The EarthThe Earth

Sea / oceans ---------------- 70%Sea / oceans ---------------- 70%

LandLand -------------------------27%-------------------------27%

Ice --------------------------- 3%Ice --------------------------- 3%(Antarctica and Greenland)(Antarctica and Greenland)

The Earth and its climate Earth receives energy from the sun (radiation) Earth reflects about 30% of the solar radiation

Absorbs 70% of the radiation ( warming the land atmosphere oceans)

Visible radiation heats up the earth nor the atmosphere.

Constantly changing over 5 billion years Sometimes, climate has warmed, oceans have

risen, much earth covered. Earth average surface temperature : 20-300C

Warmer than it would be with out greenhouse effect.

Atmosphere Covers the earth A thin layer of mixed gases, which makes

up the air we breath. Helps to avoid the earth becoming too cold

or too hot.

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

• Warming of the Globe (Earth) due to solar

radiation and emission of gases including

human activities.

THE PROCESS OF GLOBAL WARMING

GLOBAL WARMING

Not from yesterday

Its for years ago

For hundreds of years;

Impact is not immediate

Yet, very serious

Average composition of the atmosphere up to an altitude of 25km

Sl. No. Gas Name Chemical Formula Percent Volume

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Nitrogen

Oxygen

*Water vapour

Argon

*Carbon dioxide

Neon

Helium

*Methane

Hydrogen

*Nitrous oxide

*ozone

N2

O2

H2O

Ar

CO2

Ne

He

CH4

H2

N2O

O3

*Variable gases

78.08%

20.95%

0 – 4%

0.93%

0.0360%

0.0018%

0.0005%

0.00017%

0.00005%

0.00003%

0.000004%

CAUSES

?? ?

?

GREENHOUSES

Greenhouse A structure with glass or plastic roof and

frequently with glass or plastic walls for heating inside to warm plants, soil and other things kept inside.

Glass – A selective transmission medium.

Effective to trap energy within the greenhouse.

Greenhouse gases Components of atmosphere Contribute to greenhouse effect Some GHG occur naturally in atmosphere Others result from human activities

(Burning of fossil fuels)

Greenhouse gasesMajor: Water vapour 36 - 70%

(clouds not included ) Carbon dioxide 9 - 26% Methane 4 - 9% Ozone 3 - 7%Other Greenhouse gases: Nitrous oxide Sulfur hexafluoride Hydrofluorocarbons Perfluorocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons

                                                                                     This graph shows the distribution of GHG in Earth's atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide is clearly the majority .

GREENHOUSE GASES

Emissions of Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Methane (CH4)

Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Hydrofluro carbons Sulphur dioxide Perfluro carbons

Pie chart shows how CO2 is produced

CARBON DIOXIDE

Deforestation and Forest Fires contribute to an increase in CO2 levels

Cars also contribute to CO2 in the atmosphere.

CARBON DIOXIDE

Cows such as these contribute a large amount of methane to the air.

METHANE

CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS

Refrigerators and  Air Conditioners using CFC's were a huge problem for the ozone layer, but now HFC's

are a problem for the climate.

CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS-Problems

WORLD PRODUCTION CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS

When do we send greenhouse gases into

the Air?Whenever we……

• Watch TV• Use the AC• Turn on a light• Play video games• Listen to stereo• Wash/Dry clothes• Use hair dryer• Ride in a car• Use a dish washer• Microwave a meal

Main sources of GHG due to human activities

Burning of fossil fuels Deforestation Live stock, paddy, wetland changes

(Methane) Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

(In refrigeration systems) Agricultural activities (fertilizers) – nitrous

oxide concentration

Green house effect It is important Responsible for warming of earth Warm enough for human living If effect is more? Problems for Humans, plants and animals

Diagram to help explain the how greenhouse gases create the "greenhouse effect"

Importance of greenhouse effect Present temperature of the earth - 57ºF

(14ºC). If there is no green house effect –

temperature would be 0ºF (-18ºC)

Can we live?

Can other organisms thrive?

Greenhouse effect is required also.

Greenhouse gases (Specifically CO2) in pre-industrial and post-industrial periods

By the end of the 21st century = 490 – 1260 ppm

Pre-industrial period Post-industrial period

About 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv)

370 ppmv

Atmospheric life time and GWP of greenhouse gases

Sl.No GHG Atmospheric Lifetime (yrs.)

Global warming Potential (GWP)

1 CO2 200 -450

2 Methane 12 + 3 62 (over 20 yrs.)

3 Nitrous oxide 120 296 over 100 yrs.

4 CFC – 12 100 10,600

5 HCFC – 22 12.1 5,700

6 Tetra fluromethane 50,000 5,700

7 Sulphur hexafluoride 3,200 22,000

CO2 A colorless, odorless non-flammable gas

Most important Greenhouse gas in earth’s atmosphere

Recycled through the atmosphere by photosynthesis

Human and over 30 billion tons of CO2 anually in the atmosphere by the above process

CO2 emission into the air due to Humans exhale Burning of fossil fuel Deforest the planet

Seven Sources of CO2 due to fossil fuel combustion

Solid fuels (eg. Coal) – 35% Liquid fuels (eg. Petrol) – 36% Gaseous fuels (eg. Natural gas) – 20% Flaring gas industrially and at walls - <1% Cement production – 3% Non fuel hydrocarbons - <1% International bunkers of shipping and air

transport – 4%

Burning fossil fuels for driving

Burning fossil fuels for flying

Burning fossil fuels for sailing

Burning fossil fuels for Electricity

Burning fossil fuels for Heating

Burning fossil fuels for cooling

Burning fossil fuels for cooking

CO2 Release into the Atmosphere

CO2 Production and Utilization

Release of CO2 by average American/yr. – 30,000 pounds(Through personal transportation and home energy needs)

Utilization of CO2 by single tropical tree over its life time – 2,000 pounds(@ 50 pounds /yr. over 40 years)

Trees must be planted at the rate of 15/person to offset CO2 release

Methane Often called swamp gas Colourless, odorless, flammable gas Formed when plants decay, while air is very little Often called swamp gas Abundant in swampy areas Bacterial breaking of organic matter in wetlands Bacteria found in livestock produce naturally Annually 350 – 500 million tons of methane is added to the

atmosphere (due to livestock - cows, sheep, goats, buffalos, camels and also terminates), coal mining, drilling for oil, rice cultivation etc.,)

Nitrous oxide Colourless greenhouse gas Has a sweet odor Used as an anesthetic (Deadens pain) Known as laughing gas Released naturally from oceans and soil bacteria Risen more than 15% since 1750 Annual addition to the atmosphere is 7-13 million

tons (due to fertilizer application, disposal of human and animal waste, automobile exhaust, etc.,)

Fluorocarbons A term for a group of synthetic organic

compounds, containing fluorine and carbon Can be easily converted from gas to liquid

and liquid to gas Because of this, fluorocarbons can be used

in aerosol cans, refrigerators and air conditioners.

They do harm to the atmosphere Banned for production in the US

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Do not harm or breakdown the ozone

molecule But trap heat in the atmosphere Used in air-conditioners

1996 PROCESSES CARBON DIOXIDE WAS PRODUCED

Country (region) OIL Natural Gas Coal

World 44.7% 18.4% 36.9%

Canada 51.8% 30% 18.2%

United States 45% 21.3% 33.7%

European Union 56.2% 19% 24.8%

China 17.4% 1.1% 81.5%

Japan 64.6% 9.9% 25.5%

This chart shows what percentage of CO2 comes from Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal. For example, in 1996, 44.7% of the world's CO2 emissions came from the combustion of oil

IMPACTS.. ?

!!!

What Effect Do Greenhouse Gases Have on Climate Change?

Effects of Global Effects of Global WarmingWarming

AttributedAttributed

• Glacier retreatGlacier retreat

• Ice shelf disruptionIce shelf disruption

• Sea level riseSea level rise

• Change in rainfall patternChange in rainfall pattern

• Frequent extreme weather Frequent extreme weather eventsevents

Expected effects:

Water scarcity Increased precipitation Changes in mountain snow pack Adverse health effects Increasing deaths Displacements Economic losses

Additional anticipated effects:

Sea level rises of 110 to 770mm (0.36-2.5ft) between 1990 – 2100.

Repercussions to agriculture. Slowing of thermocline circulation. Reduction in ozone layer Increased intensity and frequency of hurricanes. Extreme weather events. Lowering of ocean pH. Spreading of diseases such as malaria and dengue

fever. 18-35% samples-animal and plant species would be

extinct by 2050.

×

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON ENVIRONMENT

1.Glaciers and polar ice caps melting.

2.Floods & droughts becoming more.

3. Increasing sea levels ( 4-10 inches since 1990).

4.We might get 2 feet sea rise by 2100.

5.Freshwater salinity will increase.

6.Coastal lands will be immersed.

7.Warmer water and increased humidity will encourage tropical cyclones.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

CO2, a global pollutant does not adversely impact the local environment – common

belief

Many problems are due to Co2 related pollutants

a) Toxic organic micro pollutants:Respiratory problems

Asthma attacks

premature death

b) Sulphur oxides:Acid rain

Smog

c) Carbon monoxide:Inabilty of blood to carry O2

Affects healthNeurological impairmentheart problemsLung problems

d) Nitrogen oxides:Lung damageRespiratory disorders(Also acid rain and smog)

e) Arsenic:Highly toxicCarsinogenic

f) Benzene: Highly toxicCarsinogenicDisrupts reproductive & Neurological systemsCauses anaemia

g) Mercury:Highly toxicAffects child developmentImpairs brain function

h) Lead:Highly toxicMore so to childrenNeurological toxicant

i) Ozone:Lung damageRespiratory impairment

j) Polycyclic organic matter:CarcinogenicRespiratory toxicant

k) Formaldehyde:CarcinogenRespiratory impairmentAsthma inducementNeurological toxicant

l) 1, 3- Butadiene CarcinogenRespiratory impairmentCardio vascular disease

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON ENVIRONMENT

FLOODING

Typhoon

Droughts

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON ENVIRONMENT

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON SOCIETY

Food production

1.Global warming – Good for human race

2.Helps in improving food production.

3.Climate – Determinant factor in Agriculture.

4.Warming – better than cooling for food production.

5.CO2 - essential nutrient for food production.

6.Food – the most important resource for our life.

7.Temperature rise – more land for agriculture (towards poles) - Longer

growing season.

ADVERSE IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH1. Loss of life

2. Insects and other pests migrate towards earth’s pole.

3. They migrate up to 550 km (or 550 miles).

4. Some insects carry diseases- like malaria and dengue fever.

5. Thus diseases increase & spread leading to a 50 – 80 million additional malaria cases annually – 10 – 15% increase.

6. Heat itself has effect on health.

7. Heat waves - heart stroke, heart attacks

8. July 1995 heat wave in Chicago- killed 700 people.

9. Hot conditions cause smoke particles and noxious gases-linger in air-accelerate chemical reactions & generate other pollutants- result in bronchitis and asthma.

ADVERSE IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH -CONTD

Oceans become warm and expand – result in sea level rising.

Coastal people have to move away.

Bangladesh – cannot build a coastal wall.

Maldive islands (1190 islands) – Avg height – 1.5 mts above sea level – more than 2,00,000 people will have to abandon their homes.

Ocean warming – promote toxic algae – red tide – fish mass kill – birds kill – cholera etc..

IMPACT ON FISHERIES

1.Fisheries are directly and strongly affected by variations in the natural conditions.

2. Habitat conditions decide the productivity and location of fish stocks (migration).

3. Fish are more sensitive to temperature than many animals because they cannot maintain a constant body temperature.

4. Different fish species live in different temperature zones and they are accordingly adapted.

IMPACT ON FISHERIES - CONTD

5. Fish need more food and more oxygen when temperature increases.

6. Rainbow trout grow significantly more slowly when temperature rises by 2o C and food is limited.

7. A warming of 3o C will double the food requirement of Arctic trout.

8. Dissolved oxygen and temperature are negatively related and hence in high temperature (global warming) oxygen will be insufficient.

9. Even 1- 2oC rise may cause mass mortality.

IMPACT ON FISHERIES - CONTD

10. Warm water fishes mature more quickly – 90% of such fish species are small in size than those in cooler waters.

11. Rise in temperature leads to less fish off springs.

12. Some may not be able to reproduce at all.

13. Tropical Guppies produce smaller broods.

14. Grass carp ovulate less frequently in warmer waters.

IMPACT ON FISHERIES - CONTD15. Temperate species like Salmon and

Sturgeon cannot spawn at all, if winter temperatures do not drop below a certain level.

16. Global warming has drastically brought down, the fishery of the much preferred quality fish Lactarius lactarius.

17. When the water temperature increases, fish head out to cooler water areas.

18.When fish in the Gulf of Alaska moved deep in 1993, 1,22,000 sea birds starved to death.

IMPACT ON FISHERIES - CONTD

19. As water warms up, many microbes and parasites grow faster and become more virulent.

20. Fish species suffer heavily due to diseases.

21. Due to temperature increase (supported by nutrients) algal blooms (including red tides) occur and mass mortality of marine organisms occur either due to production of toxin or reduction of oxygen.

IMPACT ON FISHERIES - CONTD

22. Increased warming has led to the extinction of 20 species which are found nowhere in the world.

23. Global warming has resulted in coral bleaching and the loss of symbiotic bacteria that corals depend upon.

25. Events like the 1972-73 El Nino has put off 1500 boats, 200 processing plants and 1,00,000 people out of work in the Peruvian Anchoveta fishery.

MITIGATION

Save Agriculture

Protect farmers

Produce your foods

Avoid/ Reduce imports and transports

GLOBALIZATION….

Exports and Imports

Required…? To what extent?

PAINTING HOUSES

No oil paints

Latex paints…. May be O.K

NO VAASTU

NO VASSTU COLOURS

HAVE ECO FRIENDLY HOUSES

USE ENERGY EFFICIENT ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

NO OLD TYPE BULBS

USE CFL BULBS

ALSO ULTRA COMPACT LEDS- LIGHTS

USE TWO WHEELERS

ELECTRIC SCOOTERS

AND BICYCLES

IS NOT WALKING BETTER?

TO CONTROL.. BLOOD SUGAR

BLOOD PRESSURE

FAT DEPOSITION

AND OVER WEIGHT

FOR LONG JOURNEYS

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

TRAIN

REDUCE PERSONAL VEHICLES

HOW MANY CARS IN A HOUSE?

IS THIS CONGESTION REQUIRED?

HOW MUCH RELEASE OF CO2

GENERATE WIND POWER

SOLUTIONS FOR PRODUCING "CLEANER"ENERGY

Hydro Power plant on a river

PRODUCE SOLAR ENERGY

SUBJECT TO SAFETY

HAVE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Geothermal power plant

CREATE AWARENESS

LET THERE BE GREENERY -

EVERYWHERE

PRODUCE ALGAL DIESEL

Nanochloropsis

Nitzschia

Bacteriococcus

FROM HIGH FAT ALGAE

Scenedemus – 16 – 40%

Neochloris – 35 – 65%

Nitzschia – 45 – 47%

Isochrysis – 25 – 33%

Nanochloropsis – 31 – 60%

Bacteriococcus – 25 – 75%

CULTURE METHODS

UTILIZE MARINE ALGAE

CULTURE SEAWEEDS

A«óC«ôKò£ â´Lv(Gracilaria edulis)

ªüL®ªò™ô£ ÜC«ó£ê£(Gelidiella acerosa)

è£ô˜Šð£(Caulerpa)

ê˜è£ú‹ ªõŒ®(Sargassum wighti)

èŠð£ç¬ð‚èv Ü™õªóC(Kappaphycus alvarezii)

ì˜H«ùKò£ èù£Œìv(Turbinaria canoides)

CULTIVABLE INDIAN SEAWEEDS

RAFT CULTURE

MONOLINE CULTURE

Jatropha

Jatropha curcas

GROW BAMBOO, SIMILAR ONES AND GET CARBON CREDIT

Seven steps to curb global warmingSeven steps to curb global warming

1. Global carbon pricing1. Global carbon pricing2. Global satellite monitoring of GHG emissions2. Global satellite monitoring of GHG emissions3. Compensating developing countries for preserving 3. Compensating developing countries for preserving

rainforestrainforest4. Creation of a global market for responsible biofuel4. Creation of a global market for responsible biofuel5. Creation and furtherance of markets for renewable 5. Creation and furtherance of markets for renewable

electricityelectricity6. Global moratorium on building new coal-fired power 6. Global moratorium on building new coal-fired power

stationsstations7. Creation of global incentives for developing countries7. Creation of global incentives for developing countries

Solution for Global Warming

Reduce use of fossil fuel Protect rainforests as “Carbon store houses” Plant tropical trees and compensate

rainforests being lost Develop Plantations for biodiesel production

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

IsIs

GLOBAL WARNINGGLOBAL WARNING

Avoid Pollution,Avoid Pollution,

Protect Nature,Protect Nature,

Promote Plantation,Promote Plantation,

and and

Use BiodieselUse Biodiesel

“Energy Independence is the lifeline of a nation”

BIO-DIESEL MISSION

CONTACT FOR CONSULTANCY

PROJECTS..

Aquaculture,

environment,

water treatment

Aquariums AND

Project monitoring

Dr.V.Sundararaj – 09380657117

Dr.D.Yuvaraj - 09944099550Asian Analytical Laboratories Pvt Ltd,

4/2, Bharathiar St, Palavakkam, Chennai- 600041,Ph; 044 32560686

THANK YOU