The France of Napoleon IIIThe France of Napoleon III

• LLouis Napoleon: Toward the Second ouis Napoleon: Toward the Second EmpireEmpire– Seized the government December Seized the government December

1851 when the National Assembly 1851 when the National Assembly rejected his desire to stand for rejected his desire to stand for reelectionreelection

– Universal male suffrageUniversal male suffrage– Restoration of the Empire, November Restoration of the Empire, November

21, 185221, 1852

• The Second Napoleonic EmpireThe Second Napoleonic Empire– Authoritarian governmentAuthoritarian government

• Legislative CorpsLegislative Corps– Economic prosperityEconomic prosperity– Reconstruction of ParisReconstruction of Paris

• Broad streetsBroad streets– Limited freedomLimited freedom– OppositionOpposition

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Causes of the Crimean War Causes of the Crimean War

1.1. Major cause: dispute between two groups Major cause: dispute between two groups of Christians over privileges in the Holy of Christians over privileges in the Holy Land (Palestine).Land (Palestine).

2.2. Turks declared war on Russia in 1853Turks declared war on Russia in 1853

3.3. 1854, Britain & France declared war 1854, Britain & France declared war against Russia against Russia

Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) (1820-1910) British nurse who became a

pioneer in modern nursingDuring the Crimean War more men died of disease rather than by combat wounds. Nightingale’s “Light Brigade” superbly tended to wounded men during the war, although fatalities due to disease remained high.

Peace of Paris: Russia Peace of Paris: Russia emerged as the big loser in emerged as the big loser in

the conflict the conflict • Russia no longer had control of Russia no longer had control of

maritime trade on the Danubemaritime trade on the Danube• Russia renounced the role of protector Russia renounced the role of protector

of the Greek Orthodox residents of the of the Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Empire.

• Russia agreed to return all occupied Russia agreed to return all occupied territories to the Ottoman Empireterritories to the Ottoman Empire

• The Black Sea was made neutralThe Black Sea was made neutral

ZollvereinZollvereinZollverein (German customs union), 1734:o biggest source of tension between Prussia and Austria.o Excluded Austria; Austria thus tried unsuccessfully to destroy it

Prussia v. AustriaPrussia v. Austria

"Kleindeutsch plan": a unified Germany without Austria was seen as the most practicable means of unification among various German states, particularly Prussia.

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I

Helmut von MoltkeHelmut von Moltke

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

“Blood&

Iron”

RealpolitikThe “IronChancello

r ”

Otto von Bismarck (1810-Otto von Bismarck (1810-1898) 1898)

• He led the drive for a Prussian-based He led the drive for a Prussian-based Hohenzollern Germany Hohenzollern Germany

• Junker background; obsessed with Junker background; obsessed with power power

• "Gap theory" gained Bismarck's favor "Gap theory" gained Bismarck's favor with the kingwith the king

• Oversaw a number of reforms that Oversaw a number of reforms that improved the Prussian military improved the Prussian military

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . . The less people know about how

sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

Unification of

Germany

Unification of

Germany

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]The Peace of

ViennaThe Peace of

Vienna

1.1. Germany & Austria defeated Denmark Germany & Austria defeated Denmark and took control of the provinces of and took control of the provinces of Schleswig and HolsteinSchleswig and Holstein

2.2. The provinces were jointly The provinces were jointly administered by Prussia and Austria administered by Prussia and Austria but conflicts over jurisdiction would but conflicts over jurisdiction would lead to a major war between Prussia lead to a major war between Prussia and Austria and Austria

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

• Bismarck sought a localized war Bismarck sought a localized war

• • Made diplomatic preparations for war Made diplomatic preparations for war with Austria by negotiating with France, with Austria by negotiating with France, Italy, and Russia for noninterferenceItaly, and Russia for noninterference

• PrussiaPrussia’’s use of railroads to mass s use of railroads to mass troops and use of the advanced rifle troops and use of the advanced rifle proved superior to Austriaproved superior to Austria’’s military s military efforts.efforts.

• PrussiaPrussia’’s victory unified much of s victory unified much of Germany without Austria. Germany without Austria.

Creation of the Northern German Confederation,

1867

Creation of the Northern German Confederation,

1867 Shortly following

the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.

He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague

Step #3: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #3: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War

Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War

1868 revolt in Spain.

Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.

France protested & his name was withdrawn.

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.

Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

• Bismarck used the war with France to Bismarck used the war with France to bring 4 remaining southern German bring 4 remaining southern German states into the North German states into the North German Confederation Confederation

• The apparent ease with which Prussia The apparent ease with which Prussia defeated France sent shockwaves defeated France sent shockwaves throughout Europe. throughout Europe.

• Paris fell to the Germans in January, Paris fell to the Germans in January, 1871: Napoleon III was captured 1871: Napoleon III was captured

Bismarck & Napoleon IIIBismarck & Napoleon III

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] The Second French Empire collapsed and

was replaced by the Third French Republic.

The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.

Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------

France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.

France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

• The German Empire was proclaimed on The German Empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871 (Germany now the January 18, 1871 (Germany now the most powerful nation in Europe)most powerful nation in Europe)

• William I became Emperor of Germany William I became Emperor of Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm)(Kaiser Wilhelm)

• Bismarck became the Imperial Bismarck became the Imperial Chancellor.Chancellor.

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

German Imperial

Flag

German Imperial

Flag

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy civil marriages only recognized.

The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.

The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

“Droppingthe

Pilot”[1890]

“Droppingthe

Pilot”[1890]

Count Cavour

[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

• Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861) of Sardinia-Piedmont led the 1861) of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for Italian unificationstruggle for Italian unification

1.1.Served as King Victor EmmanuelServed as King Victor Emmanuel’’s s prime minister between 1852 and 1861prime minister between 1852 and 1861

2.2.Replaced the earlier failed unification Replaced the earlier failed unification revolutionaries such as Mazzini and the revolutionaries such as Mazzini and the Young Italy Movement. Young Italy Movement.

3.3.Editor of Il Risorgimento, a newspaper Editor of Il Risorgimento, a newspaper arguing Sardinia should be the arguing Sardinia should be the foundation of a new unified Italy. foundation of a new unified Italy.

Pope Pius IXPope Pius IXThe Law on Convents and Siccardi Law sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church. In response, Pope Pius IX issued his Syllabus of Errors (1864) warning Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty.

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Plombiérès (1859) • Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom (controlled by Sardinia)

Step #1Step #1

Sardinia-Piedmont gained Lombardy (but not Venetia) as a result of its 1859 war with Austria

Step #2Step #21860, Cavour arranged the annexation of Parma, Modena, Romagna, and Tuscany into SardiniaFebruary 1861, Victor Emmanuel declared King of Italy and presided over an Italian Parliament which represented all of Italy except for Rome and Venice.

Step #3Step #3

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) liberated southern Italy and Sicily.1866, Venice was incorporated into Italian Kingdom as a result of an alliance with German chancellor Bismarck

Italian

Unification

Italian

Unification 1871, Rome captured by

Italian troops and became capital of Kingdom of Italy

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

• After the Austro-Prussian War the After the Austro-Prussian War the Austrian govAustrian gov’’t had to address national t had to address national aspirations of its ethnic groups: aspirations of its ethnic groups:

1. The Hungarians and Czechs 1. The Hungarians and Czechs continued to demand self-determinationcontinued to demand self-determination

2. Austria2. Austria’’s defeat by Germany in 1866 s defeat by Germany in 1866 weakened its grip on power and forced weakened its grip on power and forced it to make a compromise and establish it to make a compromise and establish the so-called dual monarchy.the so-called dual monarchy.

Austrian Imperial Flag

Austrian Imperial Flag

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Hungarian Flag

Ausgleich (or Compromise), Ausgleich (or Compromise), 1867 1867

• Officially created the Austro-Hungarian Officially created the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Empire.

• Hungarians now had their own Hungarians now had their own assembly, cabinet, and administrative assembly, cabinet, and administrative system, and would support and system, and would support and participate with Austria in the Imperial participate with Austria in the Imperial army and in the Imperial govarmy and in the Imperial gov’’t. t.

Managing the empire Managing the empire

1. Government was not integrated due to 1. Government was not integrated due to differences among ethnic groupsdifferences among ethnic groups

2. Anti-Semitism was profound in Austria2. Anti-Semitism was profound in Austria..

3. Magyar rule in Hungary 3. Magyar rule in Hungary