THE FORGOTTEN ‘COASTAL FORESTS’ OF MTWARA, TANZANIA: … 2009 Forgotten coastal fo… · THE FORGOTTEN ‘COASTAL FORESTS’ OF MTWARA, TANZANIA: A BIOLOGICALLY IMPOVERISHED AND

Journal of East African Natural History 98(2): 167–209 (2009)

THE FORGOTTEN ‘COASTAL FORESTS’ OF MTWARA,

TANZANIA: A BIOLOGICALLY IMPOVERISHED AND YET IMPORTANT ECOSYSTEM

Giulia Wegner Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford

Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK [email protected]

Kim M. Howell

Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

[email protected]

Tim R.B. Davenport Wildlife Conservation Society

P.O. Box 1475, Mbeya, Tanzania [email protected]

Neil D. Burgess

Conservation Science Group, Zoology Department, University of Cambridge Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK

& WWF US Conservation Science Programme 1250 24th Street NW, Washington DC, USA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT Biodiversity surveys and the compilation of indigenous knowledge were conducted in eight previously unstudied proposed and already gazetted Forest Reserves of Mtwara Region, south-eastern Tanzania, from April to August of 2005. The results indicate relatively low biodiversity and endemism values in these forests, and high levels of forest disturbance. In most areas the original vegetation has been converted by clearance for cultivation and by fire, and has regenerated into degraded forms of Swahilian/Coastal Mixed Dry Forest, Swahilian/Coastal Brachystegia Forest and floristically impoverished Zambezian-Swahilian Brachystegia Woodland. Some Coastal Forest endemic and threatened species, however, occur in the degraded forest patches, such as east coast akalat Sheppardia gunningi, Reichenow’s batis Batis mixta reichenowi, spotted flat-lizard Platysaurus maculatus, woodland toad Mertensophryne micranotis and the shrub Gardenia transvenulosa. The low proportion of endemic and threatened species recorded implies that these forests are of modest biological importance within the context of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests Biodiversity Hotspot. Nevertheless, local inhabitants depend heavily on the long-term

168 G. Wegner, K.M. Howell, T.R.B. Davenport & N.D. Burgess

availability of timber and non-timber resources and water and soil regulation services from these forests. The development and implementation of effective natural resource management is therefore urgently needed in this area. Keywords: coastal forest mosaic, biodiversity hotspot, biodiversity survey, forest disturbance, species checklist, East Africa

INTRODUCTION Mtwara Region, at the border with Mozambique in south-eastern Tanzania, is renowned as an export channel for cashews and sisal, and for being home to the Makonde wood carvers. It is less well known for being part of the Eastern African Coastal Forests Biodiversity Hotspot (Mittermeier et al., 2004). The high biodiversity and concentration of endemic, rare and threatened species make the Coastal Forests, together with the adjoining Eastern Arc Mountain forests, one of the highest priority for conservation in Africa and globally (Burgess & Clarke, 2000a; Myers et al., 2000; Brooks et al., 2002; CEPF 2005).

Little was known about the biology of the Coastal Forests in Mtwara Region prior to the present study. Field surveys were therefore conducted from April–August 2005 by Frontier-Tanzania in eight proposed and gazetted Forest Reserves in Mtwara Region that partially comprise Key Biodiversity Areas 81, 95 and 102 (CEPF, 2005). The objectives of this paper are to: 1) assess the Reserves’ biological value in terms of presence of endemic and threatened species; 2) identify geographical and habitat range extensions; 3) evaluate the current incidence of human disturbance; and 5) make broad conservation suggestions.

In this paper we adopt a definition of the Coastal Forests Mosaic as broadly corresponding to the “Swahilian region sensu lato” (White, 1983; Clarke, 1998). This phytochorion forms an archipelago of lowland forests extending up to 300 km inland between the equator in southern Somalia and the estuary of the Limpopo River in southern Mozambique. The Coastal Forests Mosaic comprises various closed-canopy forest types within a matrix of savanna-woodland and synanthropic vegetation (Clarke, 2000b). Closed-canopy Coastal Forest habitat covers just 3172 km2 of the area (ca. 1% of the Swahilian region sensu lato), and is characterised by the highest concentration of biodiversity and endemism in the area (Burgess & Clarke, 2000a; CEPF, 2005).

The biota of the Coastal Forests is characterised by locally disjunct distribution patterns and a high degree of regional and point endemism (CEPF, 2005). These distribution patterns are probably the result of both natural habitat heterogeneity due to climate changes and historical fragmentation due to human use (Azeria et al., 2007). The gradual desiccation of the African continent that started in the Miocene may have fragmented a formerly more contiguous forest cover along the Tanzania coast (Clarke, 2000a). More recently, habitat fragmentation was accelerated by anthropogenic fire and cultivation patterns (Clarke & Karoma, 2000). DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The Administrative Region of Mtwara is located in south-eastern Tanzania, and is bordered to the north by the Lindi Region, to the east by the Indian Ocean, to the south by Mozambique and the Ruvuma River, and to the west by the Ruvuma Region. The study sites are located within 038º10'–039º60'E and 10º35'–11º10'S (figure 1). They have an elevation range between 120 and 720 m and cover a total area of 178 km2 (table 1), with the plateau of

Forgotten ‘Coastal Forests’ of Mtwara 169

the Makonde Escarpment lying between 700 and 900 m (Dar es Salaam Planning Commission & Mtwara Regional Commissioner’s Office, 1997).

Figure 1. Map of the study region showing the research base camps within the studied forest areas, the major towns, rivers and the edge of the Makonde Escarpment.

The region has two geological zones. The first is the Coastal Sedimentary Formation extending 125 km from the Indian Ocean to the edge of the Makonde Plateau, which produces deep, well drained sandy soils of low fertility and low moisture holding capacity. The second zone consists of pre-Cambrian gneisses and granulites extending west of the coastal sediments, which gives rise to deep, well drained red clays to the north of Masasi town, coarse grained sandy soils to the south of Masasi town, and well drained, nutrient poor and heavily leached soils on the Makonde Escarpment (Dar es Salaam Planning Commission & Mtwara Regional Commissioner’s Office, 1997). The cause of soil erosion on the Makonde Escarpment may be both anthropogenic (clearance and shifting cultivation) and natural (the rapid erosion of the sandstone plateaux and hills) (Clarke, 2000b).

From November/December to April/May winds from the north-east bring a hot and humid rainy season. The rest of the year the region is kept drier and cooler by the south-easterly winds. Annual precipitation varies with altitude: 1160 to 935 mm on the hills and plateau, 1001 mm at Newala, and 893 mm at Masasi. Temperatures in coastal Mtwara vary from 27°C as the highest monthly mean temperature in December to 23°C as the lowest monthly mean temperature in July. Relative humidity ranges from ca. 87% as the highest monthly mean humidity in March to ca. 79% as the lowest monthly mean humidity in October. Temperatures and humidity are lower inland (Dar es Salaam Planning Commission & Mtwara Regional Commissioner’s Office, 1997).


Tabl

e 1

Gen

eral

feat

ures

of t

he s

tudy

site

s in

eig

ht fo

rest

s in

Mtw

ara

regi

on, s

outh

-eas

tern

Tan

zani

a.

Fore

st R

eser

ve (F

R)

Dis

trict

Pr

otec

tion

stat

us

Latit

ude

(S) &

lo

ngitu

de (E

) N

earb

y to

wns

&

villa

ges

Wat

er b

ody

Alti

tude

(m a

sl)

Siz

e (k

m2 )

Kam

bona

M

asas

i G

azet

ted

10º 3

7' 0

9.4'

' 03

9º 0

1' 1

4.8'

' C

hiw

ata,

Chi

dya

C

hidy

a S

prin

g 67

0–70

0 0.

3

Mak

onde

Sca

rp I

Mas

asi

Pro

pose

d 10

º 38'

56.

3''

039º

02'

45.

3''

Chi

dya,

Mje

mbe

600–

640

17.4

8

Mak

onde

Sca

rp II

site

1

10º 5

0' 2

5.3'

' 03

9º 1

0' 4

6.2'

' M

akon

de S

carp

II s

ite 2

New

ala

P

ropo

sed

10º 5

0' 1

9.9'

' 03

9º 1

0' 5

1.0'

'

New

ala,

Lul

indi

550–

780

15.5

4

Mak

onde

Sca

rp II

I Ta

ndah

imba

Pr

opos

ed

10º 5

3' 3

4.6'

' 03

9º 2

4' 2

4.2'

' Li

dum

be, M

chol

i

340–

435

14.3

5

Mku

nya

Riv

er S

ite 1

10

º 50'

27.

5''

039º

23'

54.

1''

Mku

nya

Riv

er S

ite 2

New

ala

Pro

pose

d

10º 5

8' 4

4.4'

' 03

9º 2

6' 5

8.4'

'

Mku

nya,

Chi

unjila

, C

hikw

edu,

Map

ili,

Nan

guru

we,

M

agun

chila

Mku

nya

Spr

ing

88–2

50

47.9

7

Mtin

iko

Mtw

ara

Rur

al

Pro

pose

d 10

º 35'

26.

7''

039º

56'

06.

6''

Mtim

iko,

New

ata

17

0–21

0 17

.36

Mtu

li H

inju

M

twar

a R

ural

P

ropo

sed

10º 3

5' 2

7.6'

' 03

9º 4

7' 1

1.2'

' M

tuli-

mje

mgu

a,

Hin

ju

Mtu

li H

inju

S

prin

g 21

5–26

0 2.

96

Nde

chel

a Si

te 1

11

º 06'

16.

8''

038º

09'

43.

1''

Nde

chel

a Si

te 2

Mas

asi

Gaz

ette

d

11º 0

4' 2

7.0'

' 03

8º 1

2' 3

2.0'

'

Nde

chel

a, N

akop

i N

ihal

e Lu

kwim

ba R

iver

(a

t bor

der)

250–

340

62.1

6


The studied sites were proposed between 1955 and 1977 as protected Forest Reserves (FRs) by the central government in recognition of their importance to the local villages and towns as water catchments, for prevention of soil erosion, and for provision of timber and non-timber forest resources (information made available by the Masasi District Natural Resources Office, 2005). The water sources of the Mkunya River and Makonde Plateau FRs provide a water supply to the towns of Newala and Mahuta. The small spring in Kambona FR is the sole water supply for the villages of Chidya and Chiwata. The pond in Mtuli Hinju FR supplies alone the villages of Mtuli Hinju and Njengwa, and another six villages (Chiwindi, Majengo, Migombani, Mtalala, Nang'awanga and Najenga) rely on it seasonally when alternative ponds and wells dry up. The threat of soil erosion, on the other hand, is particularly evident on and at the foot of the Makonde Escarpment, because here soils are particularly vulnerable to erosion by heavy seasonal rains. At present, two of the sites are gazetted Forest Reserves and six are proposed Forest Reserves (table 1). From this point on we shall refer to all eight sites as Forest Reserves regardless of their actual gazettment status. MATERIALS AND METHODS For a detailed description of data collection methods refer to the online Technical Report No. 29 (Stubblefield & Cunneyworth, 1997). In brief, data on fauna were collected at zoological trap sites (abbreviated as zoosites). Zoosites were chosen to cover the largest range of habitats possible (e.g. riverine forest, open woodland, grassland), and one zoosite was placed randomly within each habitat. The size of the zoosite was determined by the length of the bucket pitfall line (20 m) and the area used to place Sherman traps around this line.

Sherman and bucket pitfall traps were used to record reptiles, amphibians, and small rodents and insectivores (diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal) whose habitat is the forest floor or those that are adapted to climbing (scansorial). Amphibian sounds were also recorded through a dictaphone. Bat and bird mist netting was used to record bat species (nocturnal and crepuscular) and understorey and lower canopy bird species. Birds were also recorded through timed searches. Canopy trapping sampled fruit-feeding butterflies, while timed sweep netting was used to sample butterflies in the forest understorey, scrub, thicket, herbs and grasses. Small mammals and birds that were to be released were marked by trimming a small patch of fur/feather in order to avoid duplicity of results. Reptiles and amphibians were not marked.

One kilometre mammal track and sign transects were carried out to record data on large mammal species. Dung was recorded within a 4 m wide strip (2 m either side of the transect). Presence of all other signs (footprints, burrows, scratchings, nests and ground resting sites) were recorded within a 10 m wide strip (5 m either side of the transect). See table 2 for a break down of the survey effort.

Specimens for all taxa, with the exception of large mammals, were retained when identification in the field was not possible. Specimens were sent for identification and repository to the Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; butterflies were sent to the Southern Highlands Conservation Programme (SHCP), Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania. Specimens were also sent on loan for further verification to: the Natural History Museum, London, UK; the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA; the Field Museum, Chicago, USA; the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Data from this study contribute to the Biodiversity Database of the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, the TROPICOS database of Missouri Botanical Garden, USA, and the CEPF Conservation Outcomes Database, USA.


Tabl

e 2

Sum

mar

y of

sur

vey

effo

rt de

ploy

ed to

reco

rd d

ata

on th

e fa

una

in e

ight

fore

sts

in M

twar

a re

gion

, sou

th-e

aste

rn T

anza

nia.

S

ampl

ing

inte

nsity

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya River

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

MakondeIII

Ndechela

TOTA

L R

eser

ve s

ize

(km

2 )

0.3

17.4

8 15

.54

47.9

7 17

.36

2.96

14

.35

62.1

6 17

8.12

D

ays

5

7

7 14

7

5

7 14

66

S

ampl

ing

inte

nsity

(% o

f eac

h FR

) 0.

5 0.

02

0.03

0.

02

0.03

0.

07

0.03

0.

01

Dat

a fo

r: Su

rvey

tech

niqu

e (a

nd s

ampl

ing

unit)

: fau

na

Smal

l mam

mal

s Sh

erm

an tr

aps

40 tr

aps

x no

. tra

ppin

g ni

ghts

12

0 20

0 20

0 40

0 20

0 12

0 20

0 40

0 18

40

Rod

ents

, rep

tiles

, am

phib

ians

Bu

cket

pitfa

ll tra

ps 1

0 bu

cket

s x

no.

trapp

ing

nigh

ts

30

50

50

100

50

30

50

100

460

Bat

s Ba

t net

ting

(net

-hou

rs) *

20

.2

2.7

6.0

39.0

31

.5

15.0

-

86.0

20

0.45

B

irds

Bird

net

ting

(man

-hou

rs) *

-*

20

.5

-*

38.5

37

.5

24.5

-*

13

.0

134

Bird

s Ti

med

bird

sea

rche

s (m

an-h

ours

) 15

.0

6.0

8.0

16.0

14

.0

7.0

18.0

16

.0

100

Can

opy

dwel

ling

bu

tterfl

ies

Can

opy

traps

3 tr

aps

x no

. tra

ppin

g da

ys

9 15

15

30

15

9

15

30

138

Low

er s

tore

y dw

ellin

g bu

tterfl

ies

Butte

rfly

swee

p ne

tting

(s

wee

p-ne

t hou

rs)

2.0

4.5

6.0

10.5

6.

0 2.

0 4.

5 4.

0 37

.5

Rep

tiles

, Am

phib

ians

Ti

med

her

peto

faun

a se

arch

es

(man

-hou

rs)

4.0

4.5

4.5

17.5

6.

0 4.

0 4.

5 7.

0 52

.5

Larg

er m

amm

als

Anim

al s

ign

trans

ects

(m²)

100

0 x

2 m

eith

er s

ide*

* 1

x 50

0 m

1

x 60

0 m

44

00 m

²

(3)

1200

0 m

² (4

) 16

000

m²

(7)

2800

0 m

² (4

) 16

000

m²

1 x

1000

m

1 x

900

m

7600

m²

(3)

1200

0 m

² (7

) 28

000

m²

(31)

12

4000

m²

Dat

a fo

r: Su

rvey

tech

niqu

e (a

nd s

ampl

ing

unit)

: hum

an u

se

Hum

an d

istu

rban

ce

Tran

sect

s (m

²) 10

00 x

5 m

eith

er s

ide*

* (1

.1)

1100

0 m

² (3

) 30

000

m²

(4)

4000

0 m

² (7

) 70

000

m²

(4)

4000

0 m

² (1

.9)

1900

0 m

² (3

) 30

000

m²

(7)

7000

0 m

² (3

1)

3100

00 m

² *V

aryi

ng s

izes

of b

ird a

nd b

at m

ist-n

ets

wer

e us

ed e

ach

time.

**

The

num

ber o

f tra

nsec

t sec

tions

is in

dica

ted

in b

rack

ets,

the

tota

l m² a

re in

dica

ted

on th

e fo

llow

ing

line.


Endemism, conservation status, forest dependence and range extensions Species were classified as: forest dependent or specialist (F), i.e. species restricted to primary or closed-canopy forest only and likely to disappear if the forest is modified to any great extent; forest dwelling or generalist (f), i.e. species that may occur in undisturbed primary or closed-canopy forest, but are able to exist in clearings, fragmented and secondary forest, woodland and at the forest edge that depend upon the forest for some of their resources, so thus may be adversely affected by forest destruction; non-forest or forest visitor (O), i.e. species that may occur in primary or secondary forest or at the forest edge, but are usually recorded in open habitats and thus are not dependent upon the forest.

Endemic species were categorised as: endemic (E), species with ranges limited to the Coastal Forests; near endemic (NE, species with ranges limited to the Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains, sometimes including other habitats in adjacent locations (e.g. Masasi District, northern Mozambique).

Animals were classified as threatened if listed in the IUCN Red List (2009) as critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN) or vulnerable (VU), and if listed on CITES Appendix I (2009) as threatened with extinction and therefore excluded from international trade.

Animal species found to occur outside their previously documented habitat and/or geographical range were reported as range extensions. To assess known ranges we used: Kingdon (1974, 1984, 2003) and Burgess et al. (2000a) for mammals; Zimmerman et al. (1996), Mlingwa et al. (2000), Stevenson & Fanshawe (2002) and Sinclair & Ryan (2003) for birds; Howell (1993), Broadley & Howell (2000) and Spawls et al. (2002) for reptiles; Passmore & Carruthers (1995), Schiøtz (1999), Poynton (2000) and Channing (2001) for amphibians; Kielland (1990), Larsen (1996), Kielland & Cordeiro (2000) and Davenport (2001) for butterflies. Human resource-use and forest disturbance One kilometre transects were used to record the incidence of disturbance caused by various human activities, i.e. clearance for cultivation, pole/timber extraction, pit sawing sites, bark ringing, burning, hunting and paths (see Frontier-Tanzania, 1997). Transects were placed randomly at 1 km intervals within each Forest Reserve, and the number of transects used varied according to the size of the Reserve. The relative level of disturbance (RLD) was analysed by calculating the percentage of 50 m transect sections containing various forms of disturbance. The relative abundance (RA) of live, naturally dead and cut poles/timbers/large timbers takes into account the number of individuals of one category relative to the total number of individuals from all categories recorded in an area.

Structured interviews and open discussions were held with local government officers from the Mtwara, Masasi, Tandahimba and Newala District Natural Resources Offices, and a minimum of three village elders from each village within the vicinity of the Forest Reserves. The aim was to collate information about natural resource use and local management perceptions. RESULTS In total, 355 faunal species belonging to 104 families were recorded by this study: 39 large mammals, 22 small mammals, 158 birds, 31 reptiles, 24 amphibians and 81 butterflies (appendices 1 to 5).


Endemic species A total of three species are endemic or near endemic to the Coastal Forest and/or the Eastern Arc Mountains: one bird, Reichenow’s batis Batis mixta reichenowi (E); one reptile, spotted flat-lizard Platysaurus maculatus (NE); and one amphibian, woodland toad Mertensophryne micranotis (NE) (appendices 2–4). These species constitute 1–2% of the species recorded in each Forest Reserve, no Reserve containing more than two endemic species. Overall, these three species comprise < 2% of the total number of species recorded.

Species near endemic to the Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains as well as some other habitats in East Africa include small-eared greater galago Otolemur garnettii, lesser pouched rat Beamys hindei, and east coast akalat Sheppardia gunningi (appendices 1 and 2). Threatened species Four faunal species were found to be globally threatened, which together constitute < 2% of all fauna recorded by this study. These include two large mammals, common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (VU) and lion Panthera leo (VU). Two species, leopard Panthera pardus and peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus are listed on CITES Appendix I (2009) (appendices 1, 2 and 4).

Mammal and bird species with a lower degree of threat on the IUCN Red List (2009) were also recorded. These include three near threatened (NT) mammal species, chequered elephant shrew Rhynchocyon cirnei, bush elephant Loxodonta africana and leopard; three NT birds, east coast akalat Sheppardia gunningi, southern banded snake eagle Circaetus fasciolatus and Lilian’s lovebird Agapornis lilianae (appendices 1 and 2).

The globally threatened plant species Gardenia transvenulosa (VU) was also recorded (IUCN, 2009). Forest dependent species Forest dependent species were mainly recorded in dense understory of Brachystegia Woodland, Mixed Dry Forest and Riverine Forest, and constitute only a small proportion of the faunal community recorded. None of the small mammals recorded are forest dependent, five of the large mammals are forest dependent, and one bat species is forest dwelling but not forest dependent. A total of seven bird species are forest dependent. Two reptiles and four amphibians favour forest habitats. Of the butterfly species surveyed, seven are forest dependent (appendices 1–5). Range extensions and new records No significant range extensions were recorded. Since no previous surveys were conducted in the eight Forest Reserves, some of the widespread and common bird and butterfly species found are likely to constitute first records in these studied sites (Kielland, 1990; Larsen, 1996; Davenport, 2001; Jacob Kiure, pers. comm.) (appendices 2 and 5). Human resource-use and forest disturbance Table 3 displays and compares the percentage of 50 m transect sections that were subject to disturbance and the incidence of different forms of impact. In four Forest Reserves, > 90% of sections showed some sign of disturbance (Makonde Scarp III - 100%, Makonde Scarp II - 96%, Mkunya River and Kambona - 95%), and no Forest Reserve had < 8% of sections bisected by paths.

The Forest Reserves most affected by agricultural encroachment were Makonde Scarp I (29%), II (42%) and III (43%). Although our transects indicated a low level of encroachment in Mkunya River FR (2% of sections), in fact the valleys cutting through the escarpment


Tabl

e 3

Perc

enta

ge o

f to

tal

and

spec

ific t

ypes

of

hum

an d

istu

rban

ce (

reco

rded

as

occu

rring

in

50m

sec

tions

alo

ng t

rans

ect

lines

) an

d nu

mbe

r an

d pe

rcen

tage

rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

(%R

A) o

f liv

e, d

ead

and

cut p

oles

/tim

bers

/larg

e tim

bers

alo

ng th

e tra

nsec

t lin

es, i

n ei

ght f

ores

ts in

Mtw

ara

regi

on, s

outh

-ea

ster

n Ta

nzan

ia.

Fore

st R

eser

ve

Tota

l tra

nsec

t le

ngth

(m)

% to

tal

dist

urba

nce

%

culti

vatio

n %

fire

%

path

s %

bar

k rin

ging

%

trap

s%

cut

ting

No.

of

indi

vidua

ls

sam

pled

No.

(and

% R

A)

of d

ead

indi

vidu

als

No.

(and

%

RA

) of c

ut

indi

vidu

als

Kam

bona

11

00

95

0 9

27

9 0

95

P

ole

73

5 15

(2)

217

(30)

Ti

mbe

rs

277

8 (3

) 20

(7)

Larg

e tim

bers

39

2

(5)

0 (0

) M

akon

de I

3000

87

29

70

8

2 0

78

P

ole

21

82

36 (2

) 45

8 (2

1)

Tim

bers

44

7 14

(3)

36 (8

)

Larg

e tim

bers

11

0

(0)

1 (9

) M

akon

de II

39

50

96

41

73

19

3 1

87

P

ole

26

69

52 (2

) 72

7 (2

7)

Tim

bers

31

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were largely transformed into cashew nut plantations. In Kambona, Mtiniko and Ndechela FRs, encroachment is negligible or absent, but it occurs right up to the Forest Reserve boundaries.

All Forest Reserves were affected by pole and timber cutting, Kambona and Mkunya River being those most severely affected (> 90% of sections). Five of the eight Forest Reserves contained at least one recently active or old pit-sawing site.

Fuelwood was reported by village elders to be obtained from dead trees and branches in all Forest Reserves. Results from this study add to the existing list of species used for the construction of tool handles and cooking utensils (Burgess et al., 2000b). The production of burnt bricks, which uses large volumes of wood to produce heat, was a common practice in Makonde Scarp II FR.

Extraction of medicinal plants and fruits from trees like the marula Sclerocarya birrea and Strychnos spp. occurs within all Forest Reserves on a small scale. The roots of Dioscorea hirtiflora are an important source of carbohydrate exploited for sale on local markets. Honey is produced and sold locally in Makonde Scarp II and Ndechela FRs.

Four of the eight forests contained ringed trees, but anecdotal evidence from interviews suggested that bark ringing also takes place in the other Forest Reserves. Discussions with local people revealed that bark ringing occurs in order to remove bark for use as ropes, beehives and medicine.

Hunting takes place in most of the sites. Mtiniko and Mtuli Hinju FRs had the highest density of traps recorded (in 5% and 3% of 50 m sections, respectively). In most cases the traps were either snares targeting ungulate species or smaller devices placed in the riverbed to catch birds; in addition a drift fence was found in Ndechela FR. All hunted species are said by residents to have declined over the last 10 years. Hunting in Kambona, Makonde Scarp I and Ndechela FRs involves threatened species such as chequered elephant shrew and small-eared greater galago (CITES Appendix II). DISCUSSION Biodiversity value Endemic and threatened species constitute < 2% of all species recorded in the study area. This percentage is low, considering that rates of faunal endemism in the Coastal Forest Mosaic are ca. 7% for mammals, ca. 10% for birds, ca. 57% for reptiles and ca. 36% for amphibians (Burgess & Clarke, 2000a; CEPF, 2005). Endemic species In this paper we adopt the classification of Reichenow’s batis as a subspecies of forest batis Batis mixta (Fjeldså et al., 2006). Under this classification, B. mixta reichenowi is endemic to the Coastal Forests of south-eastern Tanzania. This bird was recorded in Mtiniko FR, an area classified as the Mtwara District Coastal Forests Important Bird Area (IBA TZ052). If Reichenow’s batis was to be recognised as a separate species from B. mixta (Mlingwa et al., 2000; Baker & Baker, 2002), then this IBA could be upgraded as part of a Secondary or Full Endemic Bird Area (Baker & Baker, 2002).

The spotted flat-lizard is endemic to northern Mozambique and the Masasi District in south-eastern Tanzania, where it only inhabits rock outcrops of granite, gneiss and sandstone that weather to produce thin fissures where it seeks refuge (Spawls et al., 2002). During this study, spotted flat-lizards were abundant in Ndechela FR, where they find their habitat in the granite kopjes protruding from the plain up to 800 m.


The woodland toad, a species endemic to the Eastern Arc lowland and the Coastal Forests Mosaic of south-eastern Kenya and eastern Tanzania (Conservation International, 2005) was found in an area of regenerating Brachystegia woodland, confirming that it can also survive in modified secondary habitats (Broadley & Howell, 2000).

The studied sites are not characterised by the unique butterfly fauna found in other Coastal Forests of Tanzania (Kielland & Cordeiro, 2000). Threatened species The bush elephant (NT, CITES Appendix II) was only recorded in Ndechela FR from a footprint, and the common hippo was reported by local inhabitants to occur in the same Forest Reserve. The extent of their occurrence in the studied area needs further clarification. Leopards (CITES Appendix I) inhabit sheltered areas near the cliff face in Makonde Scarp II FR, and were reported by residents to occur in the adjacent Makonde Scarp I, Kambona and Mkunya River FRs. Leopards are not dependent upon forest habitat; nonetheless, they may need the Forest Reserves as corridors between suitable patches of habitat or for alternative sources of food and shelter (Kingdon, 2003).

Elephant shrews observed in this study range in colour from light grey with white marks to dark grey and rufous with indistinct chequers. These colour variations match those described for several subspecies of the chequered elephant shrew R. cirnei (Rathbun, 2005; 2006).

The east coast akalat has a restricted distribution in the Coastal Forests and few other forest types in eastern Africa (Jensen et al., 2005). The relatively high number of individuals captured in Mtiniko FR (five during 37.5 hours of mist netting) points to this site as an important area for this bird. Forest dependent species Forest dependent large mammals were found in dense and relatively undisturbed pockets of forest and woodland amidst large areas of disturbed habitat, and include Sykes’s monkeys Cercopithecus mitis subsp., the red-bellied coastal squirrel Paraxerus palliatus, blue duikers Cephalophus monticola, Natal duikers Cephalophus natalensis and sunis Neotragus moschatus.

Forest dependent bird species rely on a canopy-shaded and dense understorey (Mlingwa et al., 2000). This explains why the African crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, African broadbill Smithornis capensis, yellow streaked greenbul Phyllastrephus flavostriatus, Fischer’s greenbul P. fischeri and blue-mantled crested flycatcher Trochocercus cyanomelas were observed only among the dense lianas and shrubs of Mixed Dry Forest, and in small patches of dense Brachystegia Woodland and Riverine Forest.

Forest dependent species are vulnerable to reductions of closed-canopy forest habitat and to increases in the edge effect (Lehtinen et al., 2003). They are therefore more prone to local extinction than generalist and edge-adapted species. Human resource-use and forest disturbance Conversion to agriculture is the most destructive activity in the Coastal Forests of eastern Africa, since it involves the complete removal of the natural habitat (Burgess et al., 2000b). This problem is exacerbated by shifting cultivation, a traditional practice that has become unsustainable due to a human population growth rate that exceeds the regeneration capacity of the forest. In the study area, encroachment occurs more extensively where the forest boundaries are not clearly demarcated. The Forest Reserves most affected are those on the Makonde Escarpment. Here large areas of the slopes are covered by thicket, indicating that shifting cultivation is common even on slopes that are unsuitable for agriculture.


A recent study illustrated that districts in Mtwara Region accounted for a low proportion of those timber licences that were issued in 2001–2 (Milledge & Elibariki, 2005). Five of the eight Forest Reserves had, however, overall levels of pole cutting above the 16% upper threshold reported by previous studies of Coastal Forests (Burgess et al., 2000b). In Mtiniko FR local people were observed to earn cash from timber cut inside the Forest Reserve, and these findings suggest that illegal timber extraction takes place in the studied Reserves. Moreover, the completion of the Mkapa Bridge across the Rufiji River in 2003 has contributed to escalating illegal timber harvesting and forest degradation in these southern regions (Milledge et al. 2007; Milledge & Kaale, 2005).

Previous evidence illustrated that pole and timber harvesting tends to be selective (Burgess & Mbwana, 2000; Milledge & Kaale, 2005). Findings from this study match those obtained by TRAFFIC in the regions south of the Rufiji River in 2001–2 (Milledge & Elibariki, 2005), with gum copal Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn., African teak Pterocarpus angolensis DC., snake bean tree Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema and pod mahogany Afzelia quanzensis Welw. being reported by local inhabitants as popular hard wood timber species, followed by Millettia stuhlmannii Taub., Milicia excelsa C.C.Berg and African blackwood Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.. Selective pole and timber harvesting is ecologically destructive as it alters the plant species composition of an area, which can in turn affect the faunal community that utilises that area (Robinson & Robinson, 1999; Vallan et al., 2004). Furthermore, tree species differ greatly in their dispersal ability, and therefore the capacity of disparate species to recolonise an area after local extinction is not well known (Cordeiro et al. 2004; White et al., 2004).

As in previous studies on fuel use (Burgess et al., 2000b), most of the fuelwood was said by village elders to be obtained from dead trees and branches, including those from cashew nut plantations. Many of the species used for firewood at the study sites, however, overlap with those used for bark removal, indicating that trees die from the removal of bark and are then used for firewood.

Extensive and recurring burning in Ndechela FR is a particularly destructive form of disturbance. Fire destroys the soil top layer and the micro-fauna that lives within it, therefore reducing the availability of nutrients in the food-web. Fire also destroys the forest’s understorey, which constitutes the main habitat for forest dwelling and forest dependent species (Bauder, 2000). As in other Coastal Forests (Burgess et al., 2000b), some of these fires may be started deliberately to hunt animals. Local management perceptions During interviews with village elders and government officers, management by local inhabitants was reported to range from absent to ineffective among all Forest Reserves. The reasons appeared to be twofold: lack of incentives in terms of resource use and/or lack of financial and organisational support from local government offices.

The inhabitants of the Makonde Scarp, Mtiniko and Ndechela FRs do not view the gazettment of their forests positively because they see no benefits coming from such designation: no water source is present here that needs preservation from forest use, and no information has been forthcoming from the government about other reasons for the protection of these forests. This translates into a lack of management incentive, as the gazettment of the forests is perceived as a limit to the free use of resources with no benefits attached.

In areas where the designation of the Forest Reserves is viewed positively, for example Mkunya River and Kambona FRs because of their water supplies, communities have no legal entitlement to the management of the Reserves, and consequently lack the organisational and


financial support necessary to design and enforce community by-laws and to conduct patrols of the boundaries.

The insufficient enforcement of national forest legislation by local government offices constitutes another problem that hampers the management of the Forest Reserves in the study area. Conservation recommendations The forests in Mtwara region provide vital water supplies (especially Kambona, Mtuli Hinju, Mkunya River and Makonde Plateau FRs) and protection from floods and landslides (especially Makonde Plateau and Mkunya River FRs). This makes their conservation a regional priority.

Conservation in the Mtwara Coastal Forests should concentrate on both the effective enforcement of national forest law, and the involvement of local stakeholders in the management of resources through Joint Forest Management (JFM) between them and the government. If designed and implemented through inclusive forms of governance, JFM has the potential to empower and incentivise communities to pursue the conservation of forest resources and services (Blomley et al., 2008), and to compensate for the low staffing and financial capacity of the Forestry and Beekeeping Division (Rodgers & Burgess, 2000). Conservation recommendations based on the findings of this study include: gazettement of all Forest Reserves, boundary reassessment and demarcation, capacity building among local forest officers, establishment of JFM between forest officers and local communities, establishment of local tree nurseries, and investment in rural services, infrastructures and affordable alternative sources of energy.

Finally, the Mtwara Coastal Forests are part of a mosaic system and rely on the stability of the whole system for the continuity of their floral and faunal communities. Consequently, adequate conservation measures need to be taken in as many parts of the mosaic as possible, and efforts should be made to restore and increase connectivity among fragmented forest patches. For example, it would be beneficial to combine Ndechela FR and the contiguous Lukwika-Lumesule Game Reserve into a single protected area, and for the whole of the Makonde Escarpment to be protected as one large Forest Reserve. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are particularly grateful to Dr. Don G. Broadley (Zimbabwe Natural History Museum, Zimbabwe), Dr. Bill Stanley (Chicago Field Museum, USA), Mr. Michele Menegon (Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Italy), Dr. Galen Rathbun (IUCN/SSC Afrotheria Specialist Group, California Academy of Sciences, USA), and Mr. Roger Gereau (Missouri Botanical Garden, USA), who offered invaluable support with the identification of collected specimens, and to Mr. Jonathan Green (University of Cambridge, UK) and Ms. Michela di Pace (independent consultant, Italy) for compiling the maps. We are also grateful to Frontier-Tanzania (a collaboration between the Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam) for implementing this survey project. Special recognition goes to the Frontier-Tanzania field team that collected field data, and specifically to Ms. Rosalind Salter (field research coordinator), Mr. Oisín Sweeney and Mr. Michael Cutts (research officers), Mr. Jacob Kiure (ornithologist), Mr. George Sangu (botanist), Mr. Ramathan Rajabu, Mr. Hassani Abedi and Mr. Mohammed Ali (field assistants). We also thank Mr. Paul Rubio (ex SEE Programme Manager) for managing this research project from the UK, Ms. Freya St. John (ex SEE country coordinator) for fundraising toward this initiative, and


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Sco

toec

us s

p.

- -

- 26

109-

10

FT

KM

H

X

H

YRA

CO

IDE

A

PR

OC

AVI

DA

E

Den

droh

yrax

sp.

-

- -

FT

FT

H

IN

SEC

TIV

OR

A

SO

RIC

IDAE

Cro

cidu

ra s

p.1

- -

- 26

661-

2 26

670

2667

3 26

676

FT

KM

H

X

X

X X

H

Cro

cidu

ra s

p.2

- -

- 26

663-

9 26

671-

2 26

674-

5

FT

KM

H

X X

X X

X 0

H

MA

CR

OSC

ELI

DE

A M

ACR

OS

CE

LID

IDA

E

Rhy

ncho

cyon

inae

Rhy

ncho

cyon

cirn

ei P

eter

s 18

47

f W

N

T

FT

FT

s *

s

s s

s

H

LAG

OM

OR

PH

A

LEP

OR

IDA

E

Lepu

s sa

xatil

is C

uvie

r 182

3 O

W

LC

FT

FT

0 *

0 s

0

0 0

P

rono

lagu

s ru

pest

ris (A

. Sm

ith 1

834)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

0


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Collecion no. (KMH)

Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

RO

DEN

TIA

S

CIU

RID

AE

Hel

iosc

iuru

s m

utab

ilis

Pet

ers

1852

) f

W

LC

FT

FT

*

s

X

Par

axer

us fl

avov

ittis

(Pet

ers

1852

) O

W

LC

FT

FT

s

X

H

Par

axer

us p

allia

tes

F W

LC

FT

FT

s *

s

s

H

YSTR

ICID

AE

H

ystri

x cr

ista

ta L

inna

eus

1758

O

W

LC

FT

FT

* *

0 0

0

M

UR

OID

EA

Ta

tera

robu

sta

(Cre

tzsc

hmar

182

6)

f O

LC

26

811

2681

5 FT

K

MH

X

Cric

etom

yina

e

Bea

mys

hin

dei T

hom

as 1

909

f E

AC

F pl

us

few

oth

er

site

s

LC

2679

2-3

2680

1 FT

K

MH

X

X

X X

X

MU

RID

AE

A

com

ys s

pino

siss

imus

Pet

ers

1852

O

W

LC

26

799

2680

4-5

2680

7

FT

KM

H

X X

X

X X

Gra

mm

omys

dol

ichu

rus

(Sm

uts

1832

) f

W

LC

2679

4 26

802

2681

2 26

814

FT

KM

H

X

X

X

Mas

tom

ys n

atal

ensi

s Sm

ith 1

834

O

W

LC

2679

5-6

2680

3 26

806

2680

8-10

FT

KM

H

X X

X X

X

X X

Mus

min

utoi

des

Sm

ith 1

834

O

W

LC

2679

7 FT

K

MH

X

Mus

sp.

-

- -

2679

8 FT

K

MH

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Collecion no. (KMH)

Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Pra

omys

sp.

-

- -

2680

0 FT

K

MH

X

Rat

tus

alex

andr

inus

(Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

O

W

NL

2681

3 FT

K

MH

X

THR

YO

NO

MYI

DAE

Thry

onom

ys s

win

deria

nus

(Tem

ninc

k 18

27)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

0

*

0

H

CA

RN

IVO

RA

CA

NID

AE

Can

is a

dust

us S

unde

vall

1847

O

W

LC

FT

FT

* *

* *

M

US

TELI

DAE

Lat

rinae

Aon

yx c

apen

sis(

Sch

inz

1821

) O

W

LC

; C

ITE

S II

FT

FT

0

0

HE

RPE

STI

DA

E

Atil

ax p

alud

inos

us (C

uvie

r 182

9)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

0

0

0

Hel

ogal

e pa

rvul

a (S

unde

vall

1847

) O

W

LC

FT

FT

0

H

erpe

stes

(Gal

erel

la) s

angu

inea

(R

üppe

ll 18

36)

O

W

NL

FT

FT

0

Mun

gos

mun

go(G

mel

in 1

788)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

s

H

YAEN

IDAE

Cro

cuta

cro

cuta

Erx

lebe

n 17

77

O

W

LC

FT

FT

*

* 0

0

0

0

VIV

ER

RID

AE

C

ivet

tictis

civ

etta

(Sch

rebe

r 177

6)

f W

LC

FT

FT

* *

0 0

0 0

H

Gen

etta

gen

etta

(Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

*

*

0

H

FE

LID

AE

Felis

car

acal

Sch

rebe

r 177

6 O

W

C

ITE

S II

FT

FT

0

P

anth

era

leo

(Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

O

W

VU

; C

ITE

S II

FT

FT

*

* *

* *

*

0


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Collecion no. (KMH)

Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Pan

ther

a pa

rdus

pan

ther

a (L

inna

eus

1758

) O

W

N

T;

CIT

ES

I

FT

FT

* *

0 *

0

PH

OLI

DO

TA

MAN

IDAE

Sm

utsi

a te

mm

inck

ii al

exan

drin

us

Smut

s 18

32

O

W

NL

FT

FT

*

*

TUBU

LID

EN

TATA

O

RYC

TER

OPO

DID

AE

Ory

cter

opus

afe

r (P

alla

s 17

66)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

s

HYR

AC

OID

EA

PR

OC

AVI

DA

E

Het

eroh

yrax

bru

cei (

Gra

y 18

68)

- -

NL

FT

FT

*

*

0

PR

OB

OS

ICID

EA

E

LEP

HA

NTI

DAE

Loxo

dont

a af

rican

a (B

lum

enba

ch 1

797)

O

W

N

T,

CIT

ES

II

FT

FT

0

PER

ISS

OD

AC

TYLA

E

QU

IDA

E

Equ

us b

urch

elli

Bodd

aert

1785

O

W

LC

FT

FT

0

AR

TIO

DA

CTY

LA

HIP

PO

PO

TAM

IDA

E

Hip

popo

tam

us a

mph

ibiu

s Li

nnae

us 1

758

O

W

VU A

4cd;

C

ITE

S II

FT

FT

*

SU

IDA

E

P

haco

choe

rus

afric

anus

(G

mel

in 1

788)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

0

Pota

moc

hoer

us la

rvat

us (F

. Cuv

ier 1

822)

f

W

LC

FT

FT

*

* *

0 0

0

0 H


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Collecion no. (KMH)

Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

BO

VID

AE

B

ovin

ae

Syn

ceru

s ca

ffer (

Spa

rrm

an 1

779)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

0

Tr

agel

aphu

s sc

riptu

s (P

alla

s 17

66)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

*

Trag

elap

hus

stre

psice

ros

(Pal

las

1766

) f

W

LC

FT

FT

s

Ant

ilopi

nae

C

epha

loph

us m

ontic

ola

(T

hunb

erg

1789

) F

W

LC;

CIT

ES

II

FT

FT

0

*

0

0 H

Cep

halo

phus

nat

alen

sis

A. S

mith

183

4 F

W

LC

FT

FT

* 0

0

H

H

ippo

tragu

s ni

ger (

Har

ris 1

838)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

*

H

Mad

oqua

kirk

ii (G

unth

er 1

880)

f

W

LC

FT

FT

0

0

Neo

tragu

s m

osch

atus

(v

on D

uebe

n 18

46)

F W

LC

FT

FT

0 0

Ore

otra

gus

oreo

tragu

s (Z

imm

erm

an 1

783)

O

W

LC

FT

FT

0

*

Cat

egor

y: F

= fo

rest

dep

ende

nt o

r spe

cial

ist;

f = fo

rest

dw

ellin

g or

gen

eral

ist;

O =

non

-fore

st o

r for

est v

isito

r (K

ingd

on 1

974,

198

4 an

d 20

03; C

ockl

e et

al.,

199

8; B

urge

ss e

t al.,

200

0)

Dis

tribu

tion:

W =

wid

espr

ead;

CF

= sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in t

he C

oast

al F

ores

ts a

lone

; E

AC

F =

spec

ies

with

lim

ited

rang

es in

the

Coa

stal

Fo

rest

s an

d E

aste

rn A

rc M

ount

ains

(ba

sed

on B

urge

ss &

Cla

rke,

200

0); S

E Ta

nzan

ia =

spe

cies

with

lim

ited

rang

es in

SE

Tan

zani

a; S

E A

frica

=

spec

ies

with

lim

ited

rang

es in

SE

Afri

ca; E

Afri

ca =

spe

cies

with

lim

ited

rang

es in

E A

frica

(Kin

gdon

197

4, 1

984

and

2003

) C

onse

rvat

ion

stat

us: N

L =

not l

iste

d; C

R =

crit

ical

ly e

ndan

gere

d; E

N =

end

ange

red;

VU

= v

ulne

rabl

e; N

T =

low

er r

isk,

nea

r th

reat

ened

; CD

= lo

wer

ris

k, c

onse

rvat

ion

depe

nden

t; LC

= l

ower

ris

k, l

east

con

cern

ed;

DD

= d

ata

defic

ient

(IU

CN

, 20

09);

CIT

ES

I =

thre

aten

ed w

ith e

xtin

ctio

n an

d ex

clud

ed f

rom

inte

rnat

iona

l tra

de;

CIT

ES

II =

not

yet

thre

aten

ed w

ith e

xtin

ctio

n, b

ut m

ay b

e so

if t

rade

is n

ot r

egul

ated

, th

us e

xpor

t pe

rmits

are

re

quire

d (C

ITE

S, 2

009)

C

olle

cted

/iden

tifie

d by

: FT

= F

ront

ier-

Tanz

ania

fiel

d te

am: M

s. R

osal

ind

Sal

ter,

Mr.

Ois

in S

wee

ney,

Mr.

Mic

hael

Cut

ts, M

r. H

assa

ni A

bedi

and

Mr.

Moh

amm

ed A

li; K

MH

= P

rof.

Kim

H. H

owel

l; ?

= aw

aitin

g ID

con

firm

atio

n S

ite d

ata:

X =

cap

ture

reco

rd; X

= co

nfirm

ed b

y sp

ecim

en; s

= s

ight

reco

rd; 0

= c

alls

or s

igns

; * =

repo

rts o

f loc

al p

eopl

e; H

= h

unte

d


App

endi

x 2.

Lis

t of b

ird s

peci

es fo

r all

Fore

st R

eser

ves

(taxo

nom

y ba

sed

on Z

imm

erm

an e

t al.,

199

6; S

teve

nson

& F

ansh

awe,

200

2; a

nd S

incl

air &

R

yan,

200

3)

Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

CIC

ON

IIFO

RM

ES

SCO

PID

AE

Sco

pus

umbr

etta

(Gm

elin

178

9)

O

W

LC

X

X

X

A

NS

ER

IFO

RM

ES

ANAT

IDA

E

Den

droc

ygna

vid

uata

(Lin

naeu

s 17

66)

O

W

LC

X

N

etta

pus

aurit

us (B

odda

ert 1

783)

O

W

LC

X

FALC

ON

IFO

RM

ES

AC

CIP

ITR

IDA

E

Acc

ipite

r tac

hiro

(Dau

din

1800

) f

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

X

Aqu

ila v

erre

auxi

i Les

son

1831

O

W

- fir

st

reco

rd fo

r M

twar

a R

.

LC

CIT

ES II

X

Avi

ceda

cuc

uloi

des

Swai

nson

183

7 f

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

Circ

aetu

s ci

nere

us V

ieillo

t 181

8 O

W

LC

C

ITES

II

X X

Circ

aetu

s fa

scio

latu

s K

aup

1850

f

W

NT

CIT

ES II

X

X

X

Circ

aetu

s pe

ctor

alis

Sm

ith 1

829

O

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

X X

X X

X X

X

Elan

us c

aeru

leus

(Des

font

aine

s 17

89)

O

W

LC; C

ITE

S II

X X

Gyp

ohie

rax

ango

lens

is (J

. F. G

mel

in 1

788)

f

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Hie

raae

tus

spilo

gast

er (B

onap

arte

185

0)

O

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

Kau

pifa

lco

mon

ogra

mm

icus

(Tem

min

ck 1

824)

O

W

LC

C

ITES

II

X X

X X

X X

X X

Loph

aetu

s oc

cipi

talis

(Dau

din

1800

) f

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

Mac

heira

mph

us a

lcin

us W

este

rman

185

1 f

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

Pol

ybor

oide

s ty

pus

Smith

182

9 f

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

X

X

X

Ste

phan

oaet

us c

oron

atus

(Lin

naeu

s 17

66)

F W

LC

C

ITES

II

X

Tera

thop

ius

ecau

datu

s (D

audi

n 18

00)

O

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

X X

X X

X X

X

FALC

ON

IDA

E

Falc

o di

ckin

soni

Scl

ater

186

4 O

W

LC

C

ITES

II

X

Falc

o pe

regr

inus

Tun

stal

l 177

1 O

W

LC

C

ITE

S I

X

X

GAL

LIFO

RM

ES

PH

ASIA

NID

AE

Pte

rnis

tes

(or F

ranc

olin

us) a

fer B

ocag

e, 1

893

O

W

LC

X

P

tern

iste

s (o

r Fra

ncol

inus

) hild

ebra

ndti

Cab

anis

197

8 f

W

LC

X

X

X X

NU

MID

IDA

E

G

utte

ra p

uche

rani

(Har

tlaub

186

1)

F W

LC

H

N

umid

a m

elea

gris

(Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

O

W

LC

X

X

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

GR

UIF

OR

ME

S

RA

LLID

AE

Am

auro

rnis

flav

irost

ris (S

wai

nson

1837

) O

W

LC

X

CH

AR

AD

RIIF

OR

ME

S JA

CAN

IDAE

Act

ophi

lorn

is a

frica

nus

(J. F

. Gm

elin

178

9)

O

W

LC

X

C

OLU

MBI

FOR

ME

S C

OLU

MB

IDAE

Stre

ptop

elia

cap

icol

a (S

unde

vall

1857

) O

W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X

Stre

ptop

elia

sem

itorq

uata

(Rup

pell

1837

) f

W

LC

X X

X X

X X

X X

S

trept

opel

ia s

eneg

alen

sis

(Lin

naeu

s 17

66)

O

W

NL

X

Tr

eron

cal

va (T

emm

inck

180

8)

f W

LC

X

X

X

X

Turtu

r cha

lcos

pilo

s (W

agle

r 182

7)

f W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X

Turtu

r tym

pani

stria

(Tem

min

ck 1

809)

f

W

LC

X X

X X

X

P

SITT

AC

IFO

RM

ES

PSIT

TAC

IDA

E

Aga

porn

is li

liana

e Sh

elle

y 18

94

O

W

NT

CIT

ES

II

X

Poi

ceph

alus

cry

ptox

anth

us (P

eter

s 18

54)

f S

E A

frica

LC

C

ITE

S II

X

X X

X

X

MU

SO

PH

AG

IFO

RM

ES

MU

SO

PH

AG

IDAE

Taur

aco

porp

hyre

olop

hus

(Vig

ors

1831

) f

W

LC

CIT

ES

II

X

CU

CU

LIFO

RM

ES

CU

CU

LID

AE

Cen

tropu

s bu

rche

lli S

wai

nson

183

8 f

W

NL

X X

X X

X X

X X

C

euth

moc

hare

s au

stra

lis S

harp

e 18

73

f W

N

L

X

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Chr

ysoc

occy

x cu

preu

s (S

haw

179

2)

f W

LC

X

X

Chr

ysoc

occy

x kl

aas

(Ste

phen

s 18

15)

f W

LC

X

X

STR

IGIF

OR

ME

S

STR

IGID

AE

Bub

o af

rican

us (T

emm

inck

182

1)

O

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

X

X

Gla

ucid

ium

cap

ense

(Sm

ith 1

834)

f

W

LC

CIT

ES II

X

Stri

x w

oodf

ordi

i (A.

Sm

ith 1

834)

f

W -

first

re

cord

for

Mtw

ara

R.

LC

CIT

ES II

X

X X

X X

Tyto

alb

a (S

copo

li 17

69)

O

W

LC

CIT

ES II

H

CAP

RIM

ULG

IFO

RM

ES

C

APR

IMU

LGID

AE

Cap

rimul

gus

pect

oral

is C

uvie

r 181

6 f

W

LC

X X

X X

X X

X X

A

POD

IFO

RM

ES

APO

DID

AE

Apu

s af

finis

(Gra

y 18

30)

O

W

LC

X

X

A

pus

caffe

r (Li

chte

nste

in 1

823)

O

W

LC

X

X X

Cyp

siur

us p

arvu

s (L

icht

enst

ein

1823

) f

W

NL

X

N

eafra

pus

boeh

mi (

Scha

low

188

2)

f W

LC

X

X

TRO

GO

NIO

RM

ES

TRO

GO

NID

AE

Apa

lode

rma

narin

a (S

teph

ens

1815

) f

W

LC

X

X X

C

OR

ACIIF

OR

MES

AL

CED

INID

AE

Hal

cyon

alb

iven

tris

(Sco

poli

1786

) f

W

LC

X X

X X

X X

X X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Hal

cyon

che

licut

i (St

anle

y 18

14)

O

W

LC

X

X X

X

Is

pidi

na p

icta

(Bod

daer

t 178

3)

f W

N

L X

X

X

X

Meg

acer

yle

max

ima

(Pal

las

1769

) O

W

LC

X

ME

RO

PID

AE

Mer

ops

boeh

mi R

eich

enow

188

2 f

W

LC

X

X X

M

erop

s pu

sillu

s M

ulle

r 177

6 O

W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X

CO

RA

CIID

AE

Cor

acia

s ca

udat

a Li

nnae

us 1

766

O

W

LC

X

C

orac

ias

spat

ulat

a Tr

imen

188

0 O

W

LC

X

PHO

EN

ICU

LID

AE

Pho

enic

ulus

pur

pure

us (M

iller

178

4)

f W

LC

X

X X

X

Rhi

nopo

mas

tus

cyan

omel

as (V

ieill

ot 1

819)

O

W

LC

X

X

X

BUC

ER

OTI

DAE

B

ucor

vus

lead

beat

eri (

Vig

ors

1825

) O

W

N

L X

X

X

X

Byc

anis

tes

buci

nato

r (Te

mm

inck

182

4)

f W

LC

X

Tock

us a

lbot

erm

inat

us (B

uttik

ofer

188

9)

f W

LC

X

X X

X

X

Tock

us n

asut

us (L

inna

eus

1766

) O

W

LC

X

PIC

IFO

RM

ES

C

API

TON

IDA

E

Lybi

us m

elan

opte

rus

(Pet

ers

1854

) f

E A

frica

LC

X

X

Pog

oniu

lus

bilin

eatu

s (S

unde

vall

1850

) f

W

LC

X X

X X

X X

X X

IN

DIC

ATO

RID

AE

In

dica

tor i

ndic

ator

(Spa

rrman

177

7)

O

W

LC

X

X

X

PI

CID

AE

Cam

peth

era

abin

goni

(Sm

ith 1

836)

f

W

LC

X X

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Den

drop

icos

fusc

esce

ns (V

ieillo

t 181

8)

f W

LC

X

X

X

Den

drop

icos

nam

aquu

s (L

icht

enst

ein

1793

) f

W

NL

X

X

P

ASS

ERIF

OR

ME

S

EUR

YLAI

MID

AE

Sm

ithor

nis

cape

nsis

(Sm

ith, 1

839)

F

W

LC

X

X

X X

X

M

OTA

CIL

LID

AE

A

nthu

s ci

nnam

omeu

s R

uppe

ll 18

40

O

W

NL

X

M

otac

illa

agui

mp

Dum

ont 1

821

O

W

LC

X

H

IRU

ND

INID

AE

Hiru

ndo

abys

sini

ca G

uerin

-Men

evill

e 18

43

O

W

LC

X

X

X

H

irund

o sm

ithii

Leac

h 18

18

O

W

LC

X

X X

X

P

salid

opro

cne

holo

mel

as (S

unde

vall

1850

) f

W -

first

re

cord

for

Mtw

ara

R.

NL

X X

X X

X

Psa

lidop

rocn

e or

ient

alis

Rei

chen

ow 1

889

O

W

NL

X

PY

CN

ON

OTI

DA

E

An

drop

adus

impo

rtune

s (V

ieillo

t 181

8)

f W

LC

X

X X

X X

X

Chl

oroc

ichl

a fla

vive

ntris

(Sm

ith 1

834)

f

W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

N

icat

or g

ular

is H

artla

ub &

Fin

sch

1870

f

SE A

frica

LC

X

X

X X

X X

X

Phy

llast

reph

us fl

avos

triat

us (S

harp

e 18

76)

F SE

Afri

ca

LC

X

P

hylla

stre

phus

fisc

heri

(Rei

chen

ow 1

879)

F

W

LC

X

P

ycno

notu

s ba

rbat

us (D

esfo

ntai

nes

1789

) O

W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X

TIM

ALI

IDA

E

Tu

rdoi

des

jard

inei

i (Sm

ith 1

836)

O

W

LC

X

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

TUR

DID

AE

Cer

com

ela

fam

iliaris

(Ste

phen

s 18

26)

O

W

LC

X

C

erco

trich

as q

uadr

ivirg

ata

(Rei

chen

ow 1

879)

f

W

NL

X X

X X

X X

X X

C

ossy

pha

heug

lini H

artla

ub 1

866

O

W

LC

X

X X

X

Th

amno

laea

cin

nam

omei

vent

ris L

afre

snay

e 18

36

O

W

NL

X

X

She

ppar

dia

gunn

ingi

Haa

gner

190

9 F

CF

and

a fe

w o

ther

si

tes

NT

X

Turd

us li

bony

anus

(Sm

ith 1

836)

O

W

LC

X

X

MU

SC

ICAP

IDAE

B

ias

mus

icus

(Vie

illot

181

8)

f W

LC

X

Ery

thro

cerc

us li

ving

ston

ei G

ray

1870

f

SE A

frica

LC

X X

X X

X X

X

Mus

cica

pa c

aeru

lesc

ens

(Har

tlaub

186

5)

f W

LC

X

X X

X

X

Mus

cica

pa s

triat

a (P

alla

s 17

64)

O

W

LC

X

Te

rpsi

phon

e vi

ridis

(Mul

ler 1

776)

f

W

LC

X X

X X

X X

X X

Tr

ocho

cerc

us c

yano

mel

as (V

ieillo

t 181

8)

F W

LC

X

X X

X X

SYLV

IIDAE

A

palis

flav

ida

(Stri

ckla

nd 1

852)

f

W

LC

X

X X

X X

C

amar

opte

ra b

rach

yura

n (V

ieillo

t 182

0)

f W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X

Cis

ticol

a er

ythr

ops

(Har

tlaub

185

7)

O

W

LC

X

X

H

elio

lais

ery

thro

pter

a (J

ardi

ne 1

849)

O

W

LC

X

Prin

ia s

ubfla

va (J

. F. G

mel

in 1

789)

O

W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X

Syl

viet

ta w

hytii

(She

lley

1894

) f

W -

first

re

cord

for

Mtw

ara

R.

LC

X X

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

ZOST

ER

OPI

DA

E

Zost

erop

s se

nega

lens

is B

onap

arte

185

0 f

W

LC

X

X

PL

ATY

STE

IRID

AE

Bat

is re

iche

now

i Gro

te 1

911

F C

F N

L

X

Bat

is s

oror

Rei

chen

ow 1

903

f SE

Afri

ca

LC

X X

X X

X X

P

laty

stei

ra p

elta

ta S

unde

vall

1850

f

W

LC

X X

X X

X X

X X

PR

ION

OPI

DA

E

P

riono

ps re

tzii

Wah

lber

g 18

56

f W

LC

X

X

X

X

X

MA

LAC

ON

OTI

DAE

D

ryos

copu

s cu

bla

(Sha

w 1

809)

f

W

LC

X X

X X

X X

X X

La

niar

ius

aeth

iopi

cus

(J. F

. Gm

elin

178

8)

f W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X

Mal

acon

otus

bla

ncho

ti St

ephe

ns 1

826

f W

LC

X

X

Mal

acon

otus

qua

dric

olor

(Cas

sin

1852

) f

W

NL

X

X

X

M

alac

onot

us s

ulfu

reop

ectu

s (L

esso

n 18

30)

f W

LC

X X

X

X X

Tcha

gra

aust

ralis

(Sm

ith 1

836)

f

W

LC

X X

X X

X X

X X

Tc

hagr

a se

nega

la (L

inna

eus

1766

) O

W

LC

X

X

X

X

CA

MP

EPH

AGID

AE

Cam

peph

aga

flava

Vie

illot 1

817

f W

LC

X

X

X

X

X

Cor

acin

a pe

ctor

alis

(Jar

dine

& S

elby

182

8)

O

W

LC

X

X

X

D

ICR

UR

IDAE

D

icru

rus

adsi

mili

s (B

echs

tein

179

4)

O

W

LC

X X

X X

X X

X X

D

icru

rus

ludw

igii

(Sm

ith 1

834)

f

W

LC

X

X

X

X

O

RIO

LID

AE

Orio

lus

aura

tus

Vie

illot

181

7 f

W

LC

X X

X X

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Orio

lus

larv

atus

Lic

hten

stei

n 18

23

f W

LC

X

X

X

X X

CO

RV

IDAE

C

orvu

s al

bico

llis

Lath

am 1

790

O

W -

first

re

cord

for

Mtw

ara

R.

LC

X

X

Cor

vus

albu

s M

ulle

r 177

6 O

W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X

STU

RN

IDAE

C

inny

ricin

clus

leuc

ogas

ter (

Bodd

aert

1783

) O

W

LC

X

Lam

prot

orni

s el

isab

eth

(Stre

sem

ann

1924

) f

W

LC

X

X

O

nych

ogna

thus

mor

io (L

inna

eus

1766

) O

W

LC

X

X

NE

CTA

RIN

IIDAE

C

halc

omitr

a am

ethy

stin

e (S

haw

181

2)

f W

N

L X

X

X

Cha

lcom

itra

sene

gale

nsis

(Lin

neau

s 17

66)

O

W

NL

X

C

inny

ris ta

lata

la (S

mith

183

6)

f W

N

L

X

X

Cya

nom

itra

oliv

acea

(Sm

ith 1

840)

f

W

NL

X X

X X

X X

X X

H

edyd

ipna

col

laris

(Vie

illot 1

819)

f

W

NL

X X

X X

X X

X X

PA

SSE

RID

AE

P

etro

nia

supe

rcili

aris

(Bly

th 1

845)

O

W

LC

X

X

X

Plo

cepa

sser

mah

ali S

mith

183

6 O

W

- fir

st

reco

rd fo

r M

twar

a R

.

LC

X

PLO

CE

IDAE

A

mbl

yosp

iza

albi

frons

(Vig

ors

1831

) f

W

LC

X

A

napl

ecte

s ru

bric

eps

(Sun

deva

ll 18

50)

O

W

LC

X

X

E

uple

ctes

afe

r (J.

F. G

mel

in 1

789)

O

W

LC

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Eup

lect

es h

orde

aceu

s (L

inna

eus

1758

) O

W

LC

X

X

Eup

lect

es o

rix (L

inna

eus

1758

) O

W

LC

X

Plo

ceus

bic

olou

r Vie

illot

181

9 f

W

LC

X

X X

X X

P

loce

us c

ucul

latu

s (M

ulle

r 177

6)

O

W

LC

X

P

loce

us in

term

ediu

s R

uppe

ll 18

45

O

W

LC

X

X

P

loce

us o

cula

ris S

mith

183

9 f

W

LC

X

X

P

loce

us s

ubau

reus

Sm

ith 1

839

O

SE A

frica

LC

X

Que

lea

eryt

hrop

s (H

artla

ub 1

848)

O

W

LC

X H

ES

TRIL

DID

AE

Est

rilda

ast

rild

(Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

O

W

LC

X X

H

ypar

gos

nive

ogut

tatu

s (P

eter

s 18

68)

f W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X

Lago

nost

icta

rubr

icat

a (L

icht

enst

ein

1823

) O

W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X

Man

ding

oa n

itidu

la (H

artla

ub 1

865)

f

W

LC

X

X

X X

Py

rene

stes

min

or S

helle

y 18

94

f W

- fir

st

reco

rd fo

r M

twar

a R

.

LC

X

Pyt

ilia

afra

(J. F

. Gm

elin

178

9)

O

W

LC

X X

X

P

ytili

a m

elba

(Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

O

W

LC

X X

X X

X X

X X

S

perm

este

s bi

colo

ur (F

rase

r 184

3)

O

W

NL

X

X

X X

S

perm

este

s cu

culla

ta

O

W

NL

X X

X X

U

raeg

inth

us a

ngol

ensi

s (L

inna

eus

1758

) O

W

LC

X X

X

X

Vid

ua c

haly

beat

e (M

ulle

r 177

6)

O

W

LC

X

V

idua

obt

use

(Cha

pin

1922

) O

W

LC

X

X

X

FRIN

GIL

LID

AE

Se

rinus

moz

ambi

cus

(Mul

ler 1

776)

O

W

LC

X

X X

X X

X X

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Kambonaa

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Ser

inus

reic

hard

i (R

eich

enow

188

2)

f W

LC

X

X

EM

BER

IZID

AE

E

mbe

riza

caba

nisi

(Rei

chen

ow 1

875)

O

W

LC

X

X

Em

beriz

a ta

hapi

si S

mith

183

6 O

W

LC

X X

X

X

Cat

egor

y: F

= fo

rest

dep

ende

nt o

r spe

cial

ist;

f = fo

rest

dw

ellin

g or

gen

eral

ist;

O =

non

-fore

st o

r for

est v

isito

r (Zi

mm

erm

an e

t al.,

199

6; M

lingw

a et

al.,

20

00; S

teve

nson

& F

ansh

awe,

200

2; S

incl

air &

Rya

n, 2

003)

D

istri

butio

n: W

= w

ides

prea

d; C

F =

spec

ies

with

lim

ited

rang

es in

the

Coa

stal

For

ests

alo

ne;

EA

CF

= sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in t

he C

oast

al

Fore

sts

and

Eas

tern

Arc

Mou

ntai

ns (b

ased

on

Burg

ess

& C

lark

e, 2

000)

; S

E Ta

nzan

ia =

spe

cies

with

lim

ited

rang

es in

SE

Tanz

ania

; SE

Afri

ca =

spe

cies

with

lim

ited

rang

es in

SE

Afri

ca;

E A

frica

= s

peci

es w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in E

(Zim

mer

man

et a

l., 1

996;

Ste

vens

on &

Fan

shaw

e, 2

002;

Sin

clai

r & R

yan,

200

3)

Con

serv

atio

n st

atus

: NL

= N

ot li

sted

; CR

= c

ritic

ally

end

ange

red;

EN

= e

ndan

gere

d; V

U =

vul

nera

ble;

NT

= lo

wer

ris

k, n

ear t

hrea

tene

d; C

D =

low

er

risk,

con

serv

atio

n de

pend

ent;

LC =

low

er r

isk,

lea

st c

once

rned

; D

D =

dat

a de

ficie

nt (

IUC

N,

2009

); C

ITES

I =

thr

eate

ned

with

ext

inct

ion

and

excl

uded

fro

m in

tern

atio

nal t

rade

; C

ITE

S II

= n

ot y

et th

reat

ened

with

ext

inct

ion,

but

may

be

so if

trad

e is

not

reg

ulat

ed,

thus

exp

ort p

erm

its a

re

requ

ired

(CIT

ES, 2

009)

C

olle

cted

/iden

tifie

d by

: Sp

ecim

ens

colle

cted

and

iden

tifie

d by

Jac

ob K

iure

exc

ept

for

Pyr

enes

tes

Min

or (

KM

H 2

6586

) w

hich

was

iden

tifie

d by

Kim

H

owel

l. S

ite d

ata:

X =

cap

ture

reco

rd; X

= c

onfir

med

by

spec

imen

; H =

hun

ted


App

endi

x 3.

Lis

t of r

eptil

e sp

ecie

s fo

r all

Fore

st R

eser

ves

(taxo

nom

y ba

sed

on S

paw

ls e

t al.,

200

2; s

peci

es id

entif

icat

ion

by F

ront

ier-

Tanz

ania

fiel

d te

am, K

im M

. How

ell,

Mic

hele

Men

egon

& D

on G

. Bro

adle

y).

Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Collection no. (KMH)

Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

TES

TUD

INES

TE

STU

DIN

IDA

E

Geo

chel

one

pard

alis

(B

ell 1

828)

O

W

C

ITE

S II

FT

FT

0

0 H

PEL

OM

ED

US

IDAE

Pel

omed

usa

subr

ufa

(Bon

nate

rre

1789

) O

W

N

L

FT

FT

X

SAU

RIA

G

EKK

ON

IDA

E

Hem

idac

tylu

s m

abou

ia

(Mor

eau

de J

onne

s 18

18)

O

W

NL

2673

1 FT

D

GB

X

AG

AM

IDA

E

Aga

ma

agam

a (L

inna

eus

1758

) O

W

N

L

FT

FT

X

Aga

ma

mos

sam

bica

Pet

ers

1854

O

W

N

L 26

739;

267

43?;

26

751

FT

DG

B,

KM

H

X X

X

X X

VAR

ANID

AE

V

aran

us a

lbig

ular

is D

audi

n 18

02

O

W

CIT

ES

II

FT

FT

0

*

H

Var

anus

nilo

ticus

Lin

naeu

s 17

58

O

W

CIT

ES

II

FT

FT

s

s

S

CIN

CID

AE

P

anas

pis

sp.

- -

- 26

736

FT

DG

B

X

Tr

achy

lepi

s m

acul

ilabr

is

Gra

y 18

45

O

W

NL

2674

5?

FT

KM

H

X

Trac

hyle

pis

meg

alur

a P

eter

s 18

78

O

W

NL

FT

FT

X

X

Trac

hyle

pis

sp.

- -

-

FT

FT

s s

s s


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution



Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Trac

hyle

pis

stria

ta P

eter

s 18

44

O

W

NL

FT

FT

X

Trac

hyle

pis

varia

Pet

ers

1867

O

W

N

L

FT

FT

X

LA

CER

TID

AE

Ic

hnot

ropi

s sq

uam

ulos

a P

eter

s 18

54

O

W

NL

FT

FT

X

Lata

stia

sp.

-

- -

2673

7?

FT

KM

H

X

H

GE

RR

HO

SAU

RID

AE

G

errh

osau

rus

nigr

olin

eatu

s H

allo

wel

l 185

7 O

W

N

L 26

738

FT

DG

B

X

X

Pla

tysa

urus

mac

ulat

es

Bro

adle

y 19

65

O

N M

ozam

biqu

e an

d M

asas

i di

stric

t in

SE

Tanz

ania

NL

2674

9?

FT

KM

H

X

CO

RD

YLID

AE

C

ordy

lus

tropi

dost

ernu

m

Cop

e 18

69

f W

C

ITE

S II

2673

0?

FT

KM

H

X

SER

PEN

TES

BO

IDAE

Pyt

hon

nata

lens

is S

mith

184

0 O

W

C

ITE

S II

FT

FT

0

*

H

C

OLU

BR

IDA

E

Cro

taph

opel

tis h

otam

boei

a (L

aure

nti 1

768)

O

W

N

L 26

740

FT

DG

B

X

Das

ypel

tis m

edic

i Bia

ncon

i 185

9 f

W

NL

2673

2 FT

D

GB

X

Lam

prop

his

cape

nsis

D

umer

il &

Bib

ron

1854

O

W

N

L 26

735

FT

DG

B

X

X

Lyco

phid

ion

cape

nse

subs

p.

cape

nse

Smith

183

1 O

W

N

L 26

733

FT

DG

B

X

Meh

elya

nya

ssae

(juv

.) G

ünth

er 1

888

O

W

NL

2674

1 FT

D

GB

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution



Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Hunted

Phi

loth

amnu

s se

miv

arie

gatu

s S

mith

184

7 O

W

N

L 26

744

FT

DG

B

X

Psa

mm

ophi

s m

ossa

mbi

cus

Bro

adle

y 20

02

O

W

NL

FT

FT

s

Psa

mm

ophi

s or

ient

alis

B

road

ley

1977

O

W

N

L 26

746

FT

DG

B

X

X s

Thel

otor

nis

cape

nsis

Sm

ith 1

849

O

W (f

irst r

ecor

d fo

r Tan

zani

a;

awai

ting

ID

conf

irmat

ion)

NL

2674

8?

FT

MM

X

Thel

otor

nis

mos

sam

bica

nus

Bro

adle

y 20

01

O

W

NL

2673

4; 2

6747

FT

D

GB

X

X

s

VIPE

RID

AE

Biti

s ar

ieta

ns M

erre

m 1

820

O

W

NL

2678

6?

FT

KM

H

X

C

ausu

s de

filip

pii J

an 1

862

O

W

NL

2674

2; 2

6750

? FT

D

GB

, K

MH

X

X

Cat

egor

y: F

= fo

rest

dep

ende

nt o

r spe

cial

ist;

f = fo

rest

dw

ellin

g or

gen

eral

ist;

O =

non

-fore

st o

r for

est v

isito

r (H

owel

l, 19

93; B

road

ley

& H

owel

l, 20

00;

Spaw

ls e

t al.,

200

2)

Dis

tribu

tion:

W =

wid

espr

ead;

CF

= sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in t

he C

oast

al F

ores

ts a

lone

; E

ACF

= sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in t

he C

oast

al

Fore

sts

and

East

ern

Arc

Mou

ntai

ns (

base

d on

Bur

gess

& C

lark

e, 2

000)

; SE

Tanz

ania

= s

peci

es w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in S

E T

anza

nia;

SE

Afri

ca =

sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in S

E A

frica

; E A

frica

= s

peci

es w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in E

Afri

ca (H

owel

l, 19

93; S

paw

ls e

t al.,

200

2)

Con

serv

atio

n st

atus

: NL

= no

t lis

ted;

CR

= c

ritic

ally

end

ange

red;

EN

= e

ndan

gere

d; V

U =

vul

nera

ble;

NT

= lo

wer

ris

k, n

ear

thre

aten

ed; C

D =

low

er

risk,

con

serv

atio

n de

pend

ent;

LC =

low

er r

isk,

lea

st c

once

rned

; D

D =

dat

a de

ficie

nt (

IUC

N,

2009

); C

ITES

I =

thr

eate

ned

with

ext

inct

ion

and

excl

uded

fro

m in

tern

atio

nal t

rade

; C

ITE

S II

= n

ot y

et th

reat

ened

with

ext

inct

ion,

but

may

be

so if

trad

e is

not

reg

ulat

ed,

thus

exp

ort p

erm

its a

re

requ

ired

(CIT

ES, 2

009)

C

olle

cted

/iden

tifie

d by

: FT

= F

ront

ier-

Tanz

ania

fiel

d te

am: M

s. R

osal

ind

Salte

r, M

r. O

isin

Sw

eene

y, M

r. M

icha

el C

utts

, Mr.

Has

sani

Abe

di a

nd M

r. M

oham

med

Ali;

DG

B =

Dr.

Don

G. B

road

ley;

KM

H =

Pro

f. Ki

m H

. How

ell;

MM

= M

iche

le M

eneg

on; ?

= a

wai

ting

ID c

onfir

mat

ion

Site

dat

a: X

= c

aptu

re re

cord

; X =

con

firm

ed b

y sp

ecim

en; s

= s

ight

reco

rd; 0

= c

alls

or s

igns

; * =

repo

rts o

f loc

al p

eopl

e; H

= h

unte

d


App

endi

x 4.

Lis

t of A

mph

ibia

n sp

ecie

s fo

r all

Fore

st R

eser

ves

(taxo

nom

y ba

sed

on P

assm

ore

& C

arru

ther

s, 1

995

and

Cha

nnin

g, 2

001;

spe

cies

id

entif

icat

ion

by K

im M

. How

ell)

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Category

Distribution



Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

ANU

RA

ARTH

RO

LEPT

IDAE

Arth

role

ptis

ste

noda

ctyl

us P

feffe

r 189

3 f

W

LC

2686

0-1;

268

64-5

; 26

869-

70; 2

6872

; 26

875;

268

79;

2689

3

FT

KM

H

X X

X X

X X

Arth

role

ptis

xen

odac

tylo

ides

Hew

itt 1

933

f W

LC

26

859;

268

66;

2686

8; 2

6880

FT

K

MH

X

X

X

X

Arth

role

ptis

sp.

-

- -

2685

5-6

FT

KM

H

X

BUFO

NID

AE

Buf

o m

acul

atus

Hal

low

ell 1

854

O

W

NL

2689

2 FT

K

MH

X

B

ufo

sp.

- -

- 26

858

FT

KM

H

X

Mer

tens

ophr

yne

mic

rano

tis (L

over

idge

192

5)

f EA

CF

low

land

LC

26

871

FT

KM

H

X

HE

MIS

OTI

DAE

H

emis

us m

arm

orat

us

O

W

LC

2687

3 FT

K

MH

X

H

YPER

OLI

IDA

E

A

frixa

lus

forn

asin

i (Bi

anco

ni 1

849)

O

W

LC

26

881-

2 FT

K

MH

X

X

X

A

frixa

lus

sp.

- -

- 26

885

FT

KM

H

X

Hyp

erol

ius

punt

icul

atus

Pfe

ffer 1

893

f EA

N

L 26

862-

3; 2

6889

, 91

FT

KM

H

X

X

Hyp

erol

ius

sp.

- -

- 26

890

FT

KM

H

X

Kas

sina

sp.

-

- -

2690

1 FT

K

MH

X Le

ptop

elis

flav

omac

ulat

us (j

uv) (

Gün

ther

186

4)

f W

LC

26

883-

4 FT

K

MH

X

X

M

ICR

OH

YLID

AE

Bre

vice

ps m

ossa

mbi

cus

Pete

rs 1

854

O

W

LC

2686

7 FT

K

MH

X


Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Category

Distribution



Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

PIPI

DAE

X

enop

us m

uelle

ri(Pe

ters

184

4)

O

W

LC

2685

7; 2

6888

FT

K

MH

X

X

X

R

HA

CO

PH

OR

IDAE

C

hiro

man

tis x

eram

pelin

a Pe

ters

185

4 O

W

LC

26

886;

269

00

FT

KM

H

X

X

RA

NID

AE

Pty

chad

ena

anch

ieta

e(Bo

cage

186

8)

O

W

LC

2687

4 FT

K

MH

X

P

tych

aden

a m

ossa

mbi

ca (P

eter

s 18

54)

O

W

LC

2688

7; 2

6899

FT

K

MH

X

X P

tych

aden

a ox

yrhy

nchu

s(Sm

ith 1

849)

O

W

LC

26

895;

269

05

FT

KM

H

X

Pty

chad

ena

sp.

- -

- 26

896

FT

KM

H

X

Phr

ynob

atra

chus

mab

abie

nsis

Fitz

Sim

ons

1932

O

W

LC

26

894;

268

98

2690

2 FT

K

MH

X

Phr

ynob

atra

chus

nat

alen

sis

(Sm

ith 1

849)

O

W

LC

26

897;

269

03-4

FT

K

MH

X

X P

hryn

obat

rach

us s

p.1

- -

- 26

876-

7 FT

K

MH

X

P

hryn

obat

rach

us s

p.2

- -

- 26

878

FT

KM

H

X

Cat

egor

y: F

= fo

rest

dep

ende

nt o

r spe

cial

ist;

f = fo

rest

dw

ellin

g or

gen

eral

ist;

O =

non

-fore

st o

r for

est v

isito

r (P

assm

ore

& C

arru

ther

s, 1

995;

Sch

iøtz

, 19

99; P

oynt

on, 2

000;

Cha

nnin

g, 2

001)

; ? =

aw

aitin

g ID

con

firm

atio

n D

istri

butio

n: W

= w

ides

prea

d; C

F =

spec

ies

with

lim

ited

rang

es in

the

Coa

stal

For

ests

alo

ne; E

ACF

= sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in th

e C

oast

al F

ores

ts a

nd

East

ern

Arc

Mou

ntai

ns (b

ased

on

Burg

ess

& C

lark

e, 2

000)

; SE

Tanz

ania

= s

peci

es w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in S

E Ta

nzan

ia; S

E Af

rica

= sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in S

E Af

rica;

E A

frica

= sp

ecie

s w

ith lim

ited

rang

es in

E A

frica

(Pas

smor

e &

Car

ruth

ers,

199

5; S

chiø

tz, 1

999;

Cha

nnin

g, 2

001)

C

onse

rvat

ion

stat

us: N

L =

not l

iste

d; C

R =

crit

ical

ly e

ndan

gere

d; E

N =

end

ange

red;

VU

= v

ulne

rabl

e; N

T =

low

er ri

sk, n

ear

thre

aten

ed; C

D =

low

er

risk,

con

serv

atio

n de

pend

ent;

LC =

low

er r

isk,

lea

st c

once

rned

; D

D =

dat

a de

ficie

nt (

IUC

N,

2009

); C

ITES

I =

thr

eate

ned

with

ext

inct

ion

and

excl

uded

from

inte

rnat

iona

l tra

de; C

ITES

II =

not

yet

thre

aten

ed w

ith e

xtin

ctio

n, b

ut m

ay b

e so

if t

rade

is n

ot r

egul

ated

, th

us e

xpor

t pe

rmits

are

re

quire

d (C

ITE

S, 2

009)

C

olle

cted

/iden

tifie

d by

: FT

= Fr

ontie

r-Tan

zani

a fie

ld te

am: M

s. R

osal

ind

Salte

r, M

r. O

isin

Sw

eene

y, M

r. M

icha

el C

utts

, Mr.

Has

sani

Abe

di a

nd M

r. M

oham

med

Ali;

KM

H =

Pro

f. Ki

m H

. How

ell;

? =

awai

ting

ID c

onfir

mat

ion

Site

reco

rds:

X =

cap

ture

reco

rd; X

= c

onfir

med

by

spec

imen

.


Appe

ndix

5.

List

of

butte

rfly

spec

ies

for

all

Fore

st R

eser

ves

(taxo

nom

y ba

sed

on K

iella

nd,

1990

; La

rsen

, 19

96;

and

Dav

enpo

rt, 2

001;

spe

cies

id

entif

icat

ion

by F

ront

ier-

Tanz

ania

fiel

d te

am &

Tim

Dav

enpo

rt).

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Category

Distribution

Consservation Status (IUCN)

Collection no

Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

PAP

ILIO

NO

IDE

A

PA

PIL

ION

IDA

E

Pap

ilio

cons

tant

inus

con

stan

tinus

War

d 18

71

f W

<19

00m

N

L s_

mt7

3 FT

TD

X

P

apili

o de

mod

ocus

dem

odoc

us E

sper

179

8 O

W

N

L

FT

FT

s

Pap

ilio

ophi

dice

phal

us o

phid

icep

halu

s O

berth

ür 1

878

O

W <

2000

m

NL

FT

FT

s

s

PIE

RID

AE

B

elen

ois

thys

a th

ysa

Hop

ffer 1

855

f W

N

L

FT

FT

X

X

Cat

opsi

lia fl

orel

la F

abric

ius

1775

O

W

; mig

rato

ry

NL

FT

FT

X C

olot

is a

mat

a C

alai

s Fa

bric

ius

1775

O

W

; mig

rato

ry

NL

FT

FT

X

C

olot

is e

uipp

e om

phal

e Li

nnae

us 1

758

O

W <

2000

m

NL

s_m

t3; s

_mt2

7 FT

TD

X

X

X

X

X C

olot

is Io

ne G

odar

t 181

9 O

W

<17

00m

N

L

FT

FT

X

Col

otis

sp.

-

- -

s_m

t59

FT

TD

X

Eur

ema

desj

ardi

nsi m

arsh

alli

Boi

sduv

al 1

833

O

W

NL

FT

TD

X

X

E

urem

a ha

pale

(Mab

ille

1882

) O

W

N

L s_

mt1

3 FT

TD

X

E

urem

a he

cabe

sol

ifera

Lin

naeu

s 17

58

O

W; m

igra

tory

N

L s_

mt1

FT

TD

X

X

X

E

urem

a re

gula

ris B

utle

r 187

6 O

W

N

L s_

mt2

FT

TD

X

X E

urem

a up

emba

na B

erge

r 198

1 f

Tanz

ania

D

R C

ongo

N

L s_

mt9

6 FT

TD

X

Lept

osia

alc

esta

inal

cest

a S

toll

1784

f

W <

2000

m

NL

s_m

t94;

s_m

t33

FT

TD

X

X

X

X

Lept

osia

sp.

-

- -

s_m

t26

FT

TD

X

Nep

hero

nia

thal

assi

na B

oisd

uval

183

6 f

W <

1800

m

NL

s_m

t93

FT

TD

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Collection no

Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

LYC

AE

NID

AE

A

laen

a am

azou

la n

yasa

na B

oisd

uval

184

7 O

W

90

0-15

00m

N

L s_

mt5

6 FT

TD

X

Ant

hene

lunu

lata

Trim

en 1

894

O

W

NL

FT

FT

X

X

B

alio

chila

lipa

ra S

tem

pffe

r & B

enne

tt 19

53

f W

50

0-10

00m

N

L

FT

FT

X

Bal

ioch

ila s

p.

- -

- s_

mt5

0 FT

TD

X

C

hlor

osel

as s

p.

O

- -

s_m

t82;

s_m

t90

FT

TD

X

Euc

hrys

ops

mal

atha

na B

oisd

uval

183

3 O

W

N

L s_

mt5

5 FT

TD

X

H

ypol

ycae

na p

acha

lica

But

ler 1

888

O

W <

2000

m

NL

FT

TD

X

X

P

entil

a pa

uli n

yass

ana

Aur

ivilli

us 1

898

f W

<16

00m

N

L

FT

TD

X

X

Pen

tila

sp.

- -

- s_

mt1

4; s

_mt8

9 FT

TD

X

X

Zi

zeer

ia k

nysn

a (T

rimen

186

2)

O

W

NL

s_m

t28;

s_m

t29

s_m

t47;

s_m

t68

s_m

t69;

s_m

t70

s_m

t100

FT

TD

X

X X

X

X

NY

MP

HA

LOID

EA

NY

MP

HA

LID

AE

Am

auris

och

lea

ochl

ea B

oisd

uval

184

7 f

W <

1700

m

NL

s_m

t6

FT

TD

X

Dan

aus

chry

sipp

us c

hrys

ippu

s Li

nnae

us 1

758

O

W

NL

s_m

t15

FT

TD

X

Bic

yclu

s sa

fitza

Hew

itson

185

1 O

W

N

L s_

mt4

; s_m

t91

FT

TD

X X

X

X

X X

Bic

yclu

s sp

. -

- -

s_m

t51;

s_m

t53

FT

TD

X

Bic

yclu

s vu

lgar

is B

utle

r 186

8 O

W

<15

00m

N

L s_

mt2

5 FT

TD

X

C

oeny

rops

is b

era

Hew

itson

187

7 f

W

NL

s_m

t34

FT

TD

X

Gno

phod

es b

etsi

men

a di

vers

a 18

33

F W

<20

00m

N

L s_

mt8

7 FT

TD

X

M

elan

itis

leda

afri

cana

(Dru

ry 1

773)

f

W

NL

FT

FT

X

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Collection no

Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Ypt

him

a as

tero

pe a

ster

ope

(Klu

g, 1

832)

O

W

N

L s_

mt5

4 FT

TD

X

Byb

lia a

nvat

ara

ache

loia

Boi

sduv

al 1

894

O

W; m

igra

tory

N

L s_

mt4

9 FT

TD

X

X

X B

yblia

sp.

1 -

- -

s_m

t63;

s_m

t97

FT

TD

X

X

Cha

raxe

s ac

haem

enes

ach

aem

enes

Fe

lder

186

6 O

W

N

L s_

mt1

02

FT

TD

X

Cha

raxe

s bo

hem

ian

Feld

er &

Fel

der 1

859

f W

<20

00m

N

L s_

mt4

5 FT

TD

X

C

hara

xes

brut

us a

lcyo

ne C

ram

er 1

779

f W

N

L

FT

FT

X

Cha

raxe

s ca

stor

flav

ifasc

iatu

s C

ram

er 1

775

f W

<20

00m

N

L s_

mt3

8 FT

TD

X

C

hara

xes

etha

lion

litto

ralis

Boi

sduv

al 1

847

O

W

NL

s_m

t65;

s_m

t74

s_m

t77;

s_m

t78

FT

TD

X

X

Cha

raxe

s ci

thae

ron

kenn

ethi

Fel

der 1

858

f W

<17

00m

N

L s_

mt1

0; s

_mt3

6 FT

TD

X

X

C

hara

xes

tava

tens

is ta

vate

nsis

R

oths

child

189

4 f

W

NL

FT

FT

X

Cha

raxe

s et

halio

n lit

tora

lis B

oisd

uval

184

7 O

W

<18

00m

N

L

FT

FT

X

Cha

raxe

s gu

deria

na D

ewits

187

9 f

W

NL

s_m

t16;

s_m

t19;

s_

mt3

2; s

_mt3

9;

s_m

t41

FT

TD

X X

X

X

Cha

raxe

s ho

war

thi M

inig

197

6 f

W

NL

s_m

t31;

s_m

t40;

s_

mt1

01

FT

TD

X

X

X

X X

Cha

raxe

s ja

sius

sat

urnu

s Li

nnae

us 1

767

O

W

NL

FT

FT

X C

hara

xesj

ahlu

sa a

rgyn

nide

s Tr

imen

186

2 f

W <

1500

m

NL

s_m

t62

FT

TD

X

Cha

raxe

s m

accl

ouni

i But

ler 1

895

O

W

NL

FT

FT

X

X

X X

X X

C

hara

xes

prot

ocle

a az

ota

Feis

tham

el 1

850

F W

N

L s_

mt9

; s_m

t20;

s_

mt5

2; s

_mt8

6 FT

TD

X

X

X

Cha

raxe

s sp

.1

- -

- s_

mt9

8 FT

TD

X X

X

X C

hara

xes

sp.2

-

- -

s_m

t61

FT

TD

X

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Collection no

Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Cha

raxe

s sp

.3

- -

- s_

mt2

1 FT

TD

X

X

C

hara

xes

sp.4

-

- -

s_m

t18

FT

TD

X

Cha

raxe

s sp

.5

- -

- s_

mt4

8 FT

TD

X

C

hara

xes

vara

nes

volo

gese

s C

ram

er 1

777

O

W

NL

s_m

t22;

s_m

t24

FT

TD

X

X

X X

X

Eup

haed

ra n

eoph

ron

litto

ralis

Hop

ffer 1

855

F W

N

L

FT

FT

s

s

s s

Eur

ytel

a dr

yope

ang

ulat

a C

ram

er 1

775

O

W

NL

s_m

t46

FT

TD

X

X X

Eux

anth

e w

akef

ield

i (W

ard

1873

) F

W <

2000

m

NL

s_m

t23

FT

TD

X

X

Ham

anum

ida

daed

alus

Fab

riciu

s 17

75

O

W

NL

FT

FT

s

s s

s s

s H

arm

a th

eobe

ne b

lass

i Dou

bled

ay 1

848

F W

N

L s_

mt7

5 FT

TD

X

X

Ju

noni

a hi

erta

ceb

rene

Fab

riciu

s 17

98

O

W

NL

s_m

t95

FT

TD

X

Juno

nia

nata

lica

Feld

er 1

860

f W

N

L s_

mt8

FT

TD

X

Ju

noni

a oe

none

oen

one

Linn

aeus

175

8 O

W

N

L s_

mt5

7 FT

TD

X

X

Ju

noni

a or

ithya

mad

agas

carie

nsis

Lin

naeu

s 17

58

O

W

NL

s_m

t103

FT

TD

X Ju

noni

a te

rea

elgi

va D

rury

177

3 f

W

NL

s_m

t7

FT

TD

X

X

Nep

tidop

sis

fulg

urat

a pl

atyp

tera

Boi

sduv

al 1

833

f Ta

nzan

ia,

Ken

ya

<700

m

NL

s_m

t71

FT

TD

X

Nep

tis a

lta O

verla

et 1

955

F W

<20

00m

N

L

FT

FT

X

X

Nep

tis jo

rdan

i Nea

ve 1

910

O

W 4

00-1

800m

N

L s_

mt7

6 FT

TD

X

X

X N

eptis

sp.

-

- -

s_m

t79;

s_m

t81

FT

TD

X

X

Pre

cis

antil

ope

Feis

tham

el 1

850

O

W

NL

s_m

t99

FT

TD

X

Sal

amis

par

hass

us D

rury

178

2 f

W

NL

FT

FT

s

S

ally

a am

ulia

rosa

Cra

mer

177

7 f

W

NL

s_m

t17;

s_m

t44

FT

TD

X X

X

Acr

aea

anac

reon

bom

ba T

rimen

186

8 f

W

NL

FT

FT

X

A

crae

a ep

aea

epite

llus

Cra

mer

177

9 F

W

NL

s_m

t12

FT

TD

X


Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Category

Distribution


Collection no

Collected by

ID by

Kambona

Makonde I

Makonde II

Mkunya

Mtiniko

Mtuli Hinju

Makonde III

Ndechela

Acr

aea

sp.1

-

- -

s_m

t80

FT

TD

X

Acr

aea

sp.2

-

- -

s_m

t83

FT

TD

X

HE

SP

ER

OID

EA

H

ES

PE

RIID

AE

And

rony

mus

nea

nder

nea

nder

Plö

tz 1

884

f W

; mig

rato

ry

NL

s_m

t35

FT

TD

X

Bor

bo s

p.

- -

- s_

mt3

0 FT

TD

X

C

ateg

ory:

F =

For

est

depe

nden

t or

spe

cial

ist;

f =

Fore

st d

wel

ling

or g

ener

alis

t; O

= N

on-fo

rest

or

fore

st v

isito

r (K

iella

nd,

1990

; La

rsen

, 19

96;

Kie

lland

Cor

deiro

, 200

0; D

aven

port,

200

1)

Dis

tribu

tion:

W =

wid

espr

ead;

CF

= sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in t

he C

oast

al F

ores

ts a

lone

; E

AC

F =

spec

ies

with

lim

ited

rang

es in

the

Coa

stal

Fo

rest

s an

d E

aste

rn A

rc M

ount

ains

(ba

sed

on B

urge

ss &

Cla

rke,

200

0); S

E T

anza

nia

= sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in S

E Ta

nzan

ia; S

E A

frica

= sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in S

E A

frica

; E A

frica

= sp

ecie

s w

ith li

mite

d ra

nges

in E

Afri

ca (K

iella

nd, 1

990;

Lar

sen,

199

6; D

aven

port,

200

1)

Con

serv

atio

n st

atus

: NL

= no

t lis

ted;

CR

= c

ritic

ally

end

ange

red;

EN

= e

ndan

gere

d; V

U =

vul

nera

ble;

NT

= lo

wer

risk

, nea

r thr

eate

ned;

CD

= lo

wer

ris

k, c

onse

rvat

ion

depe

nden

t; LC

= lo

wer

risk

, lea

st c

once

rned

; DD

= d

ata

defic

ient

(IU

CN

, 200

9); C

ITE

S I

= th

reat

ened

with

ext

inct

ion

and

excl

uded

from

inte

rnat

iona

l tra

de; C

ITE

S II

= n

ot y

et th

reat

ened

with

ext

inct

ion,

but

may

be

so if

trad

e is

not

regu

late

d, th

us e

xpor

t per

mits

are

re

quire

d (C

ITE

S, 2

009)

C

olle

cted

/iden

tifie

d by

: FT

= F

ront

ier-

Tanz

ania

fiel

d te

am: M

s. R

osal

ind

Sal

ter,

Mr.

Ois

in S

wee

ney,

Mr.

Mic

hael

Cut

ts, M

r. H

assa

ni A

bedi

and

Mr.

Moh

amm

ed A

li; T

D =

Dr.

Tim

Dav

enpo

rt.

Site

s: X

= c

aptu

re re

cord

; X =

con

firm

ed b

y sp

ecim

en; s

= s

ight

reco

rd.

Documents

THE FORGOTTEN ‘COASTAL FORESTS’ OF MTWARA, TANZANIA: … 2009 Forgotten coastal fo… · THE FORGOTTEN ‘COASTAL FORESTS’ OF MTWARA, TANZANIA: A BIOLOGICALLY IMPOVERISHED AND