THE

FESTAL L E T T E R S

OF

AT HANASIUS,

DISCOVERED

IN AN ANCIENT SYRIAC VERSION,

AND EDITED BY

WILLIAM CURETON, M.A. F.R.S.

CHAPLAIN IN ORDINARY TO THE QUEEN ;

ASSISTANT KEEFEU OF MANUSCRIPTS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY FOR THE PUBLICATION

OF ORIENTAL TEXTS.

SOLD BY

JAMES MADDEN & C. 8, LEADENHALL STREET.

MDCCCXLVIII.

LONDON:

WILLIAM WATTS, CROWN COURT, TEMPLE BAR.

TO HIS GRACE

FRANCIS, DUKE OF BEDFORD, K.G.

My Lobd Duke,

I have not requested permission to dedicate

this volume to your Grace merely for the personal

gratification of enjoying the honour which such per

mission from one of your high character and rank

must confer,—but rather that I may have an oppor

tunity of publicly acknowledging my own obligations,

and of making known to others how far their gratitude

also is due to your Grace's exertions.

Your name stood at the head of the subscription to

promote the first literary mission into Egypt in the

year 1838, and your Grace further encouraged and

supported it by your personal interest and influence.

An interval of nearly ten years had not diminished

your zeal in the same good cause, and your Grace

was again the first, in 1847, to make those efficient

exertions which have been successful in obtaining for

the British nation the last remaining portion of the

ancient library of the Syrian Convent in the valley of

the Natron Lakes.

The acquisition of these inestimable volumes, of

such venerable antiquity, has conferred a literary

honour upon Great Britain, which even persons unac

quainted with their contents can sufficiently estimate

to feel indebted to those who have been chiefly in

strumental in securing for our own country this

unrivalled distinction.

For myself, having examined these volumes, almost

leaf by leaf and page by page, I am so deeply im

pressed with the conviction of their extreme import

ance, not merely for the objects of literature, but fur

ther, for the sacred cause of truth, of their theological

as well as their historical and philological value, that I

cannot adequately express my own gratitude to one, to

whom we are all so much indebted for their acquisition

as we are to your Grace.

May the time be not far distant, when more en

couragement held out to these severe and difficult

studies—which indeed require a fostering hand to

protect them till they ripen to maturity—shall engage

many other labourers in this field of inquiry; and,

consequently, excite in many others the same sense

of obligation to your Grace as I myself entertain.

I have the honour to be,

My Lokd Duke,

Your Grace's most obedient Servant,

WILLIAM CURETON.

British Museum,

March 1, 1848.

TO THE READER.

More than twenty months have passed since I announced

my intention of publishing the Text of a portion of the Syriac

version of the long-lost Festal Letters of St. Athanasius, which

I had discovered ; and of adding, at the same time, an English

translation, and such notes and illustrations as I might deem

requisite. At the time that I made this announcement the

text was already printed, and I only waited for the leisure

necessary to enable me to complete my task.

In the meanwhile, the whole of the impression of the Syriac

version of St. Ignatius having been exhausted, and great de

mand having been made for a new edition, both in England

and on the Continent, I have found it necessary to devote all

the time which I could command to prepare and carry through

the press, not so much a new edition, as an entirely new work

on the subject of the Ignatian Epistles. As this time can at

most amount to no more than a very few hours in each week,

and even these few hours stolen from those which ought

justly to be dedicated to repose and relaxation after the

daily labours of my official duties, I feel that I have some

claim to the indulgence of the learned if I be more tardy in

accomplishing what I have promised than my announcement

may have led them to expect, or my own zeal have antici

TO THE READER.

pated. In the case of these Festal Letters of St. Athanasius

this delay has been attended with advantage, for I am now

able to give to the world, not only a greater number of

these Epistles of the great champion of orthodoxy, but also

to exhibit in a perfect state several which previously were

mutilated and incomplete.

As the text of these letters alone now forms not an in

considerable volume, I have been unwilling to withhold

them from the learned for the long and indefinite period

which, with my present occupation and engagements, must

elapse before I could venture to hope for sufficient lei

sure to complete the translation, and to make the researches

which would be necessary to enable me to add such notes

as I intended to accompany the work. In some other

country, perhaps, where this branch of literature is more

encouraged, and consequently better cultivated and under

stood, some scholar may be found who will be ready to

undertake the task of presenting these Letters to the public in

an European dress, before I can find the leisure requisite to

do so. He will have my full concurrence and my best wishes.

It will be no mean honour for him to be the first, after the

lapse of centuries, to offer to the theologians of Europe the

Letters in which St. Athanasius, through a series of succeed

ing years, exhibited to those under his spiritual superin

tendence a notification of the day on which they were to

celebrate the annual commemoration of the Resurrection of

our Lord. I shall be content to have extracted the ore

from the mine, to be wrought and polished by another.

But that my book may not in the meanwhile be altogether

useless, and without interest to such as have not directed

their attention to the same branches of study as myself, I

have given in my Preface a statement of the exact day, both

TO THE READER.

according to the Roman and Egyptian months, upon which

Easter was celebrated, as indicated by Athanasius, during the

whole period of his patriarchate ; and I have added such

other chronological or historical facts, supplied by these

Epistles, as seemed to me to be most deserving of notice.

With regard to the text, I have endeavoured to exhibit it

in every respect as I found it. Having but one manuscript, I

have felt it to be my duty to alter nothing, but to present

even the obvious errors of the transcriber exactly as they

occur. This is one reason why I more particularly regret

publishing the text without a translation ; and without notes in

which I might have pointed out such mistakes as evidently be

long to the copyist, while I now run the risk of having them

attributed to myself. Even with all the care and pains that

I could bestow, I find that some errors of my own have

been committed ;—Indeed, the state of this copy, which,

among the hundreds of Syriac manuscripts that have passed

through my hands, is certainly the most difficult to read of

any that I ever saw, would render it not unpardonable were

they more numerous ;—but nevertheless, I am unwilling to

have those errors laid to my charge which I certainly have

not committed.

I have elsewhere observed, that nothing can be more irre

gular, in the generality of manuscripts, than the orthography

of Greek words adopted into the Syriac, and of the foreign

names of persons and places exhibited in that language. I

have seen no manuscript which afforded more examples of

this abundant and extreme irregularity than that from which

I have copied these Letters of Athanasius.

If the part of this volume first printed prove to be more

correct than the other, it is due to Dr. Lee, Regius Professor

of Hebrew at the University of Cambridge, and to Professor

TO THE READER.

Tullberg of Upsala*, both of whom kindly read the proof-

sheets as they passed through the Press. To both I beg to

offer my very sincere thanks.

It is also my gratifying duty to express the great obliga

tions I am under to the Committee of the Society for the

Publication of Oriental Texts for defraying the expense of

printing this volume.

* The liberality of the Swedish Government has twice supplied Dr.

Tullberg with the means of visiting this country for the purpose of extending

his researches in Oriental literature. Upon the last occasion he has drawn

largely from our treasures of Syriac lore. His own zeal, animated by national

encouragement, affords us good ground to hope that no long period will inter

vene, before the learned of Europe generally will derive much advantage from

his last visit to England.

PREFACE.

I.

Among numerous other remains of some of the most eminent

writers of the early Christian Church, which, having long

been supposed to have perished, I have discovered still

to exist in the literature of the East, the work which I now

give to the public would merit the full attention of theo

logians, even were it only the celebrity of the author that

gave it a title to demand their consideration. Some interest,

therefore, will naturally be felt, upon its being now brought

to light for the first time after the lapse of centuries, to learn

how and where it was discovered. I will endeavour to

satisfy any curiosity which may arise on this head in a few

words.

When Dr. Tattam, now Archdeacon of Bedford, returned

from Egypt in the year 1842 *, having so successfully accom

plished the object of the mission with which he had been

entrusted by Her Majesty's Government, the inestimable

treasures of Syriac literature which he had been fortunate

enough to obtain were delivered to the Trustees of the

British Museum, and deposited in our National Library.

In the course of official duties, the task of classifying the

volumes, of gathering together, collating, and arranging the

numberless fragments and loose leaves of which this col-

* See, respecting Dr. Tattam's mission into Egypt, and the collection of

Syriac Manuscripts which he obtained from the monastery of St. Mary Deipara,

in the Valley of the Natron Lakes, called also Nitria, Scete, or the Valley of

Vie Ascetics, an Article in the Quarterly Review, No. CLIII. Dec 1845.

0) a

11 PREFACE.

lection consisted, and of drawing up a summary of their

contents, devolved upon me. At the first sight of such an

immense mass of broken, scattered, and confused materials,

the labour appeared to be enormous ; and I almost shrank

from the task as one too great for me to hope to accom

plish within the utmost limit of that portion of my life

which I could wish to pass in this kind of occupation. But a

warm zeal in the cause which I had in hand, strengthened and

encouraged by the satisfaction of having had the expectation!

which I had entertained, even while they were in the desert,

of seeing and handling these precious volumes thus realized,

the delight of becoming acquainted with their contents, and

the hope of obtaining leisure at some subsequent period to

open their stores to others, tended much to lighten the labour,

and enabled me almost to complete the task much sooner

than I could have ventured to anticipate.

Among other works which time and neglect had rendered

t It is due to the memory of the late Duke of Northumberland that I

should take this first opportunity which has occurred to me of stating the

gratitude which all who take an interest in this precious collection of Syriac

MSS., and I in particular, owe to his Grace for the steps which he took

to effect the acquisition of them for the National Library. At the request of

his brother, the present Duke, he attended, in his capacity as Trustee of

the British Museum, although at the time suffering from illness, to bring

before the Board a motion, the result of which was, the application of the

Trustees to the Lords of the Treasury for that grant which enabled them to

send again into Egypt to procure these MSS. I cannot look upon it other

wise than as a favourable omen, with respect to future good likely to result to

the study of this branch of literature, that three Noblemen, holding the highest

rank in the peerage of this country, the two whom I have just mentioned, Par

Nobile Fratrum, and the noble Duke to whom I have been permitted to dedicate

this volume, should have been amongst the most zealous and active in making

exertions to obtain a collection which will afford ample materials for many

labourers in this hitherto little cultivated, but most important field, for many

years to come.

PREFACE iii

imperfect, and left but fragments only of them remaining, I

discovered a portion of the Festal Letters of St. Athanasius.

The volume to which these fragments belonged had origi

nally been composed of a number of quires, each consisting

of five pieces of vellum of folio size, laid one upon the other,

and then folded and sewed together, so as to form ten quarto

leaves, or twenty pages. At the bottom of the first and last

page of every quire was a letter, indicating its numerical

order in the arrangement of the volume. The portions of

the book which I found were, the last leaf of the first quire,

marked the eight middle leaves of another, which I have

since ascertained to be the fourth quire, the first and last

leaves of the fifth, marked CfD, and the whole of the sixth and

seventh quires, with the numeral signatures Q and \ . In

these were comprised a portion of the Introduction, the last

part of the sixth and the first part of the seventh, together

with a part of the tenth and eleventh, the whole of the

twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and

nineteenth Letters, and the first part of the twentieth. The

fifteenth and sixteenth had been already lost before the

Epistles were collected together into one volume.*

Delighted at having recovered so much of a long series of

Official Letters by one of the most celebrated Bishops of

Christian antiquity, whose genius has exercised an influence

upon the Church for fifteen centuries, whose zeal and suf

ferings for the orthodox faith, and the stirring circumstances

of the period at which he lived, must give an interest to

every genuine line that has proceeded from his pen, I resolved

at once to transcribe, translate, and publish the contents of

these fragments, and to add also a few passages from other

See note at the end of the fourteenth, p. .

iv PREFACE.

of his Festal Letters, which, in the course of my reading, I had

observed cited by other authors, whose works were contained

in the collection of Syriac manuscripts then in my hands.

The transcript was made at such intervals of leisure as I

could command ; and the text was committed to type in the

spring of the year 1846.

The part of the present volume printed at that time is com

prised in the pages noted with Syriac numerals. The first

fifty embrace the contents of the fragments of the manuscript

in which the collection of the Festal Letters had been com

prised. The remaining four pages contain extracts from the

twenty-seventh, twenty-ninth, and forty-fourth Epistles, cited

by Severus * in his work against Grammaticus ; and also the

celebrated passage from the thirty-ninth Letter, exhibiting

a list of the Canonical Books of Scripture which has been

preserved in the Greek, as cited by Theodorus Balsamon.f

The Syriac version of this I have copied from an anonymous

Commentary on the Scriptures. J

At the time when this portion of the volume was printed

I did not venture to cherish the hope of ever recovering any

other parts of the manuscript to which the fragments then in

my hands belonged. I believed that the entire Syriac library

of the monks of the Convent of St. Mary Deipara had been

removed ; nor did I suppose that these precious relicks of the

ancient learning of the Oriental Churches, which I was

arranging with affectionate and reverential care in the British

metropolis, had left others of their fellows, not less venerable,

and equally precious, in the same degraded and neglected

* Cod. Add. 12,157, fol.201.

t In his Scholia in Canones Conciliorum Patrumque. See Beveridge's

ZvvoSiicov, sive, Pandeeto Canonum, Vol. ii. p. 42.

} Cod. 12,168.

PREFACE. V

condition as they had occupied for centuries, in a miserable

cell in one of the most lonely deserts of the world. So emi

nently successful had Dr. Tattam's expedition been, that I

could not hope for any more success ; and so abundant were the

treasures with which he returned, that I naturally concluded

the mine to be exhausted. The event has proved this conclu

sion to have been ill founded ; for although Dr.Tattam's agree

ment with the monks embraced the whole of their collection,

they nevertheless concealed and withheld a large portion of

their library. This, however, only kept back for a time the

rest of the manuscripts ; and the delay has redounded both

to the honour of the Trustees of the British Museum, by

giving them an additional opportunity of exerting themselves

for the advantage of the Institution over which they preside,

and likewise to the great credit of the actual Lords of her

Majesty's Treasury, by affording them also an occasion of

shewing their generosity in so good a cause, and of thus

being placed upon an equality with their official predeces

sors, who had liberally furnished the means of acquiring for

the British nation the first importation of this inestimable

collection of ancient manuscripts, which now forms a most

distinguished portion of our National Library, and has

rendered it, in this class of literature, unrivalled in all the

world.

1 avail myself of this as a favourable occasion to record, in

a few words, the manner in which the remaining part of

this library was rescued from the obscurity of a cell in

the monastery of the lonely valley of Nitria, and found a

more suitable habitation in the British Museum.

Early in the year 1845 M. Auguste Pacho, a native of Alexan

dria, and nephew of M. Jean-Raimond Pacho, who has left be

hind him a considerable reputation by the posthumous publi

vi PREFACE.

cation of his travels in Africa*, made a visit to London, in the

hope of obtaining some confidential employment, for which

his intimate knowledge of oriental manners and customs, his

native acquaintance with the Arabic tongue, and with several

European languages, rendered him admirably qualified. He

brought a letter of introduction from M. Reinaud, who at

this moment holds the distinguished position of President de

l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres of the Institute of

France, recommending him to such good offices on my part as

I might have any opportunity of affording him ; and during

his sojourn in London I had the pleasure of meeting him

occasionally. After having remained a few months only in

this country, M. Pacho was recommended by his medical ad

visers to seek some milder climate, as the only means of

restoring his health, which had been much impaired during

his residence in England, and he at once decided to return

to his native country, Egypt.

Upon his communicating to me this decision, I thought

that a favourable opportunity was hereby presented of endea

vouring to obtain additional treasures of literature, which I

doubted not might still be lurking in the Egyptian convents,

and thus not only to rescue them from obscurity, and perhaps

from destruction, but also to add them to the already abundant

stores of the Institution to which I have the honour of being

attached. I accordingly shewed to M. Pacho the acquisitions

which Dr. Tattam had made in Egypt, and entreated him to

neglect no opportunity which his residence in that country,

and his knowledge of the language and customs of the natives,

* Relation d'un voyage dans la Marmarique, la Cyrena'ique, et les Oasis

d'Audjelah et de Maradeh, accompagnee de cartes geographiques et topogra-

phiques, et de planches representant les monuments de ces contrees, par

M. J. R. Pacho. 4 to. Paris, 1827.

PREFACE, vii

might afford, to acquire ancient manuscripts ; by which he

would not only confer an essential benefit upon literature, but

might also, if he were successful, reqder considerable and

material service to himself. With this exhortation, and my

best wishes, I bade him farewell.

Once or twice a letter, relative to this matter, had reached

me in the course of the year 1846. In the spring of 1847

I was delighted to receive intelligence that he had heard

of the existence of a considerable number of Syriac manu

scripts, and that he was resolved to use his utmost exertions to

endeavour to obtain them. In the month ofJuly another letter

brought me the news that he was then in possession of nearly

two hundred volumes, with many fragments and loose leaves,

which he had succeeded in procuring from the very monastery

of St. Mary Deipara, in the Desert of Nitria, from which the

manuscripts that he had seen when in London had been ob

tained ; and that they were in fact the remaining part of the

collection which had been purchased by Dr. Tattam, that had

been concealed and secretly kept back by the Religious

Brethren of the Valley of the Ascetics. His letter also

stated that he intended to start from Alexandria by the

next packet that was to sail for England, and bring the books

which he had been so successful in obtaining directly to

London. This was indeed a gratifying announcement to me ;

and I eagerly waited for the arrival of a collection of manu

scripts, in which I hoped not only to discover additional

treasures, but also to obtain the means of completing several

important works, among those that I had already explored,

which I had found to be defective and imperfect.

Another letter, dated from Malta, following a few weeks

later, gave me some apprehension. I learnt thereby that

M. Pacho, instead of proceeding immediately to England,

viii PREFACE.

had determined upon passing through France, and taking

Paris in his route ; and I was too well acquainted with the

zeal of the learned Orientalists of that metropolis, and of the

keepers of the Royal Library, not to fear that they might

manifest some eagerness to partake in the honour and advan

tage of possessing a share in one of the most remarkable

and important collections of the writings of antiquity which

had ever been transported from the east to the west.

This diversion of M. Pacho's journey certainly cost me

much anxiety : probably it has also cost Her Majesty's

Treasury some additional pounds sterling. Still, however,

the result has proved prosperous to all parties. I have been

rewarded in having my expectations most amply realized ;

the Trustees of the British Museum have received a most

valuable, and, for them, an inestimable accession to the

institution under their direction ; the Lords of Her Majesty's

Treasury have earned a large and lasting mead of praise for

their judicious liberality upon so eminent an occasion ; and

M. Pacho has had the satisfaction of having rendered an

essential service to literature, and a substantial benefit to

himself. The manuscripts became the property of the British

Nation on Saturday, the 11th of November 1847.

I will add a few words here, to explain how they came

into the possession of M. Pacho. After a few months' resi

dence at Cairo, some circumstances transpired, which in

duced him to believe that good faith had not been kept

with Dr. Tattam* by the Rais of the monastery and Mo

hammed, a servant and interpreter, whom, in conjunction

with the Shaikh of the village of Beni Salame, on the border

of the Nile, he had employed to negociate the purchase of

* See Dr. Tattam's letter, relating this transaction, in the Quarterly Re

view, No. CLIII. for Dec. 1S45, p. 59.

PREFACE. ix

the entire library belonging to the monastery ; but that a part

of the volumes had been fraudulently retained, although the

strongest asseverations had been made that the whole had

been delivered up, according to their agreement. With a most

laudable intention, M. Pacho determined to ascertain the truth

of this matter, and to visit in person the habitation of the

ascetics for that purpose. This resolution, being once taken,

was soon put into execution ; and he shortly afterwards found

himself the guest of the monks, shut up in the dismal walls

. of their dreary abode, and subject to all the inconveniences

which their love of filth, or hatred of cleanliness, must neces

sarily impose.

It now became requisite for him to proceed with the greatest

caution, if he wished to ascertain any further tidings respect

ing the manuscripts. These ascetics of the desert had not

dealt uprightly with Dr. Tattam : and they knew that any dis

closure respecting the remainder of their library would at the

same time also make another disclosure, not very creditable

to themselves. Further, their superstitious fears and feelings

had been wrought upon ; for the very day after they had

delivered up the books, and received the payment, they

were deprived of the tenure of a tract of land on the borders

of the Nile, which they held under the Pasha for the mainte

nance of their establishment. This loss they looked upon

as a punishment sent from heaven ; not, indeed, on account

of their having transgressed the heavenly laws in their deal

ings with Dr. Tattam, but on account of their having sold a

part of the library belonging to their monastery ; and they

began to look forward with some degree of apprehension to

the fulfilment of the solemn imprecations denounced by the

various donors of the several volumes upon any who should

dare to alienate them, or remove them from the monastery—

00 t>

X PREFACE.

that their names may be blotted out of the Book of Life, and

their portion and lot be cast with Pontius Pilate and Judas

Iscariot. But these apprehensions shortly after vanished,

when another convenient opportunity of obtaining money

occurred.

For six weeks M. Pacho remained in the company of these

inhabitants of the lonely Valley of the Ascetics ; at the end

of which period he had so far gained their good will, that

they ventured to shew him the remainder of their library,

and even to treat with him for the purchase of it. The

terms of the bargain were soon concluded.

He now ascertained the extent of the fraud practised upon

the former occasion. Dr. Tattam had despatched Mohammed

for the purpose of negociating, through the intervention of the

above-mentioned Shaikh, the purchase of the library from the

monks. He believed that the transaction would be more easily

accomplished by means of these Orientals, than if he were to

appear in the business himself, especially as he must be com

pelled at last to rely upon Mohammed, on account of his being

unable to speak their language, which prevented him from

having any direct communication either with the Shaikh or with

the monks themselves. Undoubtedly this proceeding of Dr.

Tattam's was the best that could have been adopted, if the

honesty of the parties engaged could have been relied upon ;

and, under the circumstances in which he was placed, it was

the only course to which he could in prudence resort. The

bargain was thus concluded for a certain sum to be paid for

the entire collection. Dr. Tattam went himself with the money

to the village of Beni Salame, whither the books were to be

sent, and despatched Mohammed with men and donkeys

to convey them across the desert. When he arrived at the

monastery the brethren felt some reluctance to give up all

PREFACE. xi

their collection : separating therefore, in a hasty and indiscri

minate manner, not merely the volumes, but also quires, and

even leaves, of the same volume, they divided the books into

two heaps, and left it to Mohammed's choice to select which

he pleased. At the same time they stipulated that they should

receive the whole amount that had been agreed upon, and left

it to him to represent to his employer that he had executed

his task in obtaining the entire library.

Dr. Tattam, who had inspected the collection during his

visit to the monastery in his first excursion into Egypt, upon

receiving the portion chosen by Mohammed at once declared

his conviction that it did not comprise all the volumes which

he had seen ; but so strong were the affirmations, both of

Mohammed and the Rais who had accompanied him with

the books from Nitria to Beni Salame, that he was fain to

acquiesce in their assurances. The sum agreed upon for the

whole collection was accordingly paid. This amount Moham

med, the Rais, and the Shaikh, divided into two parts : one

they distributed amongst themselves, for their own private uses,

and the other they sent to the monastery, for the common

purposes of the whole religious community. Much disap

pointment at first was expressed by the Brethren when the

Rais returned with only half the amount that they had

hoped to receive ; but he soon silenced their murmurs by

the justice of the observation which he urged upon them—

that having themselves kept back half of the volumes, it was

unreasonable for them to expect that the purchaser should

remit to them more than half the sum which had been agreed

upon for the whole collection.

Fully acquainted with the character of the parties with

whom he had to deal, M. Pacho proceeded upon his business

with all due caution. He superintended in person the pack

xii PREFACE.

ing of the books within the walls of the monastery ; he

caused every fragment, even the smallest that he could find,

to be carefully collected ; and, further, he offered a price,

varying according to the size, for every quire, leaf, or even

remnant of a leaf, which, having been removed from the

apartment where the rest of the books had been kept, might

be discovered by any of the monks in their own cells, or in any

other part of the building. Having thus secured, as he be

lieved, and as it seems most probable, almost every fragment

that could still remain, he transported his acquisition across

the desert to the Nile, and appointed Cairo as the place

whither the Brethren were to meet him and receive payment

for their books.

Part of the amount agreed upon was paid to them as soon

as they arrived ; but M. Pacho still withheld for a time the

remaining part, till he should receive ample assurance that

the whole of the Syriac manuscripts belonging to their library

had been given up to him according to their agreement, and

that none had been concealed and retained. He justified this

method of proceeding to the monks who waited upon him

for payment by alleging their previous conduct with respect

to Dr. Tattam ; and when at length, after some delay, he

found that no more books were produced, he concluded that

he had indeed obtained the whole of the remaining part

of their library, since the anxiety evinced by the good Bre

thren to obtain the money was ineffectual to discover even any

additional fragments.

Before he ultimately delivered the whole of the amount into

their hands, he required them to sign a document, in which

they affirmed that they had sold to him all their Syriac manu

scripts ; and that if any should be discovered in their monas

tery, or elsewhere in their possession, at any period subse

PREFACE. xiii

quent to the date thereof, they were to become at once the pro

perty of M. Pacho, or of those to whom he should have trans

ferred his right in this matter. Further, to be still more secure,

he required the Superior to publish a sentence of excommu

nication against any one of the Brethren who should have

withholden any part of this Syriac collection, and did not

immediately deliver it over to the person to whom they had

consigned all their interest in these manuscripts. He had

perhaps discovered, during his residence among the monks,

that this latter precaution was not altogether needless. One

of them, who had concealed a part of a book, was terrified

by this denunciation, and forwarded it afterwards to M.

Pacho in time for him to receive it just before he left Egypt.

Before quitting Cairo he received a visit from the above-

mentioned Mohammed, who confessed to him that he had

left behind in the monastery a portion of the library, when he

was in the employment of Dr. Tattam, and stated that he

should be happy to devote his services to endeavour to obtain

for him the remainder of the volumes, if he had any wish to

procure them. M. Pacho gave him the best proof that he

had no need of such services, by taking him into the next

room, and shewing him the books already in his possession.

The manuscripts left the convent on the 31st of July, were

shipped at Alexandria in the Oriental Steam Navigation

Company's vessel " Indus " on the 10th of September, and

ultimately reached London on the 12th of October.

The day after their arrival I went to inspect them. At

the first view I could almost have imagined that the same

portion of the library as had been brought, nearly five years

previously, by Dr. Tattam, was again before me in the same

condition as 1 found it when the books were first taken from

the cases in which they had been packed, as if the volumes

xiv PREFACE.

had been stripped by magic of their Russia, and clad in their

original wooden binding ; and the loose leaves and fragments

which had cost me many a toilsome day to collect and ar

range, had been again torn asunder, and scattered in almost

endless confusion.

I found the collection to consist of a considerable number of

volumes, and a large quantity of disjointed quires and separate

leaves. Among the latter of these I immediately perceived

several additional parts of the book of the Festal Letters of

Athanasius. As it was then uncertain whether this portion of

the library ofthe monks of Nitria would be added to that which

already belonged to the British nation, or would be transferred

to some other country, I requested M. Pacho to allow me to take

a copy of such of these Letters as were found among the manu

scripts in his possession, in order that I might add them to

those which had been already printed, and thus give the whole

of them to the public together. To this request he at once

assented, and permitted me to carry them away with me to

my own house. This was in two ways advantageous to me.

It gave me the means of rendering my work as complete as

all the known materials would admit, without the necessity of

making a journey into another country, should he ultimately

have determined upon removing his collection of manu

scripts from this ; and at any rate, even although the volumes

should be deposited with the rest in the British Museum, it

enabled me to make the transcript at once, and publish my

book, which I otherwise could not have effected for several

months later, till the advance of summer should leave me

some hours of daylight after the period of my official duties,

to make the copy within the precincts of the British Museum.

The parts of the volume which I found among M. Pacho's

manuscripts were, the first quire, except the last leaf, the

PREFACE. XV

whole of the second and third quires marked .3 , the

first and last leaves of the fourth J|> and the six middle leaves

of the fifth quire. In these were contained the Introduction,

the five first Epistles and parts of the sixth, seventh, tenth,

and eleventh, occupying those fifty-six pages of the present

volume which are not numbered with the Syriac numerals.

II.

It would be foreign to the subject which I have before me

to enter at present into any further account respecting the

rest of this collection. I hope to do this upon another occa

sion. But nevertheless I have found amongst them one frag

ment and one volume, each so remarkable, that the interest

attached to them will, I am sure, secure for me the reader's

indulgence, even should it appear somewhat out of place to

mention them here.

Those who have been at the trouble to read an article in

the hundred and fifty-third Number of the Quarterly Review,

headed "British Museum—Manuscripts from the Egyptian Mo

nasteries," will probably remember that the honour of having

been the first of our own countrymen to bring to light any of

the literary treasures of the Syrian convent belongs to the pre

sent Duke of Northumberland, who, in the year 1828, under

took a journey across the Egyptian desert to the lonely

valley of Nitria, for the express purpose of endeavouring to

procure a copy of a Coptic and Arabic Dictionary, which

he had understood was to be found there, in order to assist

Dr. Tattam in his lexicographical labours.

Nor will they have forgotten the interesting account fur

nished by the Hon. Robert Curzon, Jun., of his visit to the

same convent in the year 1837, in which he states his regret

at having been compelled to leave behind him a large im

xvi PREFACE.

perfect quarto volume, which he recognised again a few years

afterwards in my hands in the British Museum. This Manu

script, with forty-eight others, was obtained by Dr. Tattam in

his first excursion into Egypt, and brought to England in

1839. It is already famous among the learned in Europe as

containing a Syriac version of the Theophania of Eusebius,

the original text of which has been lost for ages ; but the

work is now made accessible to all by the labours of Dr.

Samuel Lee, to whom we are indebted for an edition of the

Syriac Text,* and likewise for a learned translation. This

same precious volume contains also the work called the

Recognitions of St. Clement ; the Treatise of Titus, Bishop of

Bostra or Bozra, in Arabia, against the Manicheans ; the Book

of Eusebius upon the Martyrs of Palestine, and his Oration

in praise of the Martyrs. The proximity of the time at which

this manuscript was transcribed to the period when the

two last-mentioned authors lived, within about seventy years

of the date assigned to the death of Eusebius, and about forty

years of that of Titus of Bostra,f must of itself necessarily give

great importance to a transcript of these works, following so

soon upon the time when they were composed. I believe there

is no copy in existence of any other work of such antiquity

which has been transcribed so near to the date of its original

* Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, on the Theophania, or Divine Manifesta

tion of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. A Syriac Version, edited, from a

Manuscript recently discovered, by Samuel Lee, D.D., Regius Professor of

Hebrew in the University of Cambridge ; Canon of Bristol ; &c. 8vo. London.

Printed for the Society for the Publication of Oriental Texts. 1842.

Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, on the Theophania, or Divine Manifestation

of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, translated into English, with Notes,

from an ancient Syriac Version of the Greek original, now lost ; by S. Lee,

D.D., &c. &c. 8vo. Cambridge, at the University Press. 1843.

t According to Jerome, he died in the reign of the Emperor Valens.

Liber de viris illustr. cap. cii. edit. Veronae.

PREFACE. Xvii

composition. Its value is enhanced still more by the fact,

that the work of Titus, of which a considerable portion has

been lost in the original Greek, is found here complete;*

while that on the Martyrs of Palestine is exhibited in a

more extended, and, I believe, in a more authentic state, than

in the edition of the Greek which is usually inserted in the

eighth book of the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius.t

The original Greek text of the Recognitions of Clement has

been lost ; but there exists a Latin version made by Rufinus,

presbyter of Aquileia. In his Preface he tells us that he had

found it expedient to omit several passages which he did not

perfectly comprehend :$ his translation, consequently, cannot

be understood to be an exact counterpart of the work. It is,

* The whole of the fourth and part of the third book of the Greek are lost A

Latin version of what remains of this work was made by F. Turrianus, and pub

lished, in 1606, by Canisius, in the Fifth Volume of his Lectiones Antiques,

p. 36. The Greek Text was published from the only existing copy in the Holstein

Library at Hamburgh, in 1725, by J. Basnage, in the Thesaurus Monumento-

rum Eccksiaslicorum,\6l. i. p. 59. A more correct edition, in 1769, has been

given by Gallandi in Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum, Vol. v. p. 266 : " Titi Bos-

trensis Episcopi Libri tres adversus Manichaeos. Interprete Francisco Tur-

riano. Accesserunt Supplementa e Parallelis Damascenis Rupefucaldinis."

t De Valois, in his notes upon the Martyrs of Palestine, in the eighth book

of the Ecclesiastical History, has supplied, from a very ancient manuscript which

belonged to Claude Joly, a Latin version of the Acts of Procopius, that

corresponds with the Syriac Text of this manuscript—See Reading's Edit

torn. i. p. 406.

f See his Preface to Gaudentius. Puto quod non te lateat, Clementis hujus

in Graeco ejusdem operis avcpyvaaewv, hoc est Recognitionum, duas editiones

haberi, et duo corpora esse librorum, in aliquantis quidem diversa, in multis

tamen ejusdem narrationis. Denique pars ultima hujus operis, in qua de

transformatione Simonis refertur, in uno corpore habetur, in alio penitus non

habetur. Sunt autem et quaedam in utroque corpore de ingenito Deo geni-

toque disserta, et de aliis nonnullis, qua?, ut nihil amplius dicam, excesserunt

intelligentiam nostram. Hasc ergo ego, tanquam qua? supra vires meas essent,

aliis reservare malui, quam minus plena proferre. Cotelerius, edit Antv.

1698. Vol. i. p. 485.

(f) C

XViii PREFACE.

therefore, highly interesting to have now another translation

before us, in which we have no ground to suppose that

a similar liberty has been taken with the original text. I

cannot, in this place, make any attempt to determine the

period at which this Syriac version was made. It is probably

anterior to the Latin, and this very copy of it was certainly

transcribed within about twelve years* of the time when

Rufinus completed his task. I have stated so much, in order

to give the reader a notion of the literary, historical, and theo

logical value of the contents of this most precious volume,

independently of any of the external circumstances connected

with its history.

When Dr. Lee published his edition of the Syriac Text of the

Theophania, he expressed an opinion " that the manuscript

was probably not less than a thousand years old." He had not

at that time discovered a transcript of a note of the date on the

margin of one of the leaves in the body of the volume, which

assigned to it the antiquity of nearly five additional centuries.

This he afterwards found, and inserted it in the preface to

his translation of the work, which appeared two years later.

He confesses that " he was once inclined to think that the

manuscript could not be so old as this date made it, from the

appearance of the manuscript, and from some other conside

rations ;" but after having examined the arguments on both

sides, he ultimately acquiesces in the genuineness of the

transcript of the note recording the date, and consequently

in the antiquity which it attributed to the volume.

* It is evident, from the words of his own Preface, that Rufinus made this

translation after his return from Palestine, 397, and in his old age. Pere-

grinas ergo merces multo in patriam sudore transvehimus—Nos tamen quos—

et senecta jam tardos reddit ac segues. He died A.D. 410, or the year before

the transcription of this Manuscript.

PREFACE. xix

This book had been entrusted by Dr. Tattam to Professor

Lee, for the purpose of enabling him to publish the Theo-

phania, soon after his first return from Egypt ; and when the

other volumes were delivered up to the Trustees of the

British Museum, it was still allowed to remain in the hands

of the learned Professor, till he should have completed the

important task upon which he was engaged. I did not,

therefore, become acquainted with this manuscript until my

experience, from having carefully examined and compared

the rest, enabled me, from an inspection of the vellum, the

colour of the ink, and the character of the writing, to form a

tolerably accurate notion of its probable age. I had at that

time in my hands a great number of volumes, written at diffe

rent places and by various scribes, exhibiting a series of

about sixty dated manuscripts, reaching from A.D. 1292* up

to A.D. 464,t of which twelve had been transcribed in the

sixth century, the first in A.D. 509, the last A.D. 600. I had

thus ample means, in the comparison of those which bore the

record of their age, to form an estimate of the relative

antiquity of such as had not been dated, or of which the

note of their date had been lost. Even a slight examination

of this volume convinced me that it was the earliest that

I had ever seen, and that I could not attribute to it an an

tiquity of less than about fifty or sixty years before the earliest

dated manuscript that I had found in the whole collection.

This would assign its transcription to about A.D. 414, or 404 ;

a period so near to the time fixed by the note found in the

margin that I could not for a moment question either its

genuineness or its accuracy.

I transcribe here this note as it is read on the margin

* A Liturgical Manuscript on Paper, Cod. Add. 14,699.

t A copy of Genesis and Exodus, Cod. Add. 14,425.

XX PREFACE.

of one of the leaves of that part of the volume which contains

Eusebius' Treatise on the Martyrs of Palestine, fol. 238. b.

om yz± ]t=)]° IJen m^t*4 l^13121^? oju] oy*

•jdLsZ)) aiZft*s av3 |o<7i <^i.2u> |i20i . oi2oZ)o ova *?oN*|o >o2u»>

^^aZ 2\Jb»Zo jia^o )|-Sn Si a jo n S.

.l*j<Lf2 i^ao ..a^ 2il*s A-sZLs jsiaij ^J^cno ~ IZisusoZ

"Behold, my brethren, if it should happen that the end

of this ancient book should be torn off and lost, together

with the writer's subscription and termination, it was written,

at the end of it thus : viz. that this book was written at Orrhoa*,

a city of Mesopotamia, by the hands of a man named Jacob, in

the year seven hundred and twenty-three in the month Tishrin the

Latter it was completed. And agreeably to what was written

there, I have written also here, without addition. And what

is here, I wrote in the year one thousand and three hundred

and ninety-eight of the era of the Greeks."

These dates, reduced to our era, give A.D. 411 for the time

of the transcription of the volume, and A.D. 1086 for that of

the note. I have not at this moment the means of ascer

taining the name of the person to whom we are indebted for

having taken this precaution to preserve the record of the

date of this beautiful book, which, being at that time six

hundred and seventy-five years old, certainly deserved, even

then, to be considered an " ancient book." I think, however,

that it is not improbable that I may be able hereafter to

identify the handwriting with some other more distinct

* Edessa of the Greeks and Romans, supposed to be " Ur of the Chaldees,"

and the modern Orfa. See an account of this city in Buckingham's Travels in

Mesopotamia. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1827. Vol.i. p. 122.

PREFACE. xxi

notices found among the volumes of this collection, and thus

find the means of ascertaining to whom this is due.

The fact of his having made this note at all seems to imply,

that, even at that early period, the books belonging to the

monastery of the Syrians were already beginning to fall into a

state of neglect ; and that, from the want of due care being

taken to bind and repair them, the first and last leaves, or

even quires of some of them, had already been lost. At a

subsequent period this neglect became truly deplorable. In

the whole collection now in the British Museum, containing

portions of considerably more than a thousand distinct

volumes, certainly not fifty were found in a complete state

upon their arrival ; although much labour has subsequently

succeeded in collecting and arranging the disjointed and

scattered parts of many more.

Among those which had suffered was the inestimable

volume of which I am now speaking. The end of it, as

the writer anticipated, had been torn off, and the record of

the date of its transcription lost. When Dr. Lee deposited

the volume in the British Museum in 1843, I immediately

began to search among the loose leaves and fragments of

that portion of the library which Dr. Tattam had obtained

during his second excursion into Egypt, in the hope that I

might perchance be able to discover " the end of that ancient

book which had been torn off and lost." Although disap

pointed in this hope, I had nevertheless the satisfaction of

finding a considerable part of two additional leaves of this

manuscript, of which indeed every fragment is precious.

When I first had the gratification of examining that portion

of the library of the Nitrian monastery which arrived in

England in 1847, I immediately recognised numerous frag

ments of volumes which were familiar to me ; and not more

xxii PREFACE. '

than a few minutes passed before I had the pleasure of

finding one entire leaf, and soon afterwards another, belong

ing to that precious book, the peculiarity of whose features

were so deeply impressed upon my mind. This second leaf

was not only complete in itself, but had also attached to it a

small fragment of the corresponding leaf in the same quire,

both of which had been formed of one piece of vellum, of

folio size, folded into quarto. The back of this fragment I

observed had been left blank : I thus ascertained that it

must have belonged to the last page of the volume ; and con

sequently to that which had contained the original subscription

of Jacob, the scribe of Orrhoa. I now felt that I might even

venture to indulge the hope of finding the very subscription

itself; and I anxiously looked forward to the time when I

should have an opportunity of opening and examining at lei

sure about twenty small bundles, which were pointed out to

me as containing fragments only of leaves, which had been

swept from the floor of the room in which the manuscripts

had reposed for ages. Not many days later, when these, with

the rest of the collection, were transferred to the British Mu

seum, this opportunity was afforded me. One by one I untied

the bundles, and diligently and eagerly examined their con

tents. As I opened the fourth I was delighted at recog

nising two pieces belonging to one of the leaves of this precious >

book : in the next I found a third. And now, Reader, if thou

hast any love for the records of antiquity ; if thou feelest any

kindred enthusiasm in such pursuits as these ; if thou hast

ever known the satisfaction of having a dim expectation gra

dually brightened into reality, and an anxious research re

warded with success—things that but rarely happen to us in

this world of disappointment—I leave it to thine own imagi

nation to paint the sensations which I experienced at that

PREFACE. xxiii

moment when the loosing of the cord of the seventh bundle

disclosed to my sight a small fragment of beautiful vellum,

in a well-known hand, upon which I read the following

words :

o o o o o o

O O O O CO

||_lc[i»3=-*. 2oa <->^m| r't-4-^ <—r*3 I'01 Ufni? & ^

" There are completed in this volume three books—Titus,

and Clement, and He of Csesarea.

" Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy

Ghost, now and at all times, and for ever. Amen and Amen.

"This volume was completed in the month Tishrin the

Latter, in the year seven hundred and twenty-three, at

Orrhoa, a city of Mesopotamia *»**.»"

No more, indeed, of this inscription remains ; but this was

enough to repay me for the labour of my research, and to

confirm and verify the facts connected with it.

The first of these sentences is written in red, the second in

yellow, and the third in black.

Among all the curiosities of literature, I know of none

more remarkable than the fate of this matchless volume.

Written in the country which was the birth-place of Abraham

the Father of the Faithful, and the city whose king was the

first sovereign that embraced Christianity*, in the year of

* See Eusebius' account of the conversion of Abgar in the 13th chap, of the

first book of his Ecclesiastical History. I have found amongst the Syriac

manuscripts in the British Museum a considerable portion of the original Ara

maic document, which Eusebius cites as preserved in the archives of Edessa, and

various

XXIV PREFACE.

our Lord 411, it was, at a subsequent period, transported to

the Valley of the Ascetics in Egypt, probably in A.D. 931,

when two hundred and fifty volumes were collected by Moses

of Nisibis during a visit to Bagdad*, and presented by him,

various passages from it, quoted by several authors, with other testimonies which

seem to be sufficient to establish the fact of the early conversion of many of the

inhabitants of that city, and among them, of the king himself, although his

successors afterwards relapsed into Paganism. These, together with accounts

of the martyrdom of some of the first bishops of that city, forming a most inter

esting accession to our knowledge of the early propagation of Christianity in

the East down to about A.D. 300, I have already transcribed, and hope to

publish, with a translation, and such illustrations as may appear necessary. I

regret that the little leisure which I have for such labours will not allow me

even to speculate upon the probable time when I may be able to fulfil this

intention.

* In a considerable number of the volumes now in the British Museum

the original record of this acquisition and donation by Moses of Nisibis is still

preserved, apparently in his own hand-writing. The reason of his visit to

Bagdad seems to be furnished by Al-Macrizi in the following passage of his

work upon Egypt, which is entitled,^l£!!j Llas^i ^^IxtcUlj lac1j*!l i__>W

Al-Macrizi's words are, ^ ^r.jijy^ p^S XjUjKj is^Ac iLu

i_g;Ui!l Ha*i; jj^&A f}\ (J' zjj^ li^ lS*"^

*l!tj jAj&a][> lyUUj lil^ij ^1 ^J^o SAijio IftjjU *bb

hjo. *U**sJlj jj^fc^j xiJ'lJn ^ i^-jj 2 ,JI i_^JL&

"And in the year 313 (A.D. 925), the Vezir Ali Ibn Isa Ibn al-Jarrah came

to Egypt ; and he searched into the condition of the country, and imposed the

payment of a tribute upon the bishops, and monks, and infirm Christians, and

they paid it. Some of them, therefore, went to Bagdad, and petitioned Al-

Muctadir-Billah. He accordingly wrote to Egypt that tribute should not be

taken from the bishops, and monks, and the infirm." See " Macrizi's

Geschichte der Copten," ed. F. Wustenfeld, p. re.

Besides procuring two hundred and fifty volumes during his visit to Bagdad,

the Abbot Moses seems also to have employed the resources within the monas

tery for the laudable object of increasing its library. A note at the end of a

copy of Gospels, in what is generally called the Philoxenian version, mentions

that the volume was transcribed for him about three or four years after his

return from Bagdad. Brit. Mus. Cod. Add. 14,469.

PREFACE. XXV

upon his return, to the monastery of St. Mary Deipara, over

which he presided.

In A.D. 1086 some person, with careful foresight, fearing lest

the memorial of the transcription of so valuable, beautiful, and,

even at that remote period, so "ancient a book," should be lost,

in order to secure its preservation took the precaution to copy

it into the body of the volume. At how much earlier a period

the fears which he had anticipated became realized I have no

means of ascertaining; but in A.D. 1837 "the end of the

volume had been torn off," and in that state, in A.D. 1839, it

sab l^Laa); IfDf^azi ^joa* t=£usZ] V^a^

Ot_3 ]fQ3 'i^h^D) )te>0>> OT \.J li-fA-i j^nSrX

OOI ^tffi? r*^-»» Pjl U-fO Vcu^>>^01? Ik" t-=92ia3

>r-iclo ^oi> IZu^ioo ],aVTa <]o IZi^co IZaaZo* oi3 oi^

" But this book was completed in the year one thousand, two hundred, and forty-

seven of the Greeks (A.D. 935), and it was written in the convent of the

Syrians, in the Desert of Scete. But John, a guest, and in name a monk, and

in degree again a presbyter, when deserving, wrote it. But he wrote it for

Moses the Abbot of the same place, who is called ofNisibis. May every one,

therefore, who reads in this book of the Holy Gospel, pray for the sinner who

wrote it, that he may obtain favour, and all the dead belonging to him, and

every child of the Holy Church, like the thief who was on the right hand (of the

cross) : and every one, therefore, who has communion with him, either in word

or deed, or in any other cause whatever ! Yea. Amen."

The following is a copy of the note of Moses the Abbot himself, as it is

found inscribed upon the first or last leaf of several volumes now in the British

Museum. I have transcribed it here from the last leaf of a copy of the Book

of Daniel, dated A.D. 531. Mus. Brit Cod. Add. 14,445.

jf=>t^°? V>»t»Qffl> .|ou^> ^r^* A-*3? ]?<n It*?? I^Ot^ooio ]ha\o )yx>\i

^-.fCJ viS.)^ \l'}lQ+0 . 0=L*Z ^-^LZiCj 001 ]oi2^> .012; V*f*?° r171

^ . \ 4 Po . ^07lo *s>£oL*]> ^>_aJlo t^ii^o oi^k |au»j . toovs

(f) ' d

xxvi PREFACE.

was transferred from the solitude of the African desert to the

most frequented city in the world. Three years later, two of

its fragments followed the volume to England ; and in 1847 I

had the gratification of recovering almost all that had been

lost, and of restoring to its place in this ancient book the

transcriber's own record of the termination of his labours,

which, after various fortunes, in Asia, Africa, and Europe, has

already survived a period of one thousand, four hundred,

AND THIRTY-SIX YEARS.

One of the first manuscripts that I took up, when I went

to inspect the books in M. Pacho's possession, was a thick

octavo volume, which at the first sight I perceived to be a

Palimpsest. The traces of a beautiful and ancient Greek

o| ?Oi^ o| . |-i in Jjjoiai* \Ls>] .ouls^ <oj| |2uriJ> }3o

ojio .]'f*> ]>cn ^Sso <qi] i-^-^J o) . <_.f^ >q n.a i> o] ■

. |_^jcuj hJ^lo y.\-i'i]o ,_.2\Jioo ^n^. 2lj_.a. ^ j .vp] »

" To the honour and glory and magnificence of this monastery of Deipara, of the

Syrians, of the Desert of Scete, Moses, mean and a sinner, the Abbot, who is

called of Nisibis, gave diligence, and acquired this book, together with many

others, two hundred and fifty, many of which he bought, and others were

given to him by some persons as a blessing, when he went to Bagdad on ac

count of this holy Desert and the monks who are in it. May God, for whose

glory, and for the benefit of those who read in them (he obtained the books),

pardon him, and the dead belonging to him, and every one who has been in

communion with them ! It is not permitted to any one by the living word of

God, that he should act dishonestly with respect to any one of them, in any

way whatever : nor appropriate them to himself. Neither that he should wipe

out this memorial, or make any erasure, or cut, or order another to do so, nor

give them from this monastery. Whosoever dares to do this, let him know

that he is accursed. These books arrived with the above-mentioned Abbot,

Moses, in the year of the Greeks one thousand two hundred and forty-three,"

A.D. 931. Assemani has given a note, copied from one of these volumes now

in the Vatican, almost in the same words ; but I am inclined to believe that he

has ventured to correct the orthography, and, in one or two instances, I think

he has not rendered the meaning accurately. See Bibliotheca Orient. Vol. iL

p. 118.

PREFACE. xxvii

character under the Syriac were sufficiently apparent ; and

in some cases it was evident that entire lines, and even pages,

with a good light and careful observation, might be read

without any very great difficulty. The first word that caught

my eye was Tevxpos *, at the commencement of a line ; and as

it was manifest at once, from the arrangement of the lines,

that the work was written in verses, a bright gleam of hope

immediately flashed across my mind that I might be holding

in my hand the most ancient transcript hitherto discovered

of a large portion of the noblest poem ofGrecian antiquity. A

little subsequent examination converted my hope into convic

tion ; and I had the high gratification of reading line after line

of the immortal Iliad, emerging from the obscurity of nearly

a thousand years, to which some rude and ruthless hand had

consigned it, and assuming the character and form with

which it had been invested at least three or four centuries

before. I found, also, that not this one Greek manuscript only

had been erased, to make room for the present contents of

the volume, but that two others had also shared the same fate.

The work which had been preferred to occupy their place

is a Syriac version of the Treatise of Severus of Antiochf

* Iliad xxiii. L 862.

t Severus succeeded Flavian as Patriarch of Antioch A.D. 513, and was

expelled A.D. 519, on account of his opposition to the Council of Chalcedon.

He was a man of great learning and ability, and the author of numerous

theological and polemical writings, which appear to have been so industriously

suppressed by his opponents, that little more than the titles of his works—and

not even all of these—have been preserved in the Greek. (See Fabricius,

Bibliotheca Gr. Vol. ix. p. 343). The greater portion of them is now

restored to us in the Syriac, and forms a most important accession for the

ecclesiastical history of the early part of the sixth century. He will now be

permitted to speak for himself ; and later posterity may judge how far he has

been justly treated or maligned by his theological opponents, who laboured so

industriously to stigmatize his name with the infamy of heresy ; a charge so

easily made, and so readily believed, even in the nineteenth century, that it is

by no means impossible that it might have been falsely imputed in the sixth.

xxviii PREFACE.

against Grammaticus. The first part of it only is con

tained in this volume, which ends with these words at

the bottom of the first page of the last leaf but one—

l*-t°> |2uiCj3 |Zo^S ■ -<A-An\ y; S. 4

" Here endeth the transcription of the First Division of the

second book of my Lord Saint Severus the Patriarch against

Grammaticus. Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the

Holy Ghost, now and at all times, and to all eternity. Amen."

On the second page of the same leaf the following note

occurs, written by the same hand as the rest of the volume :

j i .^.ai? jia^coo \*..A.n Jjoi \=>hz <_»aioZu|

^-«=fO? ^J^jso oiasjj LiiZa» ^sa^sc i_tai*i£>o ^Lsu»Z|> . U^c]

^zi^o ; v«i a Lou^s | i a^>o» 2\io*«>j ooi p ooij ••^»oio>|j

|i.~i»»o It^jS ^QS^fl* ,_«> oi^jai .<ruic> I'H^3 ipovuJ* ^oiZjjj

CO^ ^|^> ^3 . ^ifiZfCJ ^ifiA. 2U3J 1^**0 jpsCOiO

Ll y3Q--_=) fOLUt&Jj j-so^-a v^O»o Ll-OO *^l2u«Zj> 001

rr^!C]o v.V,|o ^^X) y^t^0 Ici^ Zj^* ^3)^3 2^0200 ISnlA^O

"This book belongs to Daniel, a secular* presbyter and Saur

(Visitor) of the province of Amida, who gave diligence and

procured it for the benefit of himself and of those who, pos

sessed with the same object of love of divine instruction, may

approach it, and desire to profit their lives by the truth which

is in it. But the poor Simeon, presbyter, and a recluse,

who is in the holy convent of my Lord Simeon of Cartamin*,

transcribed it. May every one, therefore, who asks for it,

* I have used the word 'secular' here, and 'recluse' below, from the want

of more appropriate words to convey the meaning of ]*\7) " externus," and

^▲^Im " inclusus." See Assemani, Dis. de Syris Monophysitis, prefixed to

Vol. ii. of his Bibliotheca Orientalis.

* Cartamin is situated near Mardin in Mesopotamia. See Assemani, ibid.

PREFACE xxix

that he may read in it, or write from it, for the sake of the

love of God, pray for him who gave diligence and obtained it,

and for the scribe, that they may find mercy in the day of

judgment, like the thief who was on the right hand [of the

Cross], through the prayers of all the Saints, and more par

ticularly of the holy and glorious and perpetual Virgin, the

Mother of God, Mary. Amen and Amen and Amen."

On the first page of the last leaf the following notice occurs :

^>_| . it w»£c X^fDO l*m*»j .]>oIjd ]>o\ jtuma ci*2u|

w»oio2l»1 fS .]n^]> ]2u-»l suu; . . L.oiio] }j_^a*.> ^annm.^i)

Ijaj^ssjo au^>j |j>Za^ .]ftjut^o ££>]> Vj-$-^>cuj3 ]><^& ]cat

o] ad <-=J\^ oai "tT,0M l01^!? l^f«»o l^NSfi P) .ots

?t^°l V>*^ °1 ■ nm**) o] ***** ouiJso oUls. U>^o o| \*~&±d

oi-3 jfcj ooi <&oa* Sn ~>o ,yi\sS cn i No Lioi Li>oio_ii

. ^c)o ^lc)o ^| >ooo ] Sa mi bMOAJ? ^-»|*Ji> »-»g»0 \ ^

]x»> >oa^3 ^cu^'y <ooau ^jffi* ,^i»o

" This volume of my Lord Severus belongs to the reverend

and holy my Lord Daniel, Bishop of the province of Orrhoa

(Edessa), who acquired it from the armour of God, when he

was Saur in the province of the city of Amida, for his own

benefit, and that of every one who readeth in it. But under

the word and curse of God is he whosoever steals it, or hides

or removeth it, ***** or tears, or erases, or cuts off this me

morial from it, for ever. And through our Lord Jesus may he

who readeth in it pray for the same Daniel, that he may find

mercy in the day of judgment ! Yea, and Amen and Amen.

" And upon the sinner who wrote it may there be mercy in

✓ the day of judgment. Amen."

Afterwards there is written, in another hand,

<_»r^c A_»_=> V*-»t£ I-101 IjNxisN a\Z»o] <-.oia*ii yaJ^a 4 ,~

yjo.-i ovLmJ L,'t^° i^enOfli^jO oiX.> \i\20> ^£io . ^ojnoi |La

1_joi jjLcG^ 01 1 ^0 ]>a\ |2uoia^ cnJi. Ji^^c* \ao ^£>) \i+>

^oov»i'2u3 ousi^i Ut^? ""V^' oda^C)

XXX PREFACE.

" But at the end of his life he bequeathed it to this sacred

convent of my Lord Silas, which is in Serug, for the sake of the

remembrance of himself, and of the dead belonging to him.

May the Lord have mercy upon him in the day of judgment !

Amen. Whosoever removeth this volume from this same

mentioned convent, may the anger of the Lord overtake him

in this world, and in the next, to all eternity. Amen."

Our information respecting the history of the Oriental

Churches up to this period is so scanty, that I have no source

to which I can turn to enable me to state at once the period

when this Daniel was consecrated to the see of Edessa.

The catalogue of Bishops of that city preserved in the

chronicles of Edessa, published by Assemani, only reaches to

the year of the Greeks 1080, A.D. 768*; and consequently

does not include this Daniel, whom the handwriting of this

manuscript shews to have lived some time later. It appears

to be of the end of the eighth or ninth century ; and in all

probability the volume formed a part of the collection which

was deposited in the monastery of St. Mary Deipara by Moses

of Nisibis, the Abbot, when he returned from Bagdad in

A.D. 931. This would refer the date of the transcript to

the end of the ninth, or the beginning of the tenth century

at the latest; and we may therefore safely conclude that

about one thousand years must have elapsed since the erasure

of the three Greek manuscripts, part of the vellum of each of

which furnished the materials for the transcription of this

Syriac version of Severus.

At that period the volume consisted of twenty-three quires,

each consisting of five quarto leaves of the former books,

laid one upon the other, and folded together to form ten

octavo leaves. When it arrived in England, the first quire

* See Assemani Bibliotheca Orientalis, Vol. i. p. 428.

PREFACE. xxxi

had been torn off. I have discovered pieces of three of

its leaves among the fragments which had been brought pre

viously to Dr. Tattam. This, together with the nine follow

ing quires, contained nearly the whole of the Gospel ac

cording to St. Luke. In the next thirteen, comprising one

hundred and thirty octavo leaves, or sixty-five of one of the

original quarto manuscripts, is contained a part of the Iliad

of Homer. The last quire consists of what formerly con

stituted five quarto leaves of a volume of Euclid.

The present size of one of the leaves of this manuscript is

twelve inches long by six and a quarter broad, although it

appears that those of the original book which contained the

Gospel of St. Luke were rather larger, and that a portion

of the margin has been removed, to reduce it to the same

dimensions as the rest of the vellum, of which the volume

in its present state is comprised. Nearly the whole of this

Gospel seems to be comprised in these leaves ; but I have

not yet had leisure sufficient to examine it, so as to be able

to ascertain exactly what are its contents ; nor, even were

leisure afforded me, would it be an easy task to read accu

rately the faded letters, till the advance of summer brings a

clearer atmosphere and better light.

It is written in large uncial characters, about a quarter

of an inch square. The pages are divided into two columns,

each about three inches in width, with a space between them

of nearly an inch. As usual in manuscripts of this antiquity,

there is no separation between the words ; and occasionally

two or three of the last letters in each line are written in

a smaller character. Each page consists of twenty-five lines.

As I hope hereafter to be able to publish an accurate col

lation and facsimile of this very ancient manuscript of the

Gospel of St. Luke, it is not necessary that I should enter

into any further detail respecting it in this place. I give

xxxii PREFACE.

however here, as a short specimen, the contents of one page,

commencing with Ch. i. v. 69. It is printed in columns, in

the same number of lines, and with the same quantity of

letters in each line, as it is found in the manuscript. The

type however bears no resemblance to the characters of the

manuscript ; and the smaller letters found at the end of some

of the lines are not indicated.

KEPAZZI2THPI

AZHMINENTI2

OIK12AAATOY

IIAIAOZAYTOY

KAOI2ZEAAAH

ZEN A I AZTO

M ATOZTflN

A r I n N Tft N

a n a i n n o z

n PO^HTllN

AYTOYZI2TH

PIANEZEX0PX1N

H Mft N KA IEK

XEI pozn AN

T12NM IZOYN

T II N H M A Z

nOIHZAIEAEOZ

M ETATHNriA

TEP12N H MI2N

KAIMN HZOH

NAIAIA0HKHZ

ATIAZAYTOY

OPKONONH

MOZENnPOZ

abpaamtonFtpa

H M £1 N T O Y

AOYNAIH M IN

A<K)BOZEKXEI

POZTilN EK

XOPI2NHMI2N

PYZOENTAZ

AATP E YEI N

AYTX2ENOZI

OTHTI KA IAI

KAIOZYNH

ENfln ION AY

TOYnAZAZTAZ

HMEPAZHMI2N

KAIZYAEnAIAION

n PO^HTHZ

YtlZTOYKAH

OHZHnpono

PEYZHTAPnPO

n pozn noY

KYETOIMAZAI

OAOYZAYTOY

TOYAOYN A I

r n n z i n z n.

THPIAZTHAAil

AYTOYENA<l)EZEI

i

XYTXpoTrHxeicoMX^oxcoiXTTo6prxoexxc5V

XYTCuirxpei<AeprocArnNopnTANTxeon<ujc

ecTurrpoceeTroAcuNOAeTreccYTOTroccia.icdkgin

6cDCOTOMTTe^lOIO^ICL>l<eTOTrTYpOCf>OpOIO

Tpe^ACTTApn'OTXMONE.XeYAINHeNTXCKAMANA|'ON

TVTOOMVTTei<TTpOOeOMTXAv6xCOIA.Xp6eeAr6NXTT6AAa^N

PREFACE. xxxiii

The leaves which contain portions of the Iliad are written

in a character in many respects similar to that of the Codex

Alexandrinus in the British Museum, but larger. The

average length of the lines is about seven inches; some

of them extend to eight. There are thirty-three lines in

each full page. The whole quantity, therefore, amounts to

rather more than four thousand verses, and embraces portions of

the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, twentieth, twenty-

first, twenty-second, twenty-third, and twenty-fourth books.

The same remark which I have made above, respecting

the Gospel of St. Luke, must apply here. The few leaves

which I have collated shew some slight variations from the

text of Heyne. The most important that I have ob

served is the omission of about one line in each page, or

one in every thirty- four verses of Heyne's text. I cannot

affirm that this is generally the case, but I have found

it to be so in four or five instances where I have made

the collation* The page, however, which I have selected

as a specimen presents the converse of this, by adding a

line after the tenth of the twenty-second book. I have

been guided by no other reason in making the selection of

this than by the circumstance of its containing the end of

one book and the beginning of another. This specimen is

printed in the type copied from the Alexandrian manuscriptf

The letters at the end of the lines in a smaller form are

also found in a smaller character in the manuscript. I have

added the accents as I have been able to read them at pre-

* The Cardinal Mai makes a similar remark with respect to the illustrated frag

ments in the Ambrosial Library.—" Versus aliquot in mediis paginis desunt, quos

partim a criticis expunctos autumo, partim etiam scribarum socordia prsetermis-

sos, qua de re docto lectori per se facile judicare licebit." See Prooem. p. xxxii.

+ I have to express my thanks to Mr. Richard Taylor for kindly allowing

me the use of the type for this purpose.

(F)

xxxiv PREFACE.

sent: there is no doubt, however, that there were others,

which have been so effectually erased as to leave now no

traces of their existence.

It is my wish to publish the whole of the portions of Homer

contained in these leaves, page for page and line for line, in

the Alexandrian type, as in the accompanying specimen, and

to add a facsimile of several of the most legible pages, for the

purposes of illustration of palaeography. The text itself of a

manuscript of this great antiquity undoubtedly merits publi

cation, both for the objects of criticism, and as supplying a test

of the degree of fidelity with which the Iliad has been handed

down by the various scribes during the very long interval

between the period when this copy was made and the next

earliest manuscript containing the same portions of this work.

The papyrus roll in the possession of Mr. Bankes, although

supposed to be some centuries older even than the manuscript

now before me, contains only six hundred and seventy-eight

lines of the last book of the Iliad*, while the number found in

the illustrated fragmentsf of the Ambrosial library at Milan

does not amount to eight hundred.J As those fragments pro

bably do not exceed, if indeed they equal, this palimpsest in

antiquity, while the greater part of them belongs to the ear

lier books, this manuscript must contain at least about three

thousand lines of Homer's poem, transcribed some hundreds

of years before any other copy which is now known to exist.

The last ten leaves of this palimpsest, containing a part of

the tenth book of Euclid's Elements, belong to a manuscript

not quite so ancient as the two preceding.

* See Gentleman's Magazine,1825, P.I. p. 62, and a description, facsimile, and

collation of this MS. by Mr. Cornwall Lewis in Philol. Museum, Vol. i. p. 177.

t Iliados fragmenta antiquissima cum picturis : item scholia Vetera ad

Odysseam ; edente Angelo Maio, Ambrosiani collegii Doctore, fol. Mediolani

Regiis typis mdcccxix. J See Procem. p. xxxii.

PREFACE. XXXV

III.

Among the important matters discussed by the assembled

bishops of Christendom at the council of Nice was the

question respecting the day on which Easter was to be cele

brated. This was a subject which had been agitated, not

without great and bitter animosity, even from the very infancy

of the Church ; and Constantine*, anxious to remove for ever

this cause of dissension, referred the matter to the grave

deliberation of that first oecumenical council. This question,

therefore, having been finally settled by the decision that

Easter should be uniformly celebrated upon the first Lord's-

day after the Jewish Passover, agreeably to the custom of

the Roman and other churches t, the duty of determining

accurately the day on which Easter was to be observed for

the whole of Christendom was delegated to the patriarch of

Alexandria. To him alone, it appears, this office belonged ;

nor were the bishops of Rome able to interfere at all in the

matter, even although it should be certainly proved that the

Alexandrian bishops had made erroneous calculations, and

appointed the festival at an improper period. Upon such

occasions, therefore, it was necessary for the Roman bishop

to appeal to the emperor, and intreat him to admonish the

bishop of Alexandria to use more caution in determining

the day of Easter, and thus preserve the whole of Christen

dom from falling into error on this head. Leo the Great J

furnishes us with an instance of this.

* See Eusebius de Vita Constantini, Lib. iii. c. 5. 14. 18. 19.

t See the Letter of the Council to the Church of Alexandria in Socrates

Eccles. Hist. Book i. c. 9, and an English Translation of it in Cave's Life of

St Athanasius, Section iii. §. xii.

} See his Letter to the Bishop Julianus, written A.D.453.—Unde quia non

mediocris mihi sollicitudo generatur, ne apud ./Egyptios hsc persuasio robore-

tur,

xxxvi PREFACE.

The custom also obtained from the same period in the

province of Egypt*, that, immediately after the festival of

Epiphany, the patriarch of Alexandria should send a notifica

tion to all the towns and monasteries within his jurisdiction

of the day on which they were to commence the fast of Lent,

as well as that on which they were to celebrate the festival of

tur, ad christianissimum et clementissimum Principem scripta direxi, quibus

causam scrupuli diligenter exposui, et suppliciter postulavi, ut operam suam,

quemadmodum consuevit, religionis cultui impendat : ut eos, qui hujus supputa-

tionis perfectam videntur habere notitiam, in unum jubeat convenire, et diligenter

inquirere, ne forte haec definitio teneatur, et hie excessus qui prioribus videtur

repugnare temporibus, nostra? conniventiae vel negligentiae deputetur, et fiat in

nostris diebus, quod nunquam ante prasumptum est. Quia vero oportet fra-

ternitatem tuam curs istius mecum esse participem, et ne quid tale accidat

praecavere, crebrius religiosissimo et fidelissimo Principi dignare suggerere, ut

indissimulanter jubeat iEgyptios admonere, ne in summae festivitatis die, aut

dissensione aliqua, aut transgressione peccetur. See Leonis Opera, 2 voll. fol.

Romae, 1755. Vol. ii. p. 370.

* Cassian, in the fifth century, writes thus :—Intra iEgypti regionem mos

iste antiqua traditione servatur, ut peracto Epiphaniorum die, quern provincial

illius sacerdotes vel Dominici baptismi, vel secundum carnem nativitatis esse

definiunt, et idcirco utriusque sacramenti solemnitatem non bifarie, ut in occi-

duis provinciis, sed sub una diei hujus festivitate concelebrant, epistolae ponti-

ficis Alexandrmi per universas iEgypti ecclesias dirigantur, quibus et initium

Quadragesimae, et dies Paschse non solum per civitates omnes sed etiam per

universa monasteria designentur. See Cassian, Collat x. cap. i. Edit. Lugduni,

1606, p. 364.

Synesius, in his Epistle to Theophilus of Alexandria, alludes to this practice.

Ta re yap aAAa ra file? Kep&os av ei')jj cra^Sfievoi, (cat fieylarrj irpoaQriKti ™

SiSavicaAelia rod X|Oia"roC ylverai o ra>v TravtjyvpiKwv fiifiXiav apidfios, roii

eviavrdis o-vvavt-avofievos. Synesii Opera, fol. Lutet. 1612, p. 172.

Leo I., in his Letter to Marcianus Augustus, A.D.423, writes thus respecting

this matter: Paschale etenim festum, quo sacramentum salutis humanas

maxime continetur, quamvis in primo semper mense celebrandum sit, ita

tamen est lunaris ctirsus conditione mutabile, ut plerumque sacratissimae diei

ambigua occurrat electio, et ex hoc fiat plerumque, quod non licet, ut non simul

omnis ecclesia, quod non nisi unum esse oportet, observet. Studuerunt itaque

Sancti Patres occasionem hujus erroris auferre, omnem hanc curam Alex-

andrino Episcopo delegantes: quoniam apud iEgyptios hujus supputationis

antiquitus

PREFACE. xxxvii

Easter. Such was the origin of Festal or Paschal Letters.*

The bearers of these letters, as it appears from Synesius of

Cyrene, writing at the commencement of the fourth century,

were well received in all places to which they came, supplied

with every thing that they needed, and furnished with fresh

beasts to continue their journey.

The first Festal or Paschal Letter which was made public

after this decision of the council was consequently written by

Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, when he returned to his see

upon the termination of the deliberations of the bishops who

had been assembled at Nice. That he wrote at least one

Festal Letter is certain, from the work which I now give to

the public. This was for the forty-fourth year of the era of

Diocletian, under the consulship of Januarinus and Justus, or

A.D. 328 1, when Easter-day was fixed for the sixteenth of the

month Pharmuthi of the Egyptian Calendar, or the fourteenth

of April of the Roman. He died six days afterwards, on the

twenty-second of the same month Pharmuthi, and was suc

ceeded by Athanasius, who was consecrated on the fourteenth

of the month Payni following.

The death of Alexander and the elevation of Athanasius

antiquitus tradita esse videbatur peritia, per quam, qui annis singulis dies prae-

dictae solemnitatis eveniret, Sedi Apostoliae indicaretur, cujus scriptis ad lon-

ginquiores ecclesias indicium generale percurreret. See Leonis M. Opera,

2 voll. fol. Romae, 1755. Vol. ii. p. 367.

* Synesius writes, in his letter to the Presbyter Peter— Tbv Se SiaKOftto-Ttjv

tZv iravtiivpiKuv ^paftfiaTuiv, a Kara>yyeWei rijv KVp'iav Trjs eoprtjf ijftepav

evveaKaiSeKartjV rov tpap/tovOi ptrjvbf, cu; rrjs eirt ravrtjv ayovtrrjs vvktos to

avamaaifiov e%ov<rt]s (ivorrjpiov, tovtov Kai irpoaiovra koi etraviovra <f>iAavOpa>-

iriay airaatf; ai-uaaare' Kai a/xot/3y ^<aa>v e(p' eKarepa ireftTp-aTe, oaris virep rov

/uij <yevetrOai raT? eKK\t]<riats eWmes eBos ap^aiov koi irarptov, petrols eavrav

Toiy rtov Tohsfuav oir\oij eireiw/cev. p. 173.

t See Clinton's Fasti Romani, p. 328.

xxxviii PREFACE.

have been most generally assigned to the year A.D. 326*;

but the information afforded by the writer of the Introduc

tion to these Festal Letters of Athanasius, as exhibited in

this Syriac version, is evidently more authentic and more

deserving of credit, both because he appears to have been

cotemporary, and because the first Festal Letter of Athana

sius, which doubtless he wrote in the year immediately follow

ing his election, was for the forty-fifth year of the era of Dio

cletian, when Constantine Augustus was consul for the eighth

time, and Constantine Caesar for the fourth, or A.D. 329.

From the period of his consecration till the time of his

death, Athanasius, agreeably to the custom established, con

tinued to issue his Festal Letters, although not without occa

sional interruption, as it will appear in the sequel. He died

on the seventh day of the Egyptian month Pachon, in the

fourth consulship both of Valentinian and Valens, or on the

second of May A.D. 373.f

He was succeeded in the patriarchate by Peter +, who also,

during the time that he occupied the see of Alexandria, con

tinued the practice of indicating the period of Lent and

Easter by Festal Letters.§ The same method was doubtless

* Baronii Ann. A. 326. Cave's Life of Athanasius, Section iv. §. i. See

Clinton's Fasti Romani, p. 381. The origin of this date having been assigned

to the elevation of Athanasius, seems to be the passage in the letter of

Ursacius and Valens addressed to him, in which it is stated, that not five

months had passed after the council of Nice before Alexander died (See

Athan. Opera: ed. Par. 1698. Vol.i. p. 177); but it is very uncertain to what

year this refers.

t Socrates, Book iv. c. 20, assigns the date of his death to the year of the

consulship of Gratian and Probus 2d, or A.D. 371, but wrongly. See note,

p. 235 of Reading's edition.

t See Renaudot, Historia Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum, p. 100. 4to. Paris,

1713.

§ See ibid, p. 101.

PREFACE. xxxix

observed by Timotheus, who sat next upon the episcopal

throne of Alexandria. We have still three of those written by

Theophilus, his successor, extant in a Latin translation made

by Jerome*: there is a passage quoted from the first by Cos-

mas Indicopleustesf ; and I have also observed citations

from several of them among the writings of different authors

contained in the Syriac collection now in the British Museum.*

Theophilus was succeeded by his nephew Cyrill, who, still

continuing the custom of indicating the day upon which Easter

was to be celebrated, seems however to have substituted

Homilies II for Letters, although he himself in one instance

uses the denomination Letter.§

Jerome If, in the brief notice of Athanasius in his Catalogue

* In Biblioth. Patrum : edit. La Bigne, 8 voll. fol. Paris. Vol. iii. p. 1 23.

See Cassian. Collat. x. c. i. and Synesius loc. cit See note, p. Iii.

t See Cosmas Indicopleustes, Topographia Christiana, in Vol. ii. p. 318,

of " Collectio Nova Patrum et Scriptorum Grsecorum ; a B. de Montfaucon."

2 voll. fol. Paris, 1706. p. 320.

I The eighteenth is cited by Severus of Antioch in his work against John

Grammaticus, Cod. Add. 12,157, fol. 208, and others in 12,158, fol. 199,

12,155, f. ll.b., 14,529, f.4. b., &c. &c.

|| The title prefixed to these in the edition of the works of Cyrill, fol.

Lutet. 1638, is opiKiai eoprao-riKai ; but in the Vatican MSS. they are called

eopraoTiKoi \6yot. See Oudin, Com. de Scriptoribus Ecclesiastic-is, Vol. i.

p. 1032.

§ See Prologue to Horn. xii. : Ot) tyiKonnlas t//uv rtjs ev \6fois eir(Jei£is

yefove, to \oy'i$tov, ipyow ij eirt<rro\y. Vol. v. par. 2. p. 269. Edit. Lutet. 1638.

% See De viris illus. No. 87. All that he says is merely, et eopratrTiKai

epistolre. Erasmus, ignorant of the nature of these letters, gives the following

note : " Id est de festis diebus." Nor was the learned Montfaucon better in

structed on this head. In his Preface to the edition of the works of Athanasius

he writes thus : " Sed nulla, opinamur, jactura major quam epistolarum eopra-

<rriKG>v, aut Festalium, sive in ccetu ecclesiee legendarum, quas item laudat

Hieronymus. Has ingenti numero Athanasius, cum Arianici furoris declinandi

causa in deserto Thebaidis latens ageret, ad plebem catholicam Alexandrinam

misit. Atque ut ex iis quae hodie supersunt fragmentis conjecture licet, magna

pars in enarranda et deploranda ecclesiae calamitate versabantur," p. xv.

xl PREFACE.

of ecclesiastical writers, mentions the Festal Letters, but gives

no intimation of their number, probably leaving that to be in

ferred from the duration of his patriarchate, which would assign

one Letter to every year that he held the see of Alexandria.

This computation would raise the number of these Letters to

forty-five, which indeed is the highest number cited by Cosmas

Indicopleustes*, who evidently indicates the Letter by the nu

merical year of the episcopate of Athanasius, and not by the ac

tual number of the Epistles which he wrote. It is evident, from

the Introduction, that for several years circumstances prevented

him from sending any letter to determine the day of Easter.

Severus, bishop of Aschmonin, as cited by Renaudotf,

makes the number of Paschal Letters amount to forty-seven.

The origin of this seems to be, that having followed the

authority of those who assigned the elevation of Athanasius

to A.D.326, instead of A.D. 328, and calculating one letter

for every year, he was thus led to infer that they amounted

to two more than the real term of his episcopate would imply,

and to several more than the actual quantity which he wrote.

In the lapse of time the original Greek of the whole of this

collection of Festal Letters was lost, with the exception of a

fragment of the thirty-ninth, preserved by Theodoras Balsa-

mon I, already mentioned, and small portions of the second,

* P. 318. Socrates, Book iv. c. 20, states that Athanasius held the Patriar

chate forty-six years. Sozomen, Book vi. c. 19, about forty-six.

t Historia Patriarch. Alexandr. p. 96.

I Montfaucon, following the former edition, 2 voll. fol. Paris, 1627, Vol. ii.

p. 38, has printed this fragment in his edition, Vol. i. p. 961, of the works

of Athanasius, 2 voll. fol. Paris, 1698, but he has omitted those cited by

Cosmas Indicopleustes, Vol. ii. p. 316. Probably he was not aware of their

existence at that time; although his words in the Preface to his edition of

Athanasius seem to imply that he became acquainted with them before it was

published. Gallandi has inserted them in his Bibliotheca Vett. Patrr, Vol. v.

p. 217.

PREFACE. xli

fifth, sixth, twenty-second, twenty-fourth, twenty-eighth,

twenty-ninth, fortieth, forty-second, forty-third, and forty-

fifth, cited by Cosmas Indicopleustes in his Topographia

Christiana.*

Severus of Antioch had also quoted the twenty-seventh,

twenty-ninth, and forty-fourth, in his work against Gramma-

ticus ; but the original Greek of this work having been de

stroyed, we have only the Syriac version of the extracts

contained in it, which are printed in page \i of this

volume.

The loss of any of the writings of a man who has made so

great a figure in the world as Athanasius must necessarily

have been a subject of regret to every enlightened scholar

and divine ; and I cannot refrain from citing here the words

of the learned Montfaucon, which, at the same time as they

shew his sorrow for the loss of this collection of Letters of

Athanasius, imply a latent hope of their being still recovered,

which the publication of this volume in a great measure has

realized. " Hoi, Hei quam pungit dolor amissi thesauri !

quantum ad historiam, ad consuetudines ecclesiarum, ad

morum praecepta hinc lucis accederet. Et fortassis adhuc

alicubi latent in Oriente, ubi bene multa extant." t

Having made these observations respecting the Festal

Letters of Athanasius from information which I have obtained

from other sources, I proceed to offer some additional remarks,

which are supplied by the work itself now before me.

The manuscript, as I have observed above, is incomplete,

and does not contain the whole collection ; but the Introduc

tion supplies us with all the chronological data that we

should probably have been able to gather from the Letters

themselves. The following title is prefixed to it—"An

* P. 316.

0)

xlii PREFACE.

Index of the month of every separate year, and of the days,

and the Indictions and Consulates, and Governors in Alex-

dria ; and of all the Epacts, and of all those that are called

the Gods', and the reason why some letters were not sent,

and the answers of strangers, from the Festal Letters of the

Pope* Athanasius."

I have already stated, from the authority of this Introduc

tion, the date of the death of Alexander, and of the consecra

tion of Athanasius.

There are certain chronological data furnished by this work

as it marks the periods at which Easter was celebrated during

the patriarchate of Athanasius. Such are the notices of the

Consulates (C C), of the years of the era of Diocletian (E. D), of

the Indictions (I), and of the day of the Egyptian (E.M), of the

Roman (R.M), and the Lunar month (L.M), upon which Easter

was observed in each succeeding year ; of the Epacts (E), and

of a septenary cycle called " that of the Gods "t (G). Although

these may have been already supplied from other sources,

it nevertheless cannot be otherwise than satisfactory, for pur

poses of history and chronology, to represent them here as

they are found in a work of an antiquity approaching to

* The title Pope, Papa, although perhaps originally common to all

bishops, seems especially to have belonged to the bishops of Alexandria, and

was afterwards assumed by the bishops of Rome. The reader will find some

curious information respecting the origin of the name in a dissertation by

Abr. Ecchellensis, " De origine nominis Papa?, nec non de illius proprietate

in Romano Pontifice," appended to his work, entitled, " Eutychius Patriarcha

Alexandrinus vindicatus, et suis restitutus Orientalibus ; sive Responsio ad

Joannis Seldeni Origines." 4to. Roma?, 1661.

t That is, the Concurrentes, called also Epactae Solis, or Epacts Majores.

See, respecting them, Dinnysii Petavii opus de Doctrina Temporum : edit.

J. Harduin. 3 voll. fol. Antv. 1705. Vol. i. p. 344, and Dissertation sur les

Dates. §. xviii. Des Concurrens et des Lettres Dominicales ; in " L'Art de

Verifier les Dates." The designation of the Gods seems ^o refer to the names

of the days of the week.

PREFACE. xliii

fifteen centuries, which is now brought to light for the first

time after the lapse of so many ages. I proceed, therefore, to

exhibit, in the numerical order of the years which intervened

between the elevation of Athanasius to the patriarchate of

Alexandria and his death, such of these notices as are sup

plied by the Introduction, the Inscriptions to the Letters, and

the Letters themselves, so far as they go ; and to mention

briefly, under each year, such matters as appear to be more

especially worthy of notice.

All the facts which I adduce, unless other authority be

distinctly stated, have been taken from the information af

forded by the writer of the Introduction. When I have

merely translated his own words I have marked the passage

with inverted commas. It would be foreign to my present

purpose to stop to compare these facts and dates with those

supplied by other writers, in order to ascertain their agree

ment or variation. I act only in the capacity of a pioneer to

such as are happy in, having more leisure to arrange their

plans for literary invasion, and to secure the fame and reward

of their conquests.

I.

(CC) Constantine Augustus 8th, Constantine Caesar 4th.

(E.D)45. (1)2. (E.M) xi Pharmuthi. (R. M) viii Id.

April. (L.M)21. (E)6. (G) 2.

The subject of this first letter is stated to be " on Fasting,

and Trumpets and Festivals." It is almost entirely horta

tory, as indeed are most of these letters, and abounds in quo

tations from the Old and New Testaments, but it contains no

fact which may tend to throw light upon the history of that

period.

II.

(CC) Gallicianus, Aurelius Symmachus. (E.D) 46. (I) 3.

xliv PREFACE.

(E. M) xxiv Pharmuthi. (R. M) xiii Kal. Mai. (L. M) 15.

(E)17. (G)3.

In this year Athanasius went about through the Thebaid.*

III.

(CC) Annius Bassus, Ablabius. (E.D)47. (1)4. (E.M)xvi

Pharmuthi. (R. M) iii Id. April. (L.M)18. (E)28.

He sent this letter when he was on his journey in returning

from his attendance upon Constantine, who had summoned

him before him in consequence of an accusation laid against

him by his enemies that he had been consecrated before he

had attained' the proper age. He experienced, however, a

favourable reception from the emperor, and returned when

the fast (of Lent) was already far advanced.f Athanasius

alludes in the letter to the troubles and afflictions which had

been brought upon him by the malice of his heretical enemies.

IV.

(CC) Ovinius Pacatianus, Mcecilius Hilarianus. (E.D) 48.

* A passage from the epistle for this year has been cited by Cosmas Indico-

pleustes, which I give here, with a literal translation of the corresponding

words of the Syriac version, which may serve in some measure to shew the de

gree of accuracy with which the Syriac translator performed his task.

Tov a<ylov Adavamov e/c t?s Sevrepas

eopraoTtKrjs.

Tevoiro S' av Trap' rjp.u>v TrpeirovTOJS

inaGTore fiev, fiaXiara Se ev reus tjfie-

paif tijs eoprrfi, /xrj \iovov aKpoarai, aA-

\(t KCtt TTOttJTCU TCOV TOV 2(tiTt]pOS TTpOtT-

rayfiaTcov *yev<a/jieda' tea Kal tov tuiv

'A'ytav Tpcnrov (iipitjo'afxevot, o~vveio~eA-

Ow/jiev ei? Ttjv tov K.vptov airavOTov Te

Kac ovtws fievovaav ev ovpavoTf yapav.

Topograph. Christ p. 316.

t This notice seems rather to belong to the following letter than this.

" It would be also from us becoming,

if indeed at all times, but more espe

cially in the days of the festival, that

we should not be hearers, but also

doers of the commands of our Saviour ;

that also imitating the manner of the

Saints, we may enter together into the

joy of our Lord which is in heaven,

which passeth not away, but truly

abideth." P. 21.

PREFACE. xlv

(I) 5. (E.M) xvii Pharmuthi. (R.M) iv Non. April.

(L.M)20. (E)9. (G)6.

" This year he went about through Pentapolis, and was in

Ammoniaca." The inscription of the letter itself states that

it was written from the Comitatus. At the commence

ment of the letter Athanasius writes that he sent it later

than the usual period; but hopes that those to whom it

was addressed would pardon this, both on account of the

great distance, and because he had been suffering from

illness. He had delayed, indeed, to write ; but never

theless had not forgotten the duty incumbent upon him

of notifying to them the day when Easter should be cele

brated. And although the letter arrived after its time, he

trusted that it would not be esteemed ill-timed, inasmuch as

it informed them that his enemies had been put to shame

and rebuke by the Church, because they had persecuted him

without a cause. He finishes this letter with the following

words : " Salute ye one another with a holy kiss : the brethren

who are with me salute you. We have sent this letter from

the Comitatus by the hand of Officilius*, to whom it has been

given by Ablabius, the governor of the Praetorium, who sincerely

fears God. For I am present at the Comitatus, having been

called by the Emperor Constantine to see him. But the Me-

letians who were present there, being envious, calumniated us

before the emperor ; but they were put to shame, and driven

away thence as calumniators, having been confuted in many

things. Those who were driven away from thence were Calli-

nicus, Ision, Eudaemon, and Gelous Hieracammonf, who, on

account of the shame of his name, calls himself Eulogius."

* This may perhaps be a mistake tor the Latin officialis.

t The three former of these names are mentioned by Constantine himself, in

his letter quoted by Athanasius in his Apology against the Arians : Opera, Vol. i.

p. 178.

xlvi PREFACE.

(CC) Dalmatius, Zenophilus. (E.D) 49. (I) 6. (E.M) xx

Pharmuthi. (R.M) xvii Kal. Mai. (L.M) 15. (E) 20.

(G) 7.*

VI.

(CC) Optatus Patricius, Anicius Paulinus. (E.D) 50. (1)7.

(E.M) xii Pharmuthi. (R.M) vii Id. April. (L.M) 17.

(E)l. (G)l.t

This year he went about through the lower country. He

was also called to a Synod ; but when he perceived that in

jury had been already prepared for him in Caesarea of Pales

tine, he excused himself from going out.

VII.

(C C) Julius Constantinus, Rufinus Albinus. (E. D) 51. (I) 8.

(E.M) ivj Pharmuthi. (R.M) iii Kal. April. (L.M) 20.

(E)12. (G)2.

At the end of this letter it is written, " The eighth and

* The following from this epistle is cited by Cosmas Indicopleustes :

Tov aiTov ck Tys e . eopraoTiKrjs.

Kai n-pof ravTa rlf inavos ; tov fiev

•yap Koo~p.ov tZ aifiaTi tov ^o>Ttjpof rj-

Aevdepa>o~e, tov aSrjv ira\tv Tip tov 2g>-

Ttjpos Bavaria TraTeio~6at SeSwKe, koi eis

Tai ovpaviovi m'Aas avepnroStarTov tois

avep%o/xevois Ttjv 65ov Trapao~xct>v.—

Topog. Christ, p. 316.

" And for these things who is suffi

cient ? For he liberated the world by

the blood ofour Saviour. Then, again,

he gave hell to be trodden down by

the death ofour Saviour; and he open

ed the gates of heaven, giving, through

our Saviour, a way without hindrance

to those who are going up." P. 37.

t From-this also a few words are quoted by the same.

Tov airov sk Trjs eopraaTiKris.

Kat ovTo>i eopTaaavTes SvvrjdZ/JLev

e\o~e\6eiv els Ttjv tov JipiaTov xapav

ev T$ /3ao~t\eiq tZv ovpavtov. Ibid.

Correct here an error of the Press:

I In the Introduction xiv. erroneously.

" And in these things having kept

the feast, we may be able to enter into

the joy of our Lord in the kingdom of

heaven," p. o .

read ^J>oiIuq] for ^.joiZue], and

PREFACE. xlvii

ninth letters do not exist, because he sent none, for the reasons

I have before stated," alluding to the Introduction.

VIII.

(CC) Nepotianus, Facundus. (I) 9. (E.M) xxiii Pharmuthi.

(R.M) xiv Kal.Mai. (L.M)20. (E) 23. (G) 4.

This year he went to a Synod assembled by his enemies

at Tyre, having departed on the seventeenth of Epiphi;

but when he was informed of the preparations which they

were making against him, he fled thence by sea to Con

stantinople. Having arrived there on the second of the

month Athyr, after eight days he appeared before Con-

stantine ; and when he had used much openness of speech,

his enemies moved the emperor by various accusations, and

he suddenly condemned him to exile. He departed for Gaul,

to go to Constans Caesar, on the tenth of the same month.

For this cause he wrote no Festal Letter this year.

IX.

(CC) Felicianus, Titianus. (I) 10. (E.M) viii Pharmuthi.

(R.M) ivNon. April. (L.M)16. (E) 4. (G) 5.

" He was in Treveri of Gaul : on this account he was not

able to write any Festal Letter."

X.

(CC) Ursus, Polemius. (E.D) 54. (I) 11. (E.M) xxx Pha-

menoth. (R. M) vii Kal. April. (L.M)18J* (E)15. (G)6.

Constantine having died on the twenty-seventh of the month

Pachon, Athanasius returned with much honour from Gaul on

the twenty-seventh of the month Athyr. Among other events

of this year, St. Anthony made a visit to Alexandria ; and

* The Introduction lias 19.

xlviii PREFACE.

having remained there only two days, in which he caused

much wonder, and healed many, he departed on the third

day in the month Messori.

Athanasius begins this letter, which perhaps would furnish

the happiest specimen of the whole collection, in the follow

ing manner, alluding to his late exile in Gaul : " Although I

have been all this distance from you, my brethren, I have

not forgotten the custom among you which has been deli

vered to us from the fathers, so far as to hold my peace, and

not indicate to you the period of the holy festival in every

year," &c.

XI.

(CC)Constantius2d,Constanslst. (E.D)55. (1)12. (E.M)

xxPharmuthi. (R. M) xvii Kal. Mai. (L.M)20. (E) 26.

(G)7.

There were many tumults during this year, and Athana

sius, having been pursued on the night of the twenty-second

of the month Phamenoth, escaped the next morning from

the church of Theonas*, after having baptized many. Four

days later Gregorius of Cappadocia entered the city as bishop.

In this letter (p. 56) he quotes a passage from the book

called " Hermas, or the Shepherd," in the following manner :

" But if one will not be offended also at the testimony of the

Shepherd, it may be well ; who says, even at the beginning of

his book, Before all things believe that there is one God, who

created and established every thing, andfrom non-existence made

them to exist.f

t This was the principal church of Alexandria, and was built by Alexander,

Patriarch of that city, as Athanasius himself informs us in his apology to Con-

stantine. 'O >yap fiaKapirtji 'A\e£avSpos, (ttcvZv ovro>v ruv aWcw roiruv, Kal

o'iKohofiuiv Ttjv Tore fiei^ova vofit£of*evrjv eKKAytrlav Trjv KdKovfxevrjv ®ecova.

Opera, edit. Paris. 2 voll. fol. 1698. Vol. i. p. 304.

J This is taken from the second book, Mandat. I. " Primum omnium, cre

dere quod unus est Deus, qui omnia creavit et consummavit, et ex nihilo

omnia

PREFACE. xlix

At the end of this letter is appended the following

Epistle :

" To the beloved brother, and our fellow-communicant*,

Serapion. Thanks be to Divine Providence for those things

which it at all times vouchsafes to us ; for it has vouchsafed

to us now also to come to the season of the festival. Having,

therefore, according to custom, written the letter respecting

the festival, I have sent it to thee, our beloved, in order that

by thy hands all the brethren also might be able to know the

day of rejoicing. But because some Meletians, being come

from Syria, have boasted that they have received what does

not belong to them, I mean, that they also have been reckoned

in the Catholic Church ;—for this reason I have sent to thee a

copy of a letter from those of our fellow-communicants who

are from Palestine, that when thou meetest with it thou mayest

know the fraud of these pretenders in this. For, because

they boasted, as I have said before, it was necessary for me to

write to the bishops who are in Syria ; and immediately those

of Palestine sent to us a reply, having fulfilled the judgment

against them in the manner which you will learn from this

omnia fecit" See Cotel. Patt. Apostol. p. 85, ed. Amstel. 2 voll. fol. 1724.

This same passage occurs more than once in the writings of Athanasius.

In his treatise De Incarnatione Verbi Dei : Aia he Ttjs (J^eAi/iGvraTijs filfiAov

rod Hoiptevos' Xlpunov vavra>v -ir'unevtrov, on et? cotiv 6 ®eos, o ra iravra

KTttras teat Karapntras, kcu iroirjiras £k tov fit] ovrof el? to e?vat. Athanas.

opera : edit. Paris. 2 voll. fol. 1698. Vol. i. p. 49. In that De decretis Nicaenae

Synodi, he speaks of it as cited by the Eusebians. 'Ev 5e rZ Hoifievt •ye^pcm-

raf eiretSr] Kai rovro nal toi fit) ov etc tov Kavovoi irpoo-Qepovtrr irpuTov iravrav :

k.t.\. ibid. p. 223. In the Epistle to the African bishops he again mentions it

as quoted by the Eusebians, ibid. p. 895. In the fragment of the thirty-ninth

Festal Letter he also speaks of the work of Hermas as not being one of the

canonical books, ibid. p. 963, and in the Syriac version, p. *J .

* Literally, " Son of our Ministry." It seems to be a translation of avWei-

rovp^Z, as in the inscription of his Epistle to Epictetus, p. 901, ibid.

0) 9

1 PREFACE.

copy. For that thou mayest not peruse the letters of all the bi

shops one after the other, I have sent thee one which is similar

in purport to all the rest, so that thou mayest know from this

even the will of them all. But I know that being convicted in

this also, they will acquire perfect odium with every man.

So much, then, respecting the pretenders. But I have also

deemed this very necessary and very urgent that I should also

make it known to your modesty—for I have written this to

every individual—that thou shouldest preach the fast of Lent

to the brethren, and persuade them to fast, on this ground, that

when all the rest of the world is fasting, we who are in Egypt

may not be derided as being the only people who do not ob

serve the fast, but take our pleasure during those days. For

if we do not fast on this account—that the Letter is then

read—it is right that we should take away this pretext also,

and that it be read before the fast of Lent ; so that, men may

not allege this as a pretext for not fasting : even when it is

read they may be instructed respecting the fast. But, oh

our beloved, whether in this manner, or whether otherwise,

persuade them and teach them to observe the fast of Lent.

For it is even disgraceful that when all the world does this,

those who are in Egypt alone should take their pleasure in

stead of fasting. For even I, being grieved on this account

that some deride us in this matter, have been thus constrained

to write to thee. When, therefore, thou receivest these let

ters, and readest and persuadest, write to me in return, our

beloved, that I also, being informed, may rejoice." In the

remainder of the letter Athanasius informs Serapion what

changes, in consequence of death or otherwise, had taken

place among the bishops of various cities, u in order," he con

tinues, " that thou mayest write to them, and receive from

them canonical letters." At the end it is stated that he

PREFACE li

wrote this letter from Rome, and that the twelfth is not

extant.*

XII.

(CC) Acyndinus, Proclus. (I) 13. (E.M) xiv Pharmuthi.

(R.M)iii Kal. April. (L.M)15. (E)7. (G)2.

" Gregorius continued to hold sway, committing many acts

of violence : for this cause he wrote no Festal Letter. When

the Arians had proclaimed it for the twenty-seventh of the

month Phamenoth, and were much derided on account of this

blunder, in the middle of the fast [of Lent], having altered

their intention, they celebrated it (Easter) with us on the

fourteenth of Pharmuthi, as it has been mentioned above.

But he (Athanasius) indicated it to the presbyters of Alex

andria by a short note, because he was unable to send the

letter as usual, on account of flight and treachery."

XIII.

(CC) Marcellinus, Probinus. (E.D)57. (1)14. (E.M)xxiv

Pharmuthi. (R.M) xiii Kal. Mai. (L.M) 16. (E) 18.

(G) 3.

u Augustamnice was divided, because Gregorius continued in

the city committing acts of oppression ; and having begun to

be ill, neither did this Pope write a Festal Letter."

It is plain that by the Pope, in this place and in the fol

lowing, the writer must mean Gregorius. At the beginning

of this letter Athanasius states that he wrote it from Rome.

XIV.

(CC)Constantius3d, Constans 2d. (E.D)58. (1)15. (E.M)

* By an oversight in mistaking this letter to Serapion immediately follow

ing the eleventh for the twelfth Festal Letter, I have erroneously stated, at

p. ill., that the twelfth was contained among the fragments of the manuscript

brought from Egypt by Dr. Tattam.

lii PREFACE.

xvi Pharmuthi. (R.M) iii Id. April. (L.M) 16. (E) 29.

(G) 4.

"Because Gregorius was in the city, being very ill, the

Pope was not able to send." A note at the end of this letter

states that the fifteenth and sixteenth were missing.

XV.

(CC) Placidus, Romulus. (1)1. (E. M) i Pharmuthi. (R.M)

vi Kal. April. (L.M) 15. (E) 11. (G) 5.

" In this year there was a Synod in Sardica ; and when the

Arians were arrived at Philippopolis they returned, because

Philagrius gave them this counsel there. Indeed they were

blamed in every place, and were even anathematized by the

Church of the Romans. And when they had written a recanta

tion to the Pope Athanasius, Ursacius and Valens were put to

shame. There was an agreement made in Sardica respecting

Easter, and they consented to a decision for fifty* years, which,

according to custom, the Romans and Alexandrians announce

in every place. Then he wrote a Festal Letter."

* Before the end of this period of fifty years we find Theophilus publishing

his table for a hundred years, A.D. 380 ; which, continuing in effect till the

days ofLeo I., was attacked by him as incorrect. See "Observations in Veterum

Patrum et Pontificum Prologos et Epistolas Paschales." 4to. Amst. 1 734, pp. 65.

111. I cannot refrain from quoting a passage from the author of this work in

this place, which entirely coincides with the conclusion at which I had arrived

myself long before I read this passage. " Ego, quod attinet occasionem harum

epistolarum, rem mecum sic reputo. Leo Papa, pertsesus authoritatis Patri-

archarum Alexandrinorum, qui in materia Paschali praevalebant, et ipsi quasi

legem dabant, et eum anno Christi 444 coegerant Pascha contra regulas Lati-

norum indicere, putabat se occasionem jam nactum esse in Paschate anni

Christi 455 reprehendendi Alexandrinos, et rem eo deducendi, ut illi cogerentur

a suis placitis desistere, et se Latinis in celebratione Paschatis conformare."

Ibid. p. 119.

PREFACE. liii

XVI.

(CC) Leontius, Sallustius. (I) 2. (E.M) xx Pharmuthi.

(R.M) xvii Kal. Mai. (L.M) 19. (E) 21. (G) 6.

" As Athanasius was returning from the Synod, he cele

brated Easter this year at Naissus." He gave only a short

indication of the day on which Easter was to be observed to

the presbyters at Alexandria, but was not able to send to the

country."

XVII.

(CC) Amantius, Albinus. (E.D) 61. (1)3. (E.M) xii Phar

muthi. (R.M) vii Id. April. (L.M) 19.* (E) 3. (G) 1.

" This year he made a journey to Aquileia, and there cele

brated Easter. He indicated briefly the day of Easter to the

presbyters in Alexandria, but not to the country."

As this is the shortest letter in the whole collection I

translate it here.

" Athanasius to the presbyters and deacons of Alexandria,

and brethren beloved, salutation in Christ. According to cus

tom I give you notice respecting Easter, my beloved, that you

also may give notice to the districts t of those who are at a dis

tance, agreeably to the usual practice. Therefore,after this pre

sent festival, I mean this which is on the twentieth of the month

Pharmuthi J, the ensuing Easter-day will be the vii1" of April,

* The Introduction has 18.

t The word , which I have rendered by ' districts,' I can find in no

Lexicon. It seems to be borrowed from ^£ , and would then signify a dis

trict under a Shaikh. It may perhaps, from the analogy of the signification,

mean 'presbyteries.'

I From this it appears that Athanasius gave notice at Easter in the year of

our Lord 344 upon what day Easter was to be observed in A.D. 345, and

not immediately after the Epiphany, as stated by Cassian. See note x. p. xxxvi.

above.

liv PKEFACE.

or, according to the Alexandrians, on the twelfth of Phar-

muthi. Give, therefore, this notice in all those districts

1 Easter-day will be the, viitt of April or, according to the

Alexandrians, on the twelfth of Pharmuthi.' That ye may be

in health in Christ I pray, my brethren beloved."

XVIII.

(CC) Constantius 4th, Constans 3d. (E.D)62. (1)4. (E.M)

iv Pharmuthi. (R.M) iii Kal. April. (L.M) 21.* (E) 14.

(G) 2.

" Gregory having died on the second of Epiphi,he (Athana-

sius) returned from Rome and Italy, and entered into the

city and the Church. And he was judged deserving of a

wonderful reception, all the people, and those in authority,

going to meet him for a hundred miles, on the twenty-fourth

of Paophi. He continued to be honoured. He had previ

ously sent the Festal Letter for this year to the presbyters in

a few words."

XIX.

(CC) Rufinus,Eusebius. (E.D) 63. (1)5. (E. M) xvii Phar

muthi. (R.M) i Id. April. (L.M) 15. (E) 25. (G) 3.

" He wrote this letter while he was at Alexandria, giving

indication of some things which he had not been able to do

before." After having given notice of the festival of Easter,

and added the salutation as usual at the end of the letter, he

subjoins the following information, which I have translated,

as supplying some curious facts respecting the state of the

bishops under the patriarchate of Athanasius.

"I have also, as a thing necessary, given diligence to in

form you respecting the appointment of the bishops which

* The Introduction has 24.

PREFACE, lv

has taken place for our blessed fellow-communicants, in order

that you may know to whom you may write, and from whom

receive letters. In Syene, therefore, Nilammon is appointed,

in the room of Nilammon of the same name. In Latos*,

Mases, in the room of Ammonius. In Coptos, Psenosiris, in

the room of Theodorus. In Panos, because Artemidorus has

requested it on account of his old age and infirmity of body,

Arius is appointed in conjunction with him. In Hypsele,

Arsenius, having become reconciled to the Church. In

Lycos, Eudaemon, in the room of Plusianus. In Antinous,

Orion, in the room of Ammonius and Tyranus. In Oxyryn-

chus, Theodorus, in the room of Pelagius. In Nilopolis,

Amatas and Isaac, having been reconciled to each other, in

the room of Theon. In Arsenoites, Andreas, in the room of

Silvanus. In Prosopontis, Tranadelphus, in the room of

Serapammon. In Diosphacus, which is on the river's side,

Theodorus, in the room of Serapammon. In Saiton, Paph-

nutius, in the room of Nemesion. In Xois, Theodorus, in

the room of Anubion ; and there is also with him Isidorus,

having become reconciled to the Church. In Sethroites,

Orion, in the room of Potammon. In Clysma, Tityanus,

in the room of Jacob; and there is with him also Paulus,

having been reconciled to the Church."

XX.

(CC)Philippus, Salia. (E.D)64. (1)6. (E.M) viii Phar-

muthi. (R.M) iii Non. April. (L.M) 18. (E) 6. (G)4.

" He sent this also while he was residing in Alexandria."

* Latos, that is Latopolis, as Panos for Panopolis, and Lycos for Lycopolis.

We ought perhaps to read Prosopis for Prosopontis, Triadelphus for Tranadel

phus, Diospolis for Diosphacus, &c. ; but the orthography of these proper

names is too irregular to admit of certainty and accuracy in recognising them,

and is rendered still more doubtful by the manuscript, which scarcely dis

tinguishes between the J and * .

Ivi •PREFACE.

This letter, which is the last that I have found, is imper

fect. The chronological data for the remaining years must

therefore be supplied from the Introduction only.

XXI.

(CC) Limenius, Catullinus. (1)7. (E.M) xxx Phamenoth.

(R.M) vii Kal. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 17. (G) 6.

" But because the Romans refused, for they said they had

a tradition from the Apostle Peter not to pass the twenty-

sixth day of Pharmuthi, nor the thirtieth of Phamenoth, on

the twenty-first day of the moon ******

vii Kal. April. " He sent this letter also while he was residing

in Alexandria."

XXII.

(C C) Sergius, Nigrianus. (I) 8. (E. M) xiii Pharmuthi.

(R.M) vi Id. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 28. (G)7.

" In this year Constans was slain by Magnentius, and Con-

stantius held the empire alone. And then he wrote to the

Pope (Athanasius) not to fear any thing in consequence of the

death of Constans, but to place his confidence upon him as

he had upon the other when he was alive."

XXIII.

The consulate after that of Sergius and Nigrianus. (I) 9.

(E.M) v Pharmuthi. (R.M) i Kal. April. (L.M) 18.

(E)9. (G)l.

XXIV.

(CC) Constantius Augustus 5th, Constantius Caesar 1st.

(1)10. (E.M) xxiv Pharmuthi. (R.M) xiii Kal. Mai.

(L.M) 18. (E) 20. (G) 3.

" Gallus was proclaimed Caesar, who changed his name to

Constantius."

PREFACE. Ivii

XXV.

(CC) Constantius Augustus 6th, Constantius Caesar 2d.

(1)11. (E.M)xviPharmuthi. (R. M) iii Id. April. (L.M)

21. (E)l. (G)4.

" In this year Serapion, bishop of Thmuis, and Triadelphus

of Nicion*, and Petrus and Astricius, presbyters, and others,

were sent to the emperor Constantius, because they were

afraid of the injury of the Arians. They returned without

effecting their object. In this year Montanus the Silentiarius

from the palace entered ; and when there had been a tumult

he returned ineffectual."

XXVI.

(CC) Constantius Augustus 7th, Constantius Caesar 3d.

(1)12. (E.M)ivPharmuthi. (R.M) vi Kal. April. (L.M)

17. (E) 12. (G) 5.

XXVII.

(CC) Arbetion, Lollianus. (I) 13. (E.M) xxi Pharmuthi.

(R.M)xvi Kal. Mai. (L.M) 18. (E) 23. (G) 6.

" In this year Diogenes, the secretary of the emperor, came,

being desirous of seizing upon the bishop, but he also re

turned in vain and ineffective."

XXVIII.

(CC) Constantinus Augustus 8th, Julianus Caesar 1st. (I) 14.

(E.M) xii Pharmuthi. (R.M) vii Id. April. (L.M) 17.

(E)4. (G)l.

" In this year Syrianus Dux, when he caused a great tumult

in the church on the thirteenth of Mechir, having entered

into the church of Theonas with his forces on the night of the

* This seems to be Nicii, the on at the end of the word being probably the

termination of the genitive case, which the Syrian translator has retained here,

as he seems to have done in other instances of proper names.

(P) h

Iviii PREFACE.

fourteenth, was not able to take him, for he escaped in a

wonderful manner."

XXIX.

(C C) Constantinus Augustus 9th, Julianus Caesar 2d. (I) 15.

(E.M) xxvii Phamenoth. (R.M) x Kal. April. (L.M) 17.

(E)15. (G)2.

" Then Georgius entered on the thirtieth of Mechir, and

carried things with a high hand with violence. But Athana-

sius the bishop was fled. And he was searched for in the

city with much affliction, many undergoing dangers on this

account. Therefore no Festal Letter was written."

XXX.

(CC) Tatianus, Cerealis. (I) 1. (E.M) xvii Pharmuthi.

(R.M)i Id. April. (L.M) 17. (E) 26. (G)3.

" The bishop Athanasius was in Alexandria concealed ;

but Georgius departed on the fifth of Paophi, having been

driven away by the multitude. On this account the Pope

was not able to send a Festal Letter this year also."

XXXI.

(CC) Eusebius, Hypatius. (I) 2. (E.M) xix Pharmuthi.

(R. M) i Non. April. (L.M) 20. (E) 7. (G) 4.

" Neither this year did the Pope write."

XXXII.

(CC) Constantius Augustus 10th, Julianus Caesar 3d. (1)3.

(E. M) xxviii Pharmuthi. (R. M) ix Kal. Mai. (L. M) 2 1 .

(E)18. (G)6.

" The Governor (Faustinus) and Artemius having entered

into a common house and a little cell in search for Athanasius

PHEFACE. lix

the bishop, bitterly tormented Eudemonis, a perpetual virgin.

On this account he did not write this year."

XXXIII.

(CC) Taurus, Florentius. (I) 4. (E.M) xiii Pharmuthi.

(R.M)vi Id. April. (L.M) 17. (E) 29. (G)7.

" Neither was he able to send this. But in this year Con-

stantius died ; and when Julianus held the empire alone there

was respite from the persecution against the orthodox : but

the orders of Julianus in every place were, that the orthodox

churchmen should be left alone who had been persecuted in

the time of Constantius."

XXXIV.

(CC) Mamertinus, Nevitta. (1)5. (E.M) xv Pharmuthi.

, (R.M)i Kal. April. (L.M) 25. (E) 10. (G) 1.

" In this year, in the month Mechir, Athanasius the bishop

returned from his flight to the Church, at the command of

Julianus Augustus, who released all the bishops and clergy

who were in exile, as it has been said above. This year,

then, he wrote."

XXXV.

(C C) Julianus Augustus 4th, Sallustius. (I) 6. (E. M) xxv

Pharmuthi. (R.M)xiiKal.Mai. (L.M) 20. (E)21. (G)2.

Athanasius having fled to Thebais, when he heard of the

death of the emperor Julian returned to Alexandria secretly

by night. And when, on the eighth of Thoth, he embarked

at Hierapolis of the east, he met the emperor Jovianus, and

was sent onward also by him with much honour. He sent

this Festal Letter when he was persecuted from Memphis to

Thebais to all the country, it having been delivered according

to custom.

lx PREFACE.

XXXVI.

(C C) Jovianus Augustus, Varronianus. (1) 7. (E. M) ix Phar-

muthi. (R.M)i Non. April. (L.M) 16. (E)3. (G) 4.

"In this year the Pope (Athanasius) entered the city of

Alexandria and the Church on the twenty-fifth of Mechir.

But he sent the Festal Letter, according to custom, from

Antioch, to all the bishops who were in all the province."

XXXVII.

(CC) Valentinianus 1st, Valens 1st. (I) 8. (E.M) i Phar-

muthi. (R.M) v Kal. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 14. (G) 5.

" We took the Caesareum ; but then again the Pope (Atha

nasius), having been persecuted by accusers, withdrew to the

garden of the New River ; and after a few days Barasides the

secretary came to him with the governor, and made him

enter into the Church. And there having been an earth

quake on the twenty-seventh of Epiphi, the river turned from

the east and destroyed many persons, and much damage was

done."

XXXVIII.

(CC) Gracianus 1st, Dagalaiphus. (I) 9. (E.M) xxi Phar-

muthi. (R.M) xvi Kal. Mai. (L.M) 20. (E) 25. (G) 6.

" The heathen having made an attack on the twenty-seventh

of the month Epiphi, the Cassareum was burnt: many of

the citizens, therefore, were in great affliction, and those who

had been the cause were condemned and exiled."

XXXIX.

(CC) Lupicinus, Jovinus. (I) 10. (E.M) xvi Pharmuthi.

(R.M) Kal. April. (L.M) 16. (E) 6. (G) 7.

" This year, when Lucius attempted to enter on the twenty-

sixth of the month Thoth, and he was concealed during the

PREFACE. Ixi

night in a house which was by the side of the church, and

Tatianus the governor, and Trajanus Dux brought him forth,

he went out of the city and escaped in a wonderful manner,

while the mob sought to kill him. In this year he wrote,

framing a canon* respecting the Holy Scriptures."

XL.

(CC) Valentinianus 2d, Valens 2d. (I) 11. (E. M) xxv Phar-

muthi. (R.M) xii Kal. Mai. (L.M)16. (E) 17. (G) 2.

" He began to build the Caesareum anew, having been

honoured with a royal mandate on the sixth of the month

Pachon, through Trajanus Dux, who also discovered those

who had burnt it ; and immediately he cleared away the rub

bish caused by the fall and the fire, and afterwards, in the

same month Pachon, began the building also."

XLI.

(CC) Valentinianus, son of Augustus 1st, Victor. (I) 12.

(E.M) xxviif Pharmuthi. (R.M) i Id. April. (L.M) 15.

(E)28. (G)3.

" The Pope Athanasius began to build in Mendedeus J the

church which is called after his own name on the twenty-

fifth of the month Thoth, at the commencement of the eighty-

fifth year of the era of Diocletian."

XLII.

(CC) Valentinianus 3d, Valens 3d. (I) 13. (E.M) ii Phar

muthi. (R.M) iv Kal. April. (L.M) 15. (E) 9. (G) 4.

" The Pope completed the church called after his own

* He refers to the portion of this epistle which has been already mentioned

as cited by Theodorus Balsamon, and of which the Syriac version is printed

at page ■ ~" .

t This ought to be xvii. J Perhaps Mendesium.

Ixii PREFACE.

name at the end of the eighty-sixth year of the era of Diocle

tian, in which also he completed the dedication on the four

teenth of Messori."

XLIII.

(CC) Gratianus 2d, Probus. (I) 14. (E.M) xxii Pharmu-

thi. (R.M) xv Kal. Mai. (L.M) 16. (E) 20. (G) 5.

XLIV.

(CC) Modestus, Arintheus. (I) 15. (E.M) xiii Pharmuthi.

(R.M) vi Id. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 1. (G) not 1.

XLV.

(CC) Valentinianus 4th, Valens 4th. (I) 1. (E.M) v

Pharmuthi, (R.M) i Kal. April. (L.M) 21. (E) 12.

(G)l.

" When this was finished, he departed this life in a won

derful manner on the seventh of the month Pachon. Here

end the chapters, that is to say, the heads of the Festal Let

ters of Saint Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria."

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