The Greening of Louisiana’s Economy - E. J. Ourso ... · PDF fileThe Greening of Louisiana’s Economy: ... Equipment and Machinery, Electronics, ... manufacturers are helping to

Louisiana Workforce Commissionwww.LMI.LaWorks.net/Green

September 2011

The Greening of Louisiana’s Economy:the Manufacturing Sector Part III – Other Manufacturing

This workforce solution was funded by a grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The solution was created by the grantee and does not neces-sarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.

In 2009, Louisiana and Mississippi partnered to research economic

development opportunities and workforce needs associated with

the region’s green economy. Through a $2.3 million grant from the

U.S. Department of Labor, a consortium of the Louisiana Workforce

Commission, Louisiana State University, Mississippi Department of

Employment Security, and Mississippi State University conducted

an extensive study of economic activity that is beneficial to the

environment. This and other research products were developed as

part of that effort.

The Manufacturing Sector Part III – Other Manufacturing

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Description of Sector ................................................................................................ iiIntroduction to the Green Component of the Metallic, Nonmetallic, Equipment and Machinery, Electronics, and Miscellaneous Manufacturing Sector ............................................................................................... 1Green Goods and Services ....................................................................................... 3 Renewable Energy ............................................................................................. 3 Energy Efficiency................................................................................................ 5 Greenhouse Gas Reduction ............................................................................... 6 Pollution Prevention and Cleanup ..................................................................... 6 Recycling and Waste Reduction ........................................................................ 6 Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation and Coastal Restoration .................................................................................... 7 Education, Compliance, Public Awareness and Training................................... 7Green Business Practices ........................................................................................ 7 Renewable Energy ............................................................................................. 8 Energy Efficiency................................................................................................ 8 Greenhouse Gas Reduction ............................................................................... 9 Pollution Prevention and Cleanup ..................................................................... 9 Recycling and Waste Reduction ........................................................................ 9 Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation and Coastal Restoration .................................................................................. 10 Education, Compliance, Public Awareness and Training................................. 10Economic Factors .................................................................................................... 10Public Policy ............................................................................................................ 11Technology .............................................................................................................. 12Job Growth and Workforce Development .............................................................. 13Key Players ............................................................................................................. 14Notes ....................................................................................................................... 16

Contents

On the cover: worker at Shaw Modular Solutions in Lake Charles, LA.

Photo © The Shaw Group

The Greening of Louisiana’s Economy

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Description of Sector

a A primary green job is defined as one where more than 50 percent of an employee’s time is devoted to one of the seven green activity categories: renewable energy; energy efficiency; greenhouse gas reduction; pollution reduction and clean-up; recycling and waste reduction; sustainable agriculture, natural resource conservation and coastal restoration; and education, compliance, public awareness and training supporting the other categories.

b Support green jobs are defined as those essential to an organization’s involvement in one of the activity categories, but not requiring more than 50 percent of an employee’s effort.

The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) describes the Manufacturing sector, NAICS 31 - 33, as engaged in the transformation of materials into new products through mechanical, physical or chemical means. Manufacturing often takes place in plants, factories and mills using specialized equipment. However, this sector also includes hand-crafted materials transformations taking place in homes, tailor shops or bakeries. Most of the materials used by manufacturers are raw materials that are purchased from other industries such as agriculture, mining and quarrying, or other manufacturing units. Outputs from manufacturers may be utilized by end users or as feedstocks for other manufacturing processes.1 In Louisiana, this sector employs 138,411 people, representing 7.5 percent of total nonfarm employment.2 In 2009, private entities in the Manufacturing sector were responsible for $41.08 billion, or 19.7 percent of Louisiana’s gross state product.3 The state’s printing and related support activities sector supports 2 percent of all manufacturing jobs in Louisiana, nonmetallic mineral product manufacturers account for 4 percent, primary metal manufacturing is equal to 1.7 percent, fabricated metal manufacturing is 12 percent, machinery manufacturing represents 10 percent, computer and electronics manufacturers 1.5 percent of jobs, electrical equipment and appliance manufacturing represents less than 1 percent, transportation equipment manufacturing is almost 14 percent, and miscellaneous manufacturing accounts for just over 2.5 percent of employment in the sector.4

The subsectors of the Manufacturing sector considered in this report are 323, 327, 331-336 & 339. The North American Industry Classification System defines those subsectors accordingly:

316—Leather and Allied Products Manufacturing

323—Printing and Related Support Activities

327—Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing

331—Primary Metal Manufacturing

332—Fabricated Metal Manufacturing

333—Machinery Manufacturing

334—Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing

335—Electrical Equipment and Appliance Manufacturing

336—Transportation Equipment Manufacturing

339—Miscellaneous Manufacturing

The Louisiana Green Jobs Survey was conducted during the fourth quarter of 2010 as part of this research effort to quantify and characterize the green economy in Louisiana. The survey provides a baseline measure of green employment. The survey results show an estimated 30,205 primarya green jobs in Louisiana across all sectors, which represent 1.6 percent of Louisiana’s nonfarm employment. An estimated 67,591 support green jobsb raises the total number of jobs involved in green activity categories to 97,796 jobs or 5.3 percent of nonfarm employment. The survey found that Louisiana’s entire Manufacturing sector accounted for 2,783 primary green jobs and 5,828 support green jobs. These survey results reveal that 6.2 percent of jobs in the Manufacturing sector as a whole are green with 2 percent primary green jobs and 4.2 percent support green jobs.


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Introduction to the Green Component of the Metallic, Nonmetallic, Equipmentand Machinery, Electronics, and Miscellaneous Manufacturing Sector

Manufacturing can be environmentally intensive: raw materials must be sourced from their natural settings; the transformation of those raw materials into finished goods requires energy, and both processes produce waste. The Manufacturing sector is becoming more environmentally sensitive, however, through the production of goods like wind turbines and solar panels that directly benefit the environment and through changes to production processes that reduce the environmental impact of the manufacturing process. Movement toward the creation of more environmentally beneficial products or toward more environmentally efficient ways of making products has come to be known as sustainable manufacturing. Sustainable manufacturing includes processes that minimize negative environmental impacts through measures that are nonpolluting, conservative of energy and natural resources, safe for workers and consumers, and economically sound.5 According to the National Council for Advanced Manufacturing, “sustainable manufacturing is the key emerging paradigm for 21st century manufacturing, and is the major one in which U.S. manufacturing must excel to retain and grow our nation’s manufacturing competitiveness in the global economy.”6

Because of the size and diversity of the Manufacturing sector, and because of the economic and environmental significance of certain subsectors of this sector, manufacturing is being addressed in three reports for the state of Louisiana. The petroleum, chemical, plastics and rubber manufacturers are being considered together in one report and agriculturally sourced manufacturing including food and beverages, textiles, and wood and paper products are being considered in another. This report will focus on activities in the printing, nonmetallic mineral, primary metal, fabricated metal, machinery, computer and electronics, electrical appliance, transportation, and miscellaneous manufacturers industries, a group of industries that will be referred to as the Other Manufacturing sector.

Within this group of manufacturing industries are several that are of special significance to the Louisiana economy. The state’s large oil and gas extraction industry and the petro-chemical manufacturing industry have helped to build up active and highly skilled primary metal, fabricated metal, machinery and electronics manufacturing support industries. These manufacturers are helping to craft offshore oil platforms, drilling equipment and machinery, boilers, pipelines, and electronic equipment that is vital to the operation of oil and gas, refining, and chemical manufacturing activities. The Transportation Manufacturing sector in Louisiana is also uniquely positioned in the state. Shipbuilding has been a staple in the state, providing vessels and repairs in support of the cargo ships utilizing the ports, the commercial fishing industry, oil and gas activities, and even the United States Military.

Even these long-standing Louisiana businesses are facing challenges. Two high-profile announcements in the summer of 2010 related to Avondale Shipyards and the Michoud facility will significantly affect the New Orleans area, threaten large numbers of jobs in advanced manufacturing and shipbuilding and add to nationwide concerns about the future of manufacturing industries in the United States. Given increasing global competition in


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the Manufacturing sector, one key question for the state of Louisiana going forward is how manufacturing can remain a source of jobs and economic growth. Developing sustainable manufacturing in Louisiana that is not only improving the competiveness of firms by increasing efficiencies, but also providing new green products to markets across the globe is one attractive solution. Louisiana Economic Development is pursuing a growth strategy for the state that seeks to grow and attract businesses to Louisiana that will drive future growth by exploiting new or developing markets. Known as the Blue Ocean Strategy, this plan for Louisiana’s economic growth includes two areas that will heavily rely on sustainable manufacturing: next-generation automotive manufacturing, which includes electric vehicles, composite materials and specialized parts; and renewables and energy efficiency, which can include the manufacturing of wind turbine blades or river turbines for renewable energy.7 According to a study by McKinsey & Co., Louisiana could develop up to 90,000 new jobs over the next 20 years in sustainable industries.8 Successfully capitalizing on the existing manufacturing strengths in the state and attracting green manufacturers could help redefine the state and position it for success in a rapidly evolving global economy.

This report will focus on the environmentally beneficial activities of the Other Manufacturing sector with two major areas of focus: goods and services, and business practices. Discussions of this sector’s involvement in environmentally beneficial activities will be provided where significant involvement by the industry is found. As with other components of this project, green was defined based on seven green activity categories:

1. Renewable Energy

2. Energy Efficiency

3. Greenhouse Gas Reduction

4. Pollution Reduction and Cleanup

5. Recycling and Waste Reduction

6. Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation and Coastal Restoration

7. Education, Compliance, Public Awareness and Training Supporting the Other Categories

Each activity category includes: the research, development, production and distribution of a final good or service; the supply of unique parts or inputs to a final good or service; and production processes and business practices regardless of the final good or service produced. The table on the right indicates which environmentally beneficial categories will be featured in this report.


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Green Goods and Services

This sector of Louisiana’s Manufacturing sector is involved in the production of green goods that are emblematic of environmentally beneficial economic development. Louisiana is now or will soon be home to manufacturing facilities producing components for wind power, emerging hydrokinetic power and solar applications. Businesses in the state are also supplying the batteries needed for advanced vehicles like hybrid and electric cars. This sector of the Manufacturing sector is also responsible for the production of nuclear power components, pollution prevention equipment used by the oil and gas industry, and new goods made from recycled materials.

Renewable Energy

The production of goods for use in the generation of renewable energy is the signature activity in environmentally beneficial manufacturing and a promising Blue Ocean strategic area for Louisiana. According to a 2009 statement by the Fabricators & Manufacturers Association, International (FMAI), the percentage of wind power parts manufactured in the United States has increased from 30 percent to 50 percent. Jobs in this growing sector have the potential to replace some of the manufacturing jobs that have been lost in other sectors during the economic downturn. The FMAI also sees potential for manufacturers in the growth of solar power citing 17 percent growth in solar capacity in one year and expectations that it could account for 10 percent of the U.S. power supply by 2025.9

Although Louisiana is not currently seen as one of the top candidates for large-scale, onshore wind power production, it will soon be home to Blade Dynamics, a manufacturer of advanced rotor technology, high-performance turbine blades and subcomponents, and surface coating technology. On Aug.17, 2010, the governor and Blade Dynamics announced the establishment of the company in Louisiana at the New Orleans NASA Michoud facility.

Renewable Energy

Energy Efficiency

Greenhouse Gas Reduction

Pollution Prevention & Clean Up

Waste Reduction & Recycling

Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation, & Coastal Restoration

Education, Compliance, Public Awareness & Training

Goods & Services • • • • •

Business Practices • • • •


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The manufacturing facility is expected to create 600 new direct jobs by 2015 and $13 million in capital investments. Called by the governor, “a significant step forward for Louisiana into renewable energy and green manufacturing,”10 the project is also filling a crucial employment gap being created by the drawdown of the NASA shuttle program that had relied on the manufacturing facility for external fuel tanks since 1973.11 Louisiana was chosen to host the Blade Dynamics manufacturing operation in part by the offerings of the NASA facility itself, the state workforce program Louisiana FastStart, which will provide employee recruitment and training, and an incentive package from the state.12 According to economic development group Greater New Orleans Inc., the Blade Dynamics investment in New Orleans represents a new life for advanced manufacturing at Michoud, promising movement toward green manufacturing in the state, and the global competitiveness of Louisiana and New Orleans.13 On Jan.12, 2011, Baton Rouge newspaper The Advocate reported that Blade Dynamics was ready to begin hiring for 40 technical operator manufacturing positions and had already invested $13 million in machinery and equipment.14

Another potential renewable energy manufacturing project for Louisiana would be the fabrication of river turbine systems to produce hydrokinetic power. Free Flow Power Corp. has received permits for 55 sites on the Mississippi River between St. Louis and Plaquemines Parish including every major bend in the river south of Baton Rouge. Another firm, Hydrogreen, is currently testing its turbines in Minnesota and plans to develop test sites in Vicksburg and Vidalia, Mississippi. River power is not only seen as viable in Louisiana

Wind turbine blade in transit.Photo CCPL: lashleigh/www.flickr.com/photos/lashleigh/.


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because of the two major river systems, the Mississippi and the Atchafalaya, but also because it can be installed close to power transmission lines, unlike offshore wind, and does not have downtime, like solar. FreeFlow, Hydrogreen and a third firm, Under Water Electric Kite (UEK), have all expressed interest in manufacturing their proprietary hydrokinetic turbines in Louisiana for use in the state and around the world.15

Louisiana manufacturers are also contributing to the growth and development of solar power technology. Glass, chemical and specialty coatings manufacturer PPG, with a location in Louisiana, is the manufacturer of specialized materials for solar panels. PPG produces transparent conductive oxide, a glass coating that solar cells depend on, and is the developer of the specialty low-iron glass that is also a crucial component of photovoltaic solar systems.16

Another trend in the manufacture of goods in the Other Manufacturing sector in the area of renewable energy is the production of devices containing energy harvesters, battery-less electronics that convert ambient energy into electricity for extended periods. Popular iterations of energy harvesters are small-scale solar panels that can free a device from battery dependence. Other examples include floor panels in train stations that use springs to power signs when people walk across the ground or electrodynamics that can replace batteries inside surgically implanted pacemakers.17

Energy Efficiency

This group of Manufacturing sectors is also producing goods that help improve energy efficiency. Zachary, Louisiana energy storage and performance materials company Novolyte Technologies is manufacturing rechargeable and nonrechargeable batteries and ultracapacitors for hybrid electric vehicles. According to the company, the market for medium-sized batteries for hybrid electric vehicles is expected to reach 5 million vehicles by 2015 with annual growth rates of 20 percent to 30 percent.18

In another example of how the manufacture of green goods is helping to revive formerly struggling operations, Epic Wake Boats has announced a new manufacturing venture in the Caddo Manufacturing plant in Vivian, Louisiana. The company produces electric and hybrid boats and is planning on also manufacturing two recreational electric vehicles. Epic’s boats produce no air or water emissions in their electric models, and their diesel hybrid models produce very few emissions. The former tenants of the Caddo Manufacturing plant, VIP Boats, went bankrupt, causing the loss of hundreds of jobs, but Epic Wake Boats plans to employ more than 400 people over the coming years.19

A second Blue Ocean theme involving the Other Manufacturing sector in Louisiana that also promotes energy efficiency is advanced vehicles. The V-Vehicle Co., now known as Next Autoworks, is an automotive company working to produce a low-cost, highly efficient consumer vehicle. According to the Baton Rouge newspaper The Advocate, they are said to be establishing a manufacturing plant in North Louisiana, although these plans have not yet been confirmed by the company or by state officials. The vehicle produced would cost as little as $12,000 and achieve better than 40 miles per gallon fuel economy.20 The Monroe, Louisiana manufacturing facility was dealt a setback in March 2010 when it was denied a $320 million government loan by the Department of Energy to finance the project. The company reapplied for funding in May 2010 under the Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing program and has its application under review. During this downtime, the


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incentive package offered by the state of Louisiana has expired. However, it can be reapplied if the project begins to move forward again.21


As the country investigates ways to produce electricity in ways that are less harmful to the environment, the expansion of nuclear power generation is being given new consideration. The crisis at Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant that began in March 2011, however, has complicated the debate about the benefits and risks of nuclear power. On March 23, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission instituted a review of nuclear power plant safety that will include short-term and long-term analysis based on events in Japan.22

Although Louisiana has no plans to build new nuclear facilities for its own use, locally based Shaw Group, Inc. has become a major player in the construction of nuclear plants around the world. Louisiana beat out other states to secure a 1,400-job nuclear components manufacturing facility built by Shaw in Lake Charles.23 Shaw is currently working on four nuclear plants in China and is in talks to complete another in Saudi Arabia.24 In April 2011, Shaw announced that enhanced regulation of the nuclear power industry following the crisis in Japan could increase sales of its AP1000 reactor, which is safer than those used at the Fukushima plant.25

Pollution Prevention and Cleanup

Specialized producers operating in this sector of the Manufacturing sector create the equipment used to guard against oil spills during the exploration and production phase of oil and gas extraction. Cameron International is one such manufacturer operating in Louisiana that produces well heads, blowout preventers and other flow-management devices for use in the oil and gas industry. New rules for the industry prepared in the aftermath of the BP Oil Spill will likely require additional sets of blind shear rams on blowout preventers to ensure the pipe is properly closed during an emergency. It is also likely that these devices will be required to have additional monitoring and control systems installed so that their functionality can be scrutinized while the device is on the ocean floor.26

Also within this sector, ink manufacturers are offering more environmentally beneficial products by offering inks lower in volatile organic compounds (VOC). Volatile organic compounds can be harmful to soil, groundwater and air and are also contributors to low-level ozone when they react with nitrogen oxides and sunlight.27 VOC levels in standard inks can vary by ink type, but many types are available in new low VOC formulations, which produce fewer emissions during both the manufacturing process and during use.28

Recycling and Waste Reduction

Many manufacturers rely on community recycling programs to provide feedstocks for their operations. According to a 2010 study by the Southeast Recycling Development Council, Louisiana has more than 10 manufacturers that rely on recycled content and together make more than $1.1 billion in yearly sales and employ nearly 3,000 workers in the state. These manufacturers utilize steel, aluminum, plastic, paper products and glass for the production of construction materials, paper packaging, bottles, toilet paper tubes and metal building components.29 Louisiana’s manufacturers involved in paper recycling are detailed in the food,


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fibers and wood products manufacturing profile. The table above displays the name, location and feedstock used by the manufacturers relying on metals, plastic and glass.30

Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation and Coastal Restoration

No evidence of significant involvement for this activity category was found in the Other Manufacturing sector.

Education, Compliance, Public Awareness and Training


Green Business Practices

The United States Department of Commerce has identified sustainable manufacturing as a key to competitiveness and profitability for American companies. According to the International Trade Administration website, “Evidence has shown that firms incorporating both environmentally and economically sustainable manufacturing processes can gain competitive advantages in that they reap inherent cost savings (i.e. improving their energy efficiency, minimizing raw materials usage, etc.).”31 The Dept. of Commerce also asserts that governments and businesses have been slow to adopt sustainable manufacturing best practices because of a lack of agreed-upon standards for the evaluation of the costs and benefits of these processes. To address these information gaps, the United States has partnered with several other countries through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD) Project on Sustainable Manufacturing and Eco-Innovation.32

Initial findings from the OECD project include several insights about the evolving nature of sustainable manufacturing. First, the working group found that sustainable production methods are becoming more focused on product lifecycles and away from end-of-pipe solutions to environmental problems. Efforts are also increasing to create closed-loop production systems. The group also defines “eco-innovation” as positive contributions industry can make toward sustainable development and competitive economies, and highlights sustainable manufacturing’s contributions to eco-innovation. According to the group, innovation policy moving forward must fully address environmental issues with closer integration driving sustainable development. The conclusion of the synthesis report outlined steps to be taken in phase two of the project:

j Developing a common terminology for sustainable manufacturing indicators

Company Location Recycled Feedstock

ArcelorMittal LaPlace Post-consumer Steel

Ormet Primary Aluminum Corp. Burnside Post-consumer Aluminum

Plastipak Packaging, Inc. Pineville Plastic

Saint-Gobain Containers Ruston Post-consumer Glass


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j Identify promising eco-innovation policies

j Conducting in-depth case studies

j Developing a benchmarking system to score eco-innovation activities and public policies.33

The following section of this report will highlight trends and examples of manufacturers establishing eco-innovations by enhancing the sustainable processes in their facilities in the seven environmentally beneficial activity categories when applicable.

Renewable Energy

Louisiana manufacturers are not reporting their implementation of renewable energy systems, although they could, like other industries, adopt the technologies for their facilities in order to reduce their energy needs, demonstrate environmental commitments or lower their utility costs.

Energy Efficiency

In 2009, the International Trade Administration held a summit on Sustainability and U.S. Competitiveness. Speaking about the condition of the American manufacturing industry and the special threat posed by the economic downturn, Commerce Secretary Gary Locke suggested that manufacturers must “get serious” about more sustainable uses of energy, land and water in order to save money and increase their competitiveness. Energy efficiency, he remarked, is a win-win: good for the country, good for consumers and good for manufacturers.34

An important step in the adoption of energy-efficient processes in manufacturing is the development of standards. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a nongovernmental organization that develops health, safety and environmental standards for industries for which there is a market requirement. This group has now begun working on energy efficiency standards. Beginning in 2008, ISO began formulating a new international framework, ISO 50001, for industrial and commercial facilities to help improve energy efficiency. Because the standard is being crafted to be easily applied across economic sectors, the new standard could influence as much as 60 percent of the world’s energy demand. The standard will help manufacturers benchmark, measure, document and report energy use and improvements, communicate about energy management, promote best practices, implement new energy-efficient technologies, promote energy efficiency throughout the supply chain, and consider energy improvements within the context of greenhouse gas management projects.35 Once the new standard is complete, it will be implemented in the Department of Energy’s Superior Energy Performance Program, which assists U.S. manufacturers in the development of continual improvements in energy-saving cultures and results.36

Another energy-efficiency improvement manufacturers can take advantage of now is combined heat and power (CHP). This process, also known as cogeneration, is the concurrent generation of heat and electricity. Especially in high-energy manufacturing processes such as steel making, excess heat and gases can be converted into electricity through steam turbines and recovery units. A report from Duke University’s Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness estimates utilization of CHP technology


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in manufacturing could yield as much as 100 gigawatts of electricity and reduce carbon dioxide levels by 400 million metric tons.37 CHP systems are used heavily in the Chemical Manufacturing and Wood Products Manufacturing industries in Louisiana and could also be applied in other manufacturing settings.


In addition to reducing electricity use and costs, energy-efficiency improvements also help manufacturers to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Manufacturers can also reduce their greenhouse gas footprint more directly through other means. Novolyte Technologies, the Zachary, Louisiana firm mentioned earlier in this report for producing batteries and other components for hybrid electric vehicles, is also planning on replacing half its natural gas requirements with methane from the Baton Rouge municipal landfill. The methane released from landfills is a more harmful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide and is currently being flared in Baton Rouge. Novolyte began using methane from the landfill in the summer of 2010 for a net reduction of 3,500 tons of carbon dioxide.38

Pollution Prevention and Cleanup

Waste products are an inevitable consequence in the Manufacturing sector and some can be difficult to dispose of and harmful to the environment. Some national manufacturing associations have been working to eliminate or curtail the production of environmentally disruptive pollutants for several years. NEMA, the Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers, for instance, pledged in 2006 to eliminate or reduce lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in member products around the world by July 2010. NEMA is now beginning a second phase of pollution reduction programs to identify more ways to reduce hazardous materials and increase recycling programs.39

Inside the state, the Louisiana Pigment Company is an industry leader in the treatment and disposal of potentially harmful waste products. The Louisiana Pigment Company in Lake Charles is one of the newest titanium dioxide manufacturing plants and produces 140,000 tons of the pigment-like compound each year. Rather than discharging the acidic slurry resulting from the manufacturing process into unlined settling ponds, underground wells or the Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana Pigment Company neutralizes, filters and landfills the material onsite. Airborne sulfur dioxide emissions from the plant that would normally be discharged into the atmosphere are 85 percent recovered and converted to elemental sulfur.40

Recycling and Waste Reduction

Two closely related manufacturing trends are helping to eliminate waste and improve recycling efforts. The first trend is toward zero-waste manufacturing facilities. The concept of zero waste transforms the idea of waste into potential resources. Zero-waste manufacturing facilities find ways to use their residuals as inputs to other industrial processes or as inputs to biological systems. For example, a Procter & Gamble facility in Auburn, Maine is a zero waste to landfill facility that recycles or reuses 60 percent of its waste and converts the remainder into energy for use on site and for resale to the power grid through incineration.41 The benefits of zero-waste manufacturing facilities include improved resource use and efficiency, which can bring cost savings, proactive pollution and hazardous waste reduction, and improved materials flows.42 Another example of a zero-waste manufacturing facility


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is the Subaru automotive plant in Indiana, which recycles 99 percent of its waste and incinerates the remaining 1 percent. The plant recovers used paint solvents for reuse, recycles the plastic trays used to transport engines and other parts throughout the facility, and has paper, plastic and metal recycling barrels located throughout the plant and dining areas.43 In December 2010, the Green Manufacturer Network, an affiliate of the Fabricators & Manufacturers Association, presented a workshop aimed at manufacturing executives to teach zero waste to landfill principles and practices.44

A second related trend reducing waste in product manufacturing is closed-loop production systems. When products are manufactured in a closed loop, new items are made from recovered or recycled items. These systems are also known as “cradle-to-cradle” because the products created from this manufacturing process are not designed to be disposed of, but to be remade into new products. The term “cradle to cradle” was coined by William McDonough, a fellow at the American Institute of Architects and the Royal Institute of British Architects, and Michael Braungart, a professor of Process Engineering at the University of Applied Sciences in Suderburg, Germany, in their 2002 book, “Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things.” The authors now offer a certification system for products that can be disassembled and recycled as technical components of new products or as biological nutrients.45

While Louisiana manufacturers are implementing their own systems to use their resources more effectively and create less waste, none yet are reporting zero-waste facilities or closed-loop manufacturing systems.

Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation and Coastal Restoration


Education, Compliance, Public Awareness and Training


Economic Factors

Following the trends that are present elsewhere in the Manufacturing sector, green activities have increased in the Other Manufacturing sector as businesses continue to strive for improved efficiencies and in response to increasing consumer demand for green products produced in this sector. Consumers are becoming more sensitive to the environmental impact of the goods and services they purchase and are demonstrating a preference for green goods, including some that are wholly or partially manufactured by firms in this sector.

There is a credible line of reasoning stating that a stronger emphasis on manufacturing green goods, so-called “green-collar” jobs, will be a key factor in manufacturing’s revival and continued competitiveness in the global economy. In a 2007 editorial, The New York Times commentator Thomas Friedman remarked that investing in green manufacturing, “plays to America’s strength because making things like locomotives lighter and smarter


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takes a lot of knowledge—not cheap labor. That’s why embedding clean-tech into everything we design and manufacture is a way to revive America as a manufacturing power.”46 Near the end of 2008, the National Council for Advanced Manufacturing (NACFAM) declared that the manufacture of “sustainable” goods could help slow and possibly reverse the negative trends in the industry and called for a national, comprehensive “green jobs in manufacturing” training program.47

The manufacture of green goods inside the United States is seen as an excellent way to accomplish economic and environmental goals. Louisiana is also hoping to capitalize on green manufacturing to counter other possible declines in the rest of the sector. For example, the state is seeking to turn the decline of NASA’s programs at its Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans into an opportunity to develop “Blue Ocean” industries such as renewable energy products manufacturing. Interest in and demand for green goods and services are on the rise. Louisiana can benefit by developing new technologies and adopting new processes early in order to establish a leading role in the markets for many of these goods. The state’s existing infrastructure, including deep-water ports, give Louisiana a comparative advantage internationally in the production and transportation of many of these goods.

Public Policy

A number of policy actions have had an effect on the Manufacturing sector’s embrace of the production of environmentally beneficial goods and the adoption of more sustainable business practices. In 2004, the Environmental Protection Agency issued new emissions standards for nonroad diesel engines to begin taking effect in model years 2008 and beyond known as Clean Air Nonroad Diesel – Tier 4. The ruling aims to reduce air pollution in the form of exhaust by 90 percent and decrease the sulfur levels in diesel fuel by 99 percent and will primarily impact manufacturers of engines for construction, agricultural and industrial equipment.48 During the comment phase of the regulation’s development, the Engine Manufacturers Association expressed their members’ commitment to achieving emissions reductions, but expressed concern for the timetables required to implement the new technologies, the technical challenges to redesigning engines to meet the new standards, and the costs associated with developing new engines.49 Despite the expense of compliance with Tier 4 reported by engine manufacturers such as John Deere, engine makers are also finding new revenue streams under the ruling by expanding their servicing departments. Tier 4 compliance has made nonroad diesel engines even more complex, which has customers turning to manufacturers.50

A second EPA ruling expected to have an impact on the Manufacturing sector seeks to cut greenhouse gas emissions from stationary sources such as utilities, oil refineries and manufacturing facilities. Beginning in January 2011, large industrial facilities (75,000 tons per year carbon dioxide equivalent emissions) already obligated to file for permits for nongreenhouse gas air emissions must also be permitted for greenhouse gas emissions if they are undertaking new construction or major modifications to existing facilities. In July 2011, all facilities emitting more than 100,000 tons per year of carbon dioxide equivalents will require Clean Air Act greenhouse gas permits. Facilities emitting fewer than 50,000 tons of greenhouse gases per year will be exempt from permitting until 2016.51


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The National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) has come out in opposition to the EPA’s recent regulatory actions through a series of legal briefs and statements. According to NAM, the new regulations will “add new burdens and restrictions, increase costs, destroy jobs and undermine manufacturers’ ability to compete in the global marketplace.”52 In Louisiana, new regulations and the threat of a cap and trade system have altered the plans for Nucor’s St. James Parish facility. According to Baton Rouge newspaper The Advocate, Nucor had originally planned to build a pig iron plant, but put those plans on hold in the face of greenhouse gas legislation. Instead, the company will be constructing five facilities: two reduced-iron facilities, a pellet plant, a steel mill and a $1 billion blast furnace and coke oven.53

American Reinvestment and Recovery Act aims to create American manufacturing jobs and promote cleaner energy sources by offering renewable energy providers the choice between grants and a 30 percent tax credit for investments in manufacturing facilities.54 The stimulus bill also provided funding aimed at expanding the advanced battery manufacturing industry within the United States. Two billion dollars in grants were available for the manufacture of advanced batteries, plus tax credits to subsidize 30 percent of the cost to build the plants themselves.55 The stimulus package offered support for manufacturing facilities producing renewable energy systems like solar panels and wind turbines in the United States.56 While this support is helping this portion of the manufacturing industry, a study by the American Wind Energy Association estimated that half of all typical wind turbine systems installed in the United States are made from imported parts.57

Manufacturers involved in the production of green goods such as wind turbines and components, solar energy products, advanced batteries, and energy-efficient vehicles are backed by the Obama administration in their long-running attempt to change China’s trade actions at the World Trade Organization. The United Steelworkers have filed complaints under Section 301 of United States trade laws that China is violating WTO rules with discriminatory laws and regulations, technology transfer requirements, restrictions on access to critical materials, and large subsidies that have given their manufacturers a market advantage over U.S. companies in the green technology sector.58 At the end of 2010, the Obama administration filed a grievance with the World Trade Organization beginning a series of consultations between the two countries after which the United States can seek a ruling by the WTO.59 The Alliance for American Manufacturing60 and the U.S.-China Business Council (representing General Electric, the largest U.S.-based wind turbine manufacturer)61 both spoke out in favor of the United States’ action against China.

Technology

Technological improvements to the manufacturing process and in the equipment available to producers are helping to create environmentally beneficial products and better efficiencies inside production facilities. Precision manufacturing techniques - the ability to fabricate smoother surfaces and smaller components - have allowed for lower-weight, tighter- fitting components on aircraft and more efficient automobile engines.62 Energy harvesting devices that collect or create energy are helping products remain electrically self-sufficient for longer periods of time,63 and new battery chemistries are making electric and hybrid cars and laptops more energy and fuel efficient. Innovation is also changing the way that high-energy


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and high-carbon products like steel are manufactured. New techniques would use hydrogen in place of coke inside blast furnaces, allowing for a 40 percent reduction in energy use and a complete substitution of carbon emissions for harmless steam emissions.64

Job Growth and Workforce Development

Considering primary and support green jobs, green employment in the Other Manufacturing sector is expected to grow 26.8 percent over the 10-year period from 2010 to 2020. The green jobs growth in this industry is not expected to occur at a constant rate over the projection horizon. Given the nature of the government’s involvement in attracting large-scale projects to the state, large jumps in green employment are expected to correspond with the opening of new facilities drawn to the state via economic development programs. The first significant increase in green employment is expected to occur in the first year of the projection horizon when green employment is project to rise from 3,308 in 2010 to 3,475 in 2011. The following year will also see an increase, albeit much smaller, with projected green employment in the sector reaching 3,491 in 2012. The next large increase in green employment for the industry is expected in 2015 with 4,131 green jobs projected. This level is expected to be maintained through 2020 with little growth, totaling 4,195 at the end of the projection horizon.

The more rapid growth in the early years of this projection reflects the job gains brought on by large economic development projects followed by a return to a more modest growth pattern reflecting the anticipated gradual greening of existing jobs. This forecast should be considered conservative because future economic development wins will likely push up employment in future years. However, the timing and magnitude of those events remain uncertain and cannot be incorporated into the forecast at this time.

The anticipated expansion of the green workforce in the sector stands in stark contrast to the declines in total industry employment. The most recent employment projections for Louisiana project that total employment in the Other Manufacturing sector will decrease by 1.9 percent over the 10-year projection horizon from 2008 to 2018. Those 2018 projections were revised in 2011 to reflect new information available since the initial projections release including new developments identified through the Green Jobs Consortium research effort. Therefore, the projections are consistent with the idea that future opportunities in green manufacturing may prove to be an important tool in the effort to revitalize domestic manufacturing.

Through its “Roadmap for Progressively Greener Solutions through a Sustainable and Green Workforce,” the National Council for Advanced Manufacturing plans to design and implement a workforce development strategy to help prepare workers for changes in the industry. According to NACFAM, workforce programs must, both, develop skills helpful to the manufacturing industry and help move the industry toward greater sustainability. The strategy will include dialogue among manufacturers, unions, trade associations, environmental groups, government, community and technical schools, chambers of commerce, and other partners. The strategy will also offer a definition and categorization of “green” jobs in manufacturing; determine and catalog necessary skills for “green” jobs;


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develop training frameworks; implement workforce development programs; help people find “green” jobs; and build skills, standards and assessments from existing skill sets.65

Louisiana has also established the FastStart program, a workforce development program for employers seeking to relocate to or expand in Louisiana. This program not only benefits traditional manufacturers, but can offer an added benefit to advanced manufacturers by assisting with specialized training even if existing programs do not fulfill the needs of the employer. LED FastStart provides expertise in the assessment of workforce needs and pre-employment training to companies committing to the creation of at least 15 new and permanent manufacturing jobs.66

Finally, it should be noted that the anticipated employment growth of green jobs in the Other Manufacturing sector will be comprised of a combination of the creation of new green jobs and the gradual greening of existing jobs. While the combination of each factor has yet to be determined, training providers should consider the unique training needs brought on by each of these changes. For some green occupations, existing workers will need training to enhance their skills. For other occupations, curricula may be needed to provide a more comprehensive training for new workers or those entering a new occupation.

Key Players

Blade Dynamics: www.bladedynamics.com Wind turbine manufacturer relocating to the NASA Michoud Assembly facility in Louisiana.

Louisiana Economic Development (LED): www.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com State agency charged with enhancing Louisiana’s desirability for business and economic development. Implementer of Blue Ocean Strategy within the state and partner in the FastStart workforce development program.

National Council for Advanced Manufacturing (NACFAM): www.nacfam.org Trade association representing advanced manufacturers with four major issue areas: sustainable manufacturing, workforce education and training, process technology and innovation, and supply- chain relations through network-centric manufacturing.

Novolyte Technologies: www.novolyte.com Advanced battery manufacturer located in Zachary, Louisiana.

Shaw Group, Inc.: www.shawgrp.com Louisiana-based Fortune 500 company involved in the manufacture of nuclear power plant components around the world.

United States Department of Commerce: Federal agency promoting American business competitiveness at home and abroad. Partner in Manufacturing.gov, a web portal for U.S. manufacturing policy and workforce development initiatives as well as the Sustainable Manufacturing Initiative. www.commerce.gov; www.manufacturing.gov; www.trade.gov/competitiveness/sustainablemanufacturing/index.asp


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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: www.epa.gov Key federal agency for the protection of the environment and public health. Oversees a variety of practices in the mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction industry, and enforces environmental laws with a direct impact on industry operations.


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Notes

1 “Sector 31-33--Manufacturing.” North American Industry Classification System. U.S. Census Bureau. Web. 27 Apr. 2011. <http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/sssd/naics/naicsrch?code=31&search=2007%20NAICS%20Search>.

2 Louisiana. Louisiana Workforce Commission. Labor Market Information. Employment and Wages 2nd Quarter 2010. Louisiana Workforce Commission. Web. 11 Apr. 2011. <http://www.laworks.net/LaborMarketInfo/LMI_WageData2002toPresent.asp?year=2010&qtr=2>.

3 United States. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Economic Downturn Widespread Among States in 2009: Advance 2009 and Revised 1963-2008 GDP-by-State Statistics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2010. Regional Economic Accounts. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 18 Nov. 2010. Web. 11 Apr. 2011. <http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/gsp_newsrelease.htm>.

4 “Louisiana Statewide Employment and Total Wages Paid by Employers Subject to the Louisiana Employment Security Law.” Louisiana Workforce Commission, 23 Nov. 2009. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.laworks.net/Downloads/LMI/2009statewide_Annual.xls>.

5 “How Does Commerce Define Sustainable Manufacturing?” Trade.gov. International Trade Administration. Web. 01 Mar. 2011. <http://trade.gov/competitiveness/sustainablemanufacturing/how_doc_defines_SM.asp>.

6 “Green Jobs in Manufacturing.” NACFAM. National Council For Advanced Manufacturing. Web. 01 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nacfam.org/PolicyInitiatives/SustainableManufacturing/GreenJobsinManufacturing/tabid/78/Default.aspx>.

7 “Selecting Economic Highlights for 2009.” Http://www.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com. Louisiana Economic Development, 31 Dec. 2009. Web. 1 Mar. 2011. <http://www.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com/downloads/2009_Selected_Economic_Highlights.pdf>. 7.

8 “Many Shades of Green.” Http://www.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com. Louisiana Economic Development, 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2011. <http://www.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com/downloads/EQ_Q2_10.pdf>. 18.

9 Lee, Patricia. “Wind and Solar Energy – What It Means to Manufacturers.” Fabricators and Manufacturers Association. 8 Oct. 2009. Web. 01 Mar. 2011. <http://www.fmanet.org/media/release.cfm?id=46>.

10 “Gov. Jindal and Blade Dynamics LTD. Announce Major New Advanced Manufacturing Project at NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility.” LED. Louisiana Economic Development, 17 Aug. 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2011. <http://www.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com/led-news/news-releases/gov-jindal-and-blade-dynamics-ltd-announce-major-new-advanced-manufacturing-project-at-nasa’s-michoud-assembly-facility.aspx>.

11 Albert, Bruce. “Michoud Operations Find Some Support in NASA Authorization Bill | NOLA.com.”Nola.com. The Times-Picayune, 29 Sept. 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/201%9/michoud_operations_find_some_s.html>.



14 “Blade Dynamics to Begin Hiring in N.O.” 2theadvocate. 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.2theadvocate.com/news/113324384.html>.

15 Mowbray, Rebecca. “Energy Upstarts Dive in to Generate Renewable Power from Louisiana Waterways | NOLA.com.” NOLA.com. The Times-Picayune, 10 May 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://blog.nola.com/tpmoney/2009/05/energy_upstarts_dive_in_to_gen.html>.

16 “President Obama Awards $2.3 Billion for New Clean-Tech Manufacturing Jobs.” Department of Energy. 8 Jan. 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.energy.gov/8501.htm>.

17 Harrop, Peter. “Energy Harvesting without Batteries.” Green Manufacturing News. Summer 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.greenmfgnews.com/magazine/summer09/harrop.htm>.

18 “Novolyte Technologies Creates Joint Venture With Foosung Co.” Electrolyte Materials, Fine Chemicals & Volatile Solvents || Novolyte Technologies, Inc. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.novolyte.com/about/press-releases/novolyte-creates-joint-venture-with-foosung-co.aspx>.

19 “Hybrid Boat Maker To Employ 400 In Louisiana.” Manufacturing.net. 19 July 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.manufacturing.net/News-Hybrid-Boat-Maker-To-Employ-400-In-Lousiana-071910/?menuid=260>.


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20 Perilloux, Gary. “Louisiana’s Blue Ocean *** New Economic Strategy Opens up New Markets to State.” All Business. 4 Oct. 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.allbusiness.com/manufacturing/transportation-equipment-mfg-automotive/13124170-1.html>.

21 Scott, Robert Travis. “V-Vehicle Reapplies for Federal Loan to Build Louisiana Car Plant.”NOLA.com. The Times-Picayune, 26 May 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/201%5/v-vehicle_reapplies_for_federa.html>.

22 United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Public Affairs. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Directs Staff on Continuing Agency Response to Japan Events; Adjusts Commission Schedule. Japan Nuclear Accident--NRC Actions. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 23 Mar. 2011. Web. 5 May 2011. <http://www.nrc.gov/japan/japan-info.html>.

23 Perilloux, Gary. “Louisiana’s Blue Ocean *** New Economic Strategy Opens up New Markets to State.” All Business. 4 Oct. 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.allbusiness.com/manufacturing/transportation-equipment-mfg-automotive/13124170-1.html>.

24 “Shaw Acquires Equity Position in Westinghouse.” Shaw Nuclear. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://shawnuclear.shawgrp.com>.

25 “Shaw Sees Opportunity in Disaster Aftermath.” Baton Rouge Business Report.com. Baton Rouge Business Report, 18 Apr. 2011. Web. 5 May 2011. <http://www.businessreport.com/news/2011/apr/18/shaw-sees-opportunity-disaster-aftermath/>.

26 Dlouhy, Jennifer A. “New Rules Likely to Take Aim at Blowout Preventers | Business | Chron.com - Houston Chronicle.” Houston Chronicle. Hearst Newspapers, 19 Apr. 2011. Web. 06 May 2011. <http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/7529151.html>.

27 “Volatile Organic Compounds.” Rutgers.edu. Rutgers. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://njme.rutgers.edu/NJME-VOC.ppt>.

28 “Formulating Inks to Minimize Environmental Impact.” NAPIM. National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.napim.org/PublicArea/Printers/Enviro.aspx>.

29 “A Profile of Louisiana’s Recycling Economy.” Http://www.serdc.org. Southeast Recycling Development Council. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.serdc.org/Resources/Documents/LApg.pdf>.

30 “SERDC Map: Mapping Demand for Recycled Content Material.” Southeast Recycling Development Council - Home. Southeast Recycling Development Council. Web. 06 May 2011. <http://www.serdc.org/resources/Map_App/SERDC_Map.html>.

31 “About Commerce’s SMI.” International Trade Administration. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://trade.gov/competitiveness/sustainablemanufacturing/about_commerce_SMI.asp>.

32 “The U.S. Department of Commerce’s Sustainable Manufacturing Initiative and Public-Private Dialogue.” International Trade Administration. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://trade.gov/competitiveness/sustainablemanufacturing/projects.asp>.

33 “Sustainable Manufacturing and Eco-Innovation.” OECD. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2009. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/58/43423689.pdf>.

34 Locke, Gary. “Remarks at International Trade Administration’s Sustainability and U.S. Competitiveness Summit.” Department of Commerce. 8 Oct. 2009. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.commerce.gov/news/secretary-speeches/2009/1%8/remarks-international-trade-administrations-sustainability-and-us>.

35 “Future ISO 50001 on Energy Management Progresses to Draft International Standard.” ISO. International Organization for Standardization, 08 July 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1337>.

36 “Overview.” Achieving Superior Energy Performance. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.superiorenergyperformance.net/index.html>.

37 Hadhazy, Adam. “How the Manufacturing sector Can Curtail Its Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Popular Mechanics.” Popular Mechanics. 17 Dec. 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/climate-change/4340042>.

38 “Novolyte Technologies Plant Switching to Renewable Energy; Will Purchase Baton Rouge Landfill Gas to Cut Natural Gas Use.” Novolyte. 11 Nov. 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.novolyte.com/about/press-releases/novolyte-switching-to-renewable-energy.aspx>.

39 “Environmental Stewardship.” NEMA. National Electrical Manufacturers Association. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nema.org/gov/env_conscious_design/index.cfm>.


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40 “Louisiana Pigment Company, L.P., A Bright Future.” The Manufacturer.com. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.themanufacturer.com/us/profile/3322/Louisiana_Pigment_Company,_L.P.>.

41 “P&G Touts First Zero-Waste Facility in North America.” Environmental Leader. 14 Dec. 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/12/14/pg-touts-first-zero-waste-facility-in-north-america/>.

42 “The Case for Zero Waste.” Zero Waste Alliance. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.zerowaste.org/case.htm>. 43 “An Auto Factory as “Green” as Its Cars.” New Cars, Used Cars, Car Reviews and Pricing - Edmunds.com. 3

Jan. 2008. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.edmunds.com/car-buying/an-auto-factory-as-green-as-its-cars.html?articleid=124147&>.

44 “Workshop Focuses on Approaches Manufacturers Can Implement to Achieve Zero-Waste-to-Landfill.” FMA. Fabricators and Manufacturers Association, 18 Nov. 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.fmanet.org/media/release.cfm?id=61>.

45 “Certification Overview.” MBDC. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.mbdc.com/detail.aspx?linkid=2&sublink=8>. 46 Friedman, Thomas L. “Thomas L. Friedman: The Power of Green.” Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 15 Apr.

2007. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/opinion/15iht-web-0415edgreen-full.5291830.html?_r=3&pagewanted=12>.

47 Mittelstadt, Jeffrey. “”Green Jobs in Manufacturing”: A Roadmap for Progressively Greener Solutions Solutions through a Sustainable and Green Workforce.” Http://www.nacfam.org. National Council For Advanced Manufacturing, 23 Dec. 2008. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nacfam.org/Portals/0/Sustainable%20Manufacturing/NACFAMGreenJobs_12.23.08.pdf>.

48 “Clean Air Nonroad Diesel - Tier 4 - Final Rule.” US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/2004fr.htm>.

49 Suchecki, Joe. “ENGINE MANUFACTURERS COMMITTED TO REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL ENGINES POWERING NONROAD EQUIPMENT.” EMA. Engine Manufacturers Association. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.enginemanufacturers.org/file.asp?A=Y&F=7000.pdf&N=7000.pdf&C=documents>.

50 Weitzman, Hal. “Manufacturers Seize Opportunity in Stricter Emissions Rules.” Financial Times 23 Dec. 2010: 14. Print.

51 “Clean Air Act Permitting for Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Final Rules.” Http://www.epa.gov. Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/NSR/ghgdocs/20101223factsheet.pdf> 5.

52 “Summary of NAM’s Challenges to EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Regulations,.” US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://namissvr.nam.org/minisites/epa/index.aspx>.

53 Millhollon, Michelle. “Nucor Coming to Louisiana.” 2theadvocate. The Advocate Capitol News Bureau, 15 Sept. 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.2theadvocate.com/blogs/politicsblog/103013639.html>.

54 Mulkern, Anne C. “Stimulus, Policy Shifts Seen Spurring U.S. Renewable Energy Boom -- Someday.” Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 6 Mar. 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/03/06/06greenwire-stimulus-policy-shifts-seen-spurring-us-boom---10023.html>.

55 Bullis, Kevin. “Stimulus Big Winner: Battery Manufacturing.” Technology Review. 17 Feb. 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/22188/page1>.

56 “Transforming the America Economy Through Innovation: Executive Summary.” The White House. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/recovery/innovations/executive-summary>.

57 Bradsher, Keith. “China’s Push Into Wind Worries U.S. Industry.” Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 15 Dec. 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/business/global/16wind.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ref=business>.

58 “United Steelworks’ Section 301 Petition Demonstrates China’s Green Technology Practices Violate WTO Rules.” USW. United Steelworkers. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://assets.usw.org/releases/misc/section-301.pdf>.

59 Drajem, Mark. “Obama’s China Wind-Power Complaint Backed by Companies.” BusinessWeek. 23 Dec. 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-23/obama-s-china-wind-power-complaint-backed-by-companies.html>.

60 Paul, Scott. “Obama Acts to Investigate U.S.-China Trade Absurdity.” USW Blog. United Steelworkers, 18 Oct. 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://blog.usw.org/2010/10/18/obama-acts-to-investigate-u-s-china-trade-absurdity>.

61 Drajem, Mark. “Obama’s China Wind-Power Complaint Backed by Companies.” BusinessWeek. 23 Dec. 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-23/obama-s-china-wind-power-complaint-backed-by-companies.html>.


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62 Dornfeld, David. “How Manufacturing Affects Product Use Performance.” Environmental Management & Energy News. 29 Nov. 2010. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/11/29/how-manufacturing-affects-product-use-performance/>

63 Harrop, Peter. “Energy Harvesting without Batteries.” Green Manufacturing News. Summer 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.greenmfgnews.com/magazine/summer09/harrop.htm>.

64 Hadhazy, Adam. “How the Manufacturing sector Can Curtail Its Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Popular Mechanics.” Popular Mechanics. 17 Dec. 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2011. <http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/climate-change/4340042>.

65 Mittelstadt, Jeffrey. “”Green Jobs in Manufacturing”: A Roadmap for Progressively Greener Solutions Solutions through a Sustainable and Green Workforce.” Http://www.nacfam.org. National Council For Advanced Manufacturing, 23 Dec. 2008. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nacfam.org/Portals/0/Sustainable%20Manufacturing/NACFAMGreenJobs_12.23.08.pdf>.

66 “LED FastStart.” LED. Louisiana Economic Development. Web. 12 Jan. 2011. <http://www.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com/opportunities/incentives--programs/led-faststart.aspx>.

1001 North 23rd StreetP. O. Box 94094Baton Rouge, LA70804-9094www.laworks.net