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The Great WarChapter 19
Queen Victoria 1837-1901
Her descendants ruled Europe
Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany was her grandson.
Her descendants ruled Europe
King George V of England was her grandson.
Her descendants ruled Europe
Czar Nicholas of Russia was her grandson-in-law (married to her granddaughter Alexandra)
Her descendants ruled Europe
Another granddaughter became Queen of Romania.
A great-granddaughter became Queen of Yugoslavia.
Another great-granddaughter became Queen of Greece.
Her great-great grandson is the present day King of Spain.
Her great granddaughter is the present day Queen of England.
The Catalyst: Assassination
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie of Austria p. 412
The Result
10,000,000 killed.6,000,000 crippled for life.
…and the bitterness that led to yet another conflict.
Central Powers◦Germany◦Austria
Allies◦France◦Britain◦Russia
Idealism
President Woodrow Wilson
Previously a college professorHeld sturdy moral convictionsWanted the U.S. to be a moral leader
among the nationsSpoken desire for the U.S. to promote
democracy & peace by example & persuasion
Wilson wanted the U.S. to have a NEW Manifest Destiny of POLITICAL IDEALS rather than territorial expansion.
Page 413 (Quote) 1913 Speech in Alabama
Noble goals, but the reality was not.
The Mexican Muddle
Wilson refused to recognize a military leader, Victoriano Huerta, in Mexico.
The U.S. supplied arms to challengers.U.S. sailors enforced an arms embargo
against the military leader of Mexico.The sailors were briefly arrested by a
Mexican commander.The U.S. decided to punish Mexico with
force of arms.
The Mexican Muddle
Then Pancho Villa gained popularity in Mexico as the “anti-Gringo.”
After Pancho Villa murdered U.S. miners, Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing to get him.
He eluded capture, and Wilson turned his attention toward Europe.
Wilson’s heavy hand earned the U.S. more resentment in Latin America and ridicule at home.
Caribbean Conflict
Wilson had earlier denounced Taft’s “dollar diplomacy” and Roosevelt’s “big stick” in favor of his new “moral leadership.”
He ends up sending the U.S. military into the Caribbean more than once.
Caribbean Conflict
Examples
Haiti – U.S. Marines went in to stop violence in 1915. We didn’t leave until 1934.
Dominican Republic – U.S. Marines intervened in this country’s civil war in 1916 and stayed until 1924.
“It is ironic that Wilson, who set out to mend fences with America’s southern neighbors, conducted more peacetime interventions than any of his predecessors.” p. 415
There were “sharp differences between rhetoric and reality.” p. 415
What does this mean?
The Web of War
Austria blamed the Serbian government for the assassination.
Ultimatum: Austria demanded that Serbia submit to its rule.
Serbia agreed, but Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.
The Web of War
Russia mobilized its military (July 30) to keep Austria from taking over the Balkan states.
The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the center of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia.
The Tangled Web
Austria’s ally GERMANY declared war on Russia. August 1, 1914
The Tangled Web
Russia and France had a mutual security pact, promising to protect one another if attacked.
Germany demanded to know France’s intentions in the matter since France’s ally was at war with Germany.
The French mobilized their troops because they were afraid of the German military buildup. (They share a border.)
The Tangled Web
Germany felt France’s move was one of aggression and declared war on FRANCE. August 3, 1914
The Tangled Web
BRITAIN had signed a treaty promising to protect BELGIUM’S neutrality.
Germany pushed its way through Belgium to attack France. August 5, 1914
Britain intervened to help the Belgians and entered the war.
Sequence of Events
1. Serbian guy kills Archduke of Austria. 7/232. Austria decl. war on Serbia. 7/283. Russia mobilizes troops. 7/304. Germany decl. war on Russia. 8/15. Russian-French security pact.6. France mobilizes troops. 7. Germany decl. war on France. 8/38. Britain treaty to defend Belgium.9. Germans enters Belgium to attack France. 8/5 10. Britain enters war to help Belgium.
Why was Austria’s declaration of war on Serbia a turning point in history?
What other options were available to Austria?
Who were the leaders of ◦Austria, Germany, Serbia, Russia, France, and
England?
What type of government did each country have?
Slippery Slope of Neutrality
In the U.S., President Woodrow Wilson declared U.S. neutrality.
However, the people of the U.S. were divided.
Irish ImmigrantsGerman Immigrants
Both the Germans and the Irish immigrants to the U.S. tended to favor Germany in the conflict.
Other Americans had their roots in Britain and admired France because of their help in our War for Independence.
PropagandaIn World War I
The Trade Trigger
The British Blockade of Germany meant that the U.S. could not trade with Germany.
The British (& their Allies) used up all their money, and the U.S. started to give them loans to buy war materials to keep them buying from us.
Is supplying only one side neutral?
In response to the British blockade, Germany deploys its u-boats. (unterseeboot)
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germany declared the seas around Britain to be a warzone and any ship caught there was subject to attack.
Typically, before a warship would attack, it would give a warning to the passengers to abandon ship.
What happens if a submarine gives a warning before attacking?
A submarine loses its element of surprise and become vulnerable to attack itself.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germany had taken out ads in the New York Times warning Americans NOT to travel on British ships or in the waters around Britain.
1,198 passengers and crew perished as the Lusitania went down, including 128 Americans on May 1, 1915.
The sinking caused the Germans to lose support in the United States.
President Wilson demanded a formal apology from Germany and reparations for losses.
Secretary of State W. J. Bryan resigned in protest, saying the message was “too strong and might lead to war.”
Germany said that they had attacked the Lusitania in self-defense because it was carrying munitions to the Allies to be used against Germany.
The cargo manifest shows that the Lusitania was carrying ammunition, powder, shrapnel, rifles, etc.
A French passenger liner, the Sussex, was attacked by a u-boat on March 24, 1916, killing and injuring many including Americans.
After this event, President Wilson warned the Germans that one more attack would provoke a break in diplomatic ties between the U.S. and Germany.
Election 1916
Ironically, President Woodrow Wilson was elected for a second term in 1916, using as his slogan, “He kept us out of war.”
Notice it was past tense and not a promise of what was to come.
U.S. Involvement
Mass produced weapons led to mass produced death.
Battle of the Somme – July 1, 1916 – bloodiest day in modern history.
Estimated 80,000 British casualties, which was 20% of its fighting force.
U.S. Involvement
President Wilson warned all involved that only “peace without victory” could provide a lasting solution.
With so many dead already on both sides, “peace without victory” did not seem an option.
U.S. Involvement
Under pressure of the British blockade, Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare: they would attack ANY vessel in the war zone without warning.
Wilson broke off diplomatic relations with Germany on Feb. 3, 1917.
The Zimmerman Telegram
British intelligence agents intercepted a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to the Mexican government to enlist their aid in Germany’s war effort.
Zimmerman promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to Mexico if it agreed to join the Central Powers.
The U.S. was outraged. (March 1, 1917)
U.S. at War
Remember Wilson’s Sussex pledge?The Germans sink 4 unarmed American
merchant vessels. (mid-March)Wilson asked Congress to declare war on
Germany. Congress did so, and Wilson signed it on April 6, 1917.
U.S. at War
“The world must be made safe for democracy.”
Preparedness!
U.S. was not prepared for war.
Government expands
Selective Service Act 1917 – required all men between ages 21-30 to
register for a draft, expanded to ages 18-45 in 1918.
2.8 million men were drafted. About half saw action.
U.S. at War
It took a year for the U.S. to re-tool its industry and economy for war.
Government expands
War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch – central control over raw materials and prices
Food Administration – Herbert Hoover – consume less meat and bread
Fuel Administration – Harry Garfield – save coal
National War Labor Board – William Howard Taft – wages rose, 8 hr day more common, increase in union membership
Financing the War – taxes and loans 33 billion in 2 years. Liberty Bonds, increase corporate and personal income taxes.
Committee on Public Information – propaganda agency – hero of U.S. soldiers and villainy of the Kaiser
Espionage and Sedition Acts – can’t encourage rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the draft; can’t make “disloyal” or “abusive” remarks about the government. (What happened to the First Amendment?)
Schenck v. U.S. (1919 Supreme Court Case. Right to free speech can be limited when it represents a “clear and present danger” to public safety.
“Patriotic Posters”
“Food Will Win the War.”“Lick a Stamp and Lick the Kaiser.”
Recruitment postersBond drive postersFood conservation posters
U.S. soldiers in WWI were nicknamed “Doughboys.”
Patriotic Songs such as “Over There”http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbggEGUaE28
The war propaganda and the fervor for the war effort led to anti-German sentiment.
Espionage & Sedition Acts made it a criminal offense to criticize the war effort.
Fear & HysteriaWilson continued his theme of moral
leadership.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Wilson’s goal was for a lasting peace, a “war to end all wars.”
He proposed his Fourteen Points to bring about this peace.
They included freedom of the seas, open diplomacy (no secrets), self-government for the people of Central Europe, and a League of Nations.
American Expeditionary Force marched through Paris on July 4, 1917.
It was not too soon for the Europeans.
The Bolshevik’s had overthrown the Czar in Russia and established a communist government there.
Their leader, Vladimir Iliych Lenin negotiated a peace deal with Germany in early 1918.
With the Russians out of the war, the Germans were able to move all their men and war machines to the Western Front to fight the remaining Allies.
Also, French troops, sick of the war, had mutinied in the spring of 1917.
The British and French were on the verge of collapse.
The million-man U.S. force arrived under General John J. “Black Jack” Pershing and became the critical factor in the Allied Victory.
The German commander Erich von Ludendorff launched a full offensive against the British and French, knowing the Americans were coming.
The Germans made a great advance but were unable to break the British who were reinforced by recent American arrivals.
The Brits and Americans stopped the Germans at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood.
Then they began to push the Germans back.
The Allies launched a massive offensive in the Argonne Forest on Sept 26, 1918. In less than 6 weeks, the Kaiser raced into exile and the Germans asked for peace.
The Armistice was signed on 11-11-1918, ending the war.
We used to celebrate that day as Armistice Day; now it is Veteran’s Day.
Heroes: Sergeant Alvin York
York was a country boy, a Christian from Tennessee.
His church didn’t believe in fighting, but the government wouldn’t let him register as a conscientious objector.
He submitted to the army and was sent to Europe in the 82nd Division.
Heroes: Sergeant Alvin York
He was a “crack shot” and could “turkey shoot” the Germans.
In the battle of the Argonne Forest, he found a German encampment. They surrendered, but a machine gun nest opened fire on York and his buddies.
Heroes: Sergeant Alvin York
York patiently waited and picked off each German as he popped his head up to check out what was going on, killing 25 of them and causing the others to surrender.
He received the Congressional Medal of Honor and went back to Tennessee after the war and built a Bible school.
Air Aces
Aces were pilots who had shot down at least 5 enemy planes. (Germans required 10 “kills” to be labeled an ace.)
Air Aces
Manfred von Richthofen – the “Red Baron,” a German, was the most successful ace in the war, having scored 80 kills.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sh-J4GSPgAM Snoopy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1u86DUUGWRY&feature=related
Air Aces
Rene Fonck – a French ace with 75 “kills.”Edward “Mick” Mannock” – a Britich ace
with 73 kills.Eddie Rickenbacker – an American ace
with 26 “kills.”
Treaty of Versailles
The Germans, at this point, found Wilson’s Fourteen Points to be fairly attractive, but the other European leaders were having none of it.
Wilson went to Europe himself to help negotiate the peace because he wanted to implement his Fourteen Points.
Treaty of Versailles
Wilson made a crucial mistake: he failed to take any Republican senators with him to Europe. They were in control of the Senate and he would need their help to get the Treaty ratified by the U.S. Senate as the Constitution requires.
Treaty of Versailles
The Big Four:◦President Woodrow Wilson – U.S.◦Premier Georges Clemenceau – France◦Premier Vittorio Orlando – Italy◦Prime Minister David Lloyd George – G.B.
Treaty of Versailles
France wanted revenge on Germany and the territory of Alsace-Lorraine which she and Germany had fought over for decades.
Treaty of Versailles
Italy, having first been among the Central Powers, later changed sides and wanted some of the “spoils of war.”
Treaty of Versailles
Britain wanted to make Germany pay its war debt to the United States, which was very large at this point.
The British were out for revenge as well.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919.◦Germans had to sign a “war-guilt” clause admitting all fault for the war.
◦They had to pay whatever the Allies demanded, which were huge reparation payments, not just the war damages, but what it cost the British and French to fight the war as well.
Treaty of Versailles
Two of Wilson’s Fourteen Points made it into the treaty.◦Self-determination for European peoples◦Formation of the League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
Quite a few new nations were created: Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, etc.
Germany’s boundaries were changed, and some Germans found themselves living under foreign governments.
All of this became fodder for the rise of Hitler and the Nazis a dozen or so years later.
Treaty of Versailles
The U.S. Senate chose not to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
Wilson refused to compromise on any of the treaty provisions and doomed it to failure.
The U.S. did not join the League of Nations.The U.S. Congress finally formally ended
the official state of war with Germany in 1921, after Wilson left office.