The “FRBR family”Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records

Functional Requirements for Authority DataFunctional Requirements for Subject Authority Data

The relationship to RDA

1This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/

“FRBR family” history

• 1990- a study commissioned to define the functional requirements of bibliographic records in relation to the variety of user needs and the variety of media

• 1992- Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) Study Group established

• 1998- FRBR conceptual model published

• FRBR Review Group – reviews FRBR on an ongoing basis, revising when needed

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“FRBR family” history

• Functional Requirements for Authority Data– 1999- working group formed– 2009- FRAD conceptual model published

• Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data– 2005- working group formed– 2010- FRSAD conceptual model published

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FRBR, FRAD and FRSAD -What they are

• They are conceptual models to explain the purpose of bibliographic and authority records and how they relate to the needs of users

• They provide a common understanding and vocabulary to enable cataloguers around the world to discuss cataloguing concepts, independent of any particular cataloguing rules or system

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FRBR, FRAD and FRSAD -What they aren’t

• They are not cataloguing rules• They are not data models• They do not prescribe how the models might

be implemented in online catalogues

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What is FRBR?

• FRBR is a structured framework for – relating the data recorded in bibliographic records

to the needs of users– relating bibliographic records to each other

• FRBR identifies and defines the data requirements of what users expect to find in a bibliographic record and how they use that information

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What do users expect from a library catalogue?

• Users expect that a library catalogue will enable them to FIND a work/item of intellectual or artistic content that meets their needs– For example

• by a particular author• on a particular subject• with a certain title

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What do users expect from a library catalogue?

• Users expect that a library catalogue will enable them to IDENTIFY a work/item of intellectual or artistic content that meets their needs– For example

• to distinguish between items with the same title

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What do users expect from a library catalogue?

• Users expect that a library catalogue will enable them to SELECT a work/item of intellectual or artistic content that meets their needs– For example

• to check that an item is in a suitable form for a particular group, such as the vision impaired

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What do users expect from a library catalogue?

• Users expect that a library catalogue will enable them to OBTAIN a work/item of intellectual or artistic content that meets their needs– For example

• to request the item• to access a remote resource

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What do users expect from a library catalogue?

• Users expect bibliographic records to help them find, identify, select and obtain the products of intellectual or artistic endeavour

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Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

Intellectual or artistic activity and content

Physical characteristics

Item

• A concrete entity – the National Library’s copy of Tim Winton’s

Cloudstreet, as first published in 1991 by McPhee Gribble

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Manifestation

• All the physical or virtual objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect of intellectual content and form– The entire print run by McPhee Gribble in 1991 of

Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet

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Expression

• Intellectual or artistic form, such as language, alpha-numeric or musical or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc, or a combination of these– The English language and alpha-numeric text of

Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet

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Work

• The intellectual or artistic creation as an abstract entity– The characters and plot of Tim Winton’s

Cloudstreet

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Attributes of a Work

• Title• Date• Form (e.g. poem, map, painting)• Intended termination• Intended audience• Context• Coordinates and Equinox (Cartographic works)• Medium of performance, Numeric designation and

Key (Musical works)• Any other characteristic that serves to differentiate a

work from another of the same title17

Attributes of an Expression

• Title• Form (e.g. alpha-numeric notation, spoken word, mime)• Date• Language/s• Extensibility (e.g. future volumes in a multi-vol.)• Revisability (e.g. draft or integrating resource)• Extent (e.g. number of words, duration of performance)• Summarization (e.g. abstract, table of contents)• Context• Critical response• Use restrictions• Any other characteristic that serves to differentiate an

expression from another expression of the same work

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Attributes of an Expression

• Serial– Sequencing pattern– Expected regularity– Expected frequency• Musical notation– Type of score– Medium of performance• Sound recording– Medium of performance• Graphic or Projected

image– Technique

• Remote sensing image– Recording technique– Special characteristic• Cartographic image or

object – Scale– Projection– Presentation technique– Representation of relief– Geodetic, Grid, and Vertical

measurement

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Attributes of a Manifestation

• Title• Statement of

responsibility• Edition/Issue

designation• Imprint (place, date,

publisher, manufacturer)

• Series statement

• Identifier (e.g. ISBN)• Physical description

(form, extent, composition, dimensions)

• Capture mode• Source of acquisition• Terms of availability• Access restrictions

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Attributes of a Manifestation

• Printed book– Typeface– Type size• Hand printed book– Foliation– Collation• Serial– Numbering• Microform– Polarity– Generation– Reduction ratio

• Sound recording– Kind of sound– Playing speed– Groove width and kind of

cutting– Tape configuration• Electronic resource– System requirements– File characteristics– Mode of access– Access address• Image– Colour

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Attributes of an Item

• Identifier (e.g. accession number, call number, barcode)• Provenance• Marks and inscriptions• Torn or missing pages• Exhibition history• Treatment history• Access restrictions

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100 1_ $aWinton, Tim,$d1960-240 10 $aCloudstreet.$lGerman245 13 $aDas Haus an der Cloudstreet :$bRoman /

$cTim Winton ; aus dem australischen Englisch von Barbara Lehnerer

260 __ $aFrankfurt am Main :$bKruger,$c1998.300 __ $a 493 p. ;$c22 cm.700 1_ $aLehnerer, Barbara,$etranslator.900 __ $aLibrary’s copy signed by the author.

WORKEXPRESSION MANIFESTATIONITEM

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Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report / IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, 2008, p. 14, “Group 1 entities and primary relationships”, Figure 3.1

Equivalent relationships

• Most commonly between the various manifestations of an expression of a work– Alternate

• Simultaneously released edition• Alternate format

– Reproduction• Reprint• Mirror site• Facsimile

Derivative relationships

• Work-to-Work or Expression-to-Expression– Different Expressions of the same Work

• Revision• Literal translation• Musical arrangement• Dubbed or subtitled version of a film• Illustrated edition

– A new Work based on another Work• Adaptation for children• Parody• Free translation• Screenplay

Descriptive relationships

• A new Work that describes one or more existing Works, Expressions, Manifestations or Items– Review– Criticism– Commentary– Annotated edition

The Epistle of James : a commentary on the Greek text / by Peter H. Davids

Nimbus of glory : a study of Coleridge's three great poems / by Warren Stevenson

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Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, edited by Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green, 2001, p. 23, “Bibliographic Relationships” byBarbara B. Tillett, Figure 2, © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston, with kind permission of Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Cloudstreet(Novel)

English language text

McPhee Gribble, 1991

Cloudstreet(Play, 1998)

Cloudstreet(Book discussion

notes)

German translation

Kruger, 1998 Reprint

(McPhee Gribble, 1993)

Currency Press, 1999

Work

Expression

Manifestation

English language text

Whole-Part relationships

• Relationship between a Work, Expression, Manifestation or Item and its component parts– Dependant parts

• chapters, sections, parts, volumes• illustrations for a text• sound aspect of a film

– Independent parts• monograph in a series• journal articles• parts of a kit• books of the Bible

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Sequential relationships

• Sequential– Sequel

• Zen and the modern world : a third sequel to Zen and Western thought / Masao Abe ; edited by Steven Heine

– Prequel• Wide Sargasso Sea / Jean Rhys

– Prequel to: Jane Eyre / Charlotte Bronte– Multi-part series, where the parts relate to each

other

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Accompanying relationships

• Supplementary– May be dependent or independent

• appendix• supplement

• Companion• music written for an existing poem

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Contextual relationships

• Relationship between Work or Expression or Manifestation or Item

and • Person/s or Family/Families or Corporate

body/bodies responsible for– intellectual or artistic content– physical production or dissemination– custodianship

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is owned by

is produced by

is realized by

is created by

Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

PERSONFAMILY

CORPORATE BODY

FRAD user tasks

• Find person/s, family/families, corporate body/bodies, works, etc based on known information

• Identify– Confirm person or family or corporate body or work, etc is

the one sought

• Contextualize– clarify the relationship between entities, such as earlier

and later names of a corporate body

• Justify the controlled access point

Attributes of a Person

• Dates• Title• Gender• Place of birth• Place of death• Country with which the

person is identified• Place of residence• Affiliation

• Address• Language• Field of activity• Profession or

occupation• Biography or history• Any other information

by which a person is known or identified

Attributes of a Family

• Type of family– Clan, dynasty, family unit

• Dates associated with family• Field of activity• History of family

Attributes of a Corporate Body

• Place associated with corporate body• Dates associated with corporate body• Language• Address• Field of activity• History• Any other information that differentiates one

corporate body from another

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has a subject

has a subject

has a subject

WORK

WorkExpression

ManifestationItem

ConceptObjectEventPlace

PersonFamily

Corporate body

FRBR and RDA

• FRBR and FRAD concepts, terms and user tasks

• RDA content and organisation reflect FRBR and FRAD– Attributes– Relationships

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RDA structure

• Section 1: Recording attributes of manifestation and item– All physical formats, not one per chapter– Describing carriers

• Section 2: Recording attributes of work and expression– Describing content

• Section 3: Recording attributes of person, family, corporate body

• Section 4: Recording attributes of concept, object, event, place (Concept, Object, Event still at placeholder stage)

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RDA structure

• Section 5: Recording primary relationships– Work-expression-manifestation-item relationships

• Section 6: Recording relationships to persons, families, and corporate bodies associated with a resource

• Section 7: Recording subject relationships (placeholder)

• Section 8: Recording relationships between works, expressions, manifestations , and items

• Section 9: Recording relationships between persons, families, and corporate bodies

• Section 10: Recording relationships between concepts, objects, events, and places (placeholder)

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RDA, FRBRand the future

• Library systems will evolve to fully display FRBR structure of work, expression, manifestation, and item

• Application of FRBR concepts to traditional catalogue records– Trove - http://trove.nla.gov.au/

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Virtua ILS (VTLS)

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Display created using linked data

RDA, FRBRand the future

• Application FRBR concepts in other systems• Australian Music Centre catalogue

-http://www.australianmusiccentre.com.au/search

• Austlit - http://www.austlit.edu.au/

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Where to find out more

• FRBR family of models– http://www.ifla.org/en/node/2016– FRBR blog

• http://www.frbr.org/

• RDA– http://www.rda-jsc.org/rda.html

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Acknowledgments

• Parts of this presentation have been copied from presentations by Deirdre Kiorgaard, Barbara Tillett, Alan Danskin and John Attig

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