for lighter - women and children for lighter workwork

• Families lived in tenements or mill Families lived in tenements or mill villagesvillages

The Lowell SystemThe Lowell System• Found in Waltham Mass. Found in Waltham Mass.

• Began 1813Began 1813

• Paternalistic textile factory Paternalistic textile factory system system

• Employed young women [15-Employed young women [15-35]35]

- from NE farms - from NE farms

• Emphasis was placed on Emphasis was placed on mechanization and mechanization and standardizationstandardization

- used as a model- used as a model

Why Employ Women?Why Employ Women?• Traditionally employed in Traditionally employed in

home textile workhome textile work• Not expected to support Not expected to support

families and so could be families and so could be paid lesspaid less

• Women not expected to be Women not expected to be independent or equal independent or equal citizenscitizens

• ““A father’s debts…to be A father’s debts…to be paid, an aged mother to be paid, an aged mother to be supported, a brother’s supported, a brother’s ambition to be aided”ambition to be aided”

ConditionsConditions• Emphasized Emphasized

maintenance of a maintenance of a proper environment: proper environment: 1. enforced curfews1. enforced curfews2. encouraged church2. encouraged church3. maintained 3. maintained cleanliness cleanliness

• living conditions good living conditions good & wages were fair& wages were fair

ConditionsConditions

• Free of the filth, Free of the filth, poverty and social poverty and social

disorder disorder

• Supervised on the job Supervised on the job and at homeand at home

Lowell System DeclinedLowell System Declined• High standards difficult to sustain and keep High standards difficult to sustain and keep

production costs lowproduction costs low

- wages declined- wages declined

- longer hours- longer hours

- conditions deteriorated- conditions deteriorated

• 1834 Factory Girls Association (FGA) Union1834 Factory Girls Association (FGA) Union

- strike 2x for better wages and lower rent: failed- strike 2x for better wages and lower rent: failed

- formed Female Labor Reform Association - formed Female Labor Reform Association > > demanded help from legislationdemanded help from legislation

Immigrant Labor ForceImmigrant Labor Force• Major labor pop after 1840Major labor pop after 1840

• Accelerated deterioration of working Accelerated deterioration of working conditionsconditions

• Unskilled laborUnskilled labor

• Low wages $1-$6 a weekLow wages $1-$6 a week

• Terrible living conditionsTerrible living conditions

• 12-14 hr work day12-14 hr work day

Labor RespondedLabor Responded• Mass. 1842 Commonwealth v. HuntMass. 1842 Commonwealth v. Hunt

- Unions were lawful- Unions were lawful

- strikes were legal- strikes were legal

• Unions of 1840s and 1850s ineffective!Unions of 1840s and 1850s ineffective!

- not large or strong enough & lacked unity- not large or strong enough & lacked unity

- too many immigrants!- too many immigrants!

• Craft Unions (skilled) more successfulCraft Unions (skilled) more successful

Northeast Agriculture

• No longer profitable- moved west- moved to cities

• Some stayed and supplied cities- veg & fruit- dairy farming

Old NorthwestOld Northwest

• Industrial growth 1840-1860Industrial growth 1840-1860- based on agriculture- based on agriculture

- flour milling - flour milling - meat packing- meat packing

- whiskey- whiskey• Agriculture is Supreme!Agriculture is Supreme!

- avg. person owned - avg. person owned prosperous farmprosperous farm

SectionalismSectionalism• NW sold products to NE and NE NW sold products to NE and NE NWNW

• Eastern industry sold to the westEastern industry sold to the west

• STRONG ECONOMIC BOND!!!STRONG ECONOMIC BOND!!!

• South is becoming more isolatedSouth is becoming more isolated

Farming TechnologyFarming Technology• Steel plows - 1847 Steel plows - 1847

John Deere factory John Deere factory

Farming TechnologyFarming Technology• McCormick McCormick

ReaperReaper

• allowed 6 men to allowed 6 men to do the work of 15do the work of 15

• quicker harvestquicker harvest

Farming TechnologyFarming Technology• Threshing MachineThreshing Machine

• Jerome I. Case Jerome I. Case factory Racine, factory Racine, WisconsinWisconsin

• No longer flailing No longer flailing grain by hand > grain by hand > saved time saved time

- 25 bushels an hour- 25 bushels an hour

Questions?Questions?