The Digestive System Major Major

Function of Function of System:System:

Break down Break down nutrients to nutrients to produce produce energy energy

for the bodyfor the body

The Digestive System- Major Organs and Functions

StomachStomach Breaks down food physical-churns Breaks down food physical-churns Chemical- pepsin and HClChemical- pepsin and HCl

Small Small intestineintestine

Absorbs nutrientsAbsorbs nutrients

Large Large intestineintestine

Absorbs water, eliminates solid wastesAbsorbs water, eliminates solid wastes

PancreasPancreas Secretes enzymes and hormones, Secretes enzymes and hormones, sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acid sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acid in stomachin stomach

LiverLiver Produces bile (breaks down fats)Produces bile (breaks down fats)

Gall bladderGall bladder Stores bileStores bile

Types of Digestive Systems

Filter FeedersFilter Feeders – Porifera (sponges) – Porifera (sponges) Gastrovascular CavityGastrovascular Cavity – Cnidarians – Cnidarians One Body OpeningOne Body Opening – Flatworms – Flatworms Two body openingsTwo body openings – Roundworms – Roundworms Complex digestive systemComplex digestive system – Earthworms – Earthworms

(crop, gizzard, intestines)(crop, gizzard, intestines) Water Vascular CavityWater Vascular Cavity - Echinoderms - Echinoderms

Circulatory System

Major Function of Major Function of System:System:

Transports nutrients, Transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones dioxide, hormones

and others and others

throughout the body throughout the body

Circulatory Systems- Number of chambers in the heart Mammal- Mammal- 4 4 chambers.chambers. Birds- Birds- 44 chambers chambers Reptile- mostly Reptile- mostly 33 chambers (alligators and chambers (alligators and

crocodiles have crocodiles have 44)) Amphibians- Amphibians- 33 chambers chambers Fish- Fish- 22 chambers chambers

Circulatory System- Path of blood in the human heart

1-right atrium1-right atrium 2- right ventricle contracts 2- right ventricle contracts 3-lungs- releases carbon dioxide and takes 3-lungs- releases carbon dioxide and takes

in oxygenin oxygen 4- left atrium4- left atrium 5-Left ventricle to aorta and out to body5-Left ventricle to aorta and out to body

Types of Circulation Open Circulatory SystemOpen Circulatory System – blood – blood

flows in open sinuses or cavitiesflows in open sinuses or cavities

Closed Circulatory SystemClosed Circulatory System – – Blood contained in vesselsBlood contained in vessels

Circulatory System ArteriesArteries- carries blood AWAY from - carries blood AWAY from

heart, oxygen rich heart, oxygen rich VeinsVeins- carries blood toward heart, - carries blood toward heart,

oxygen pooroxygen poor CapillariesCapillaries- tiny vessels that - tiny vessels that

exchanges substances with the cellsexchanges substances with the cells

Transport in other organisms

PlantsPlantsXylem- transports water in Xylem- transports water in Phloem- transports nutrientsPhloem- transports nutrients

Earthworm- has aortic arch- 5 vessels Earthworm- has aortic arch- 5 vessels that serve as a heart that serve as a heart

Respiratory SystemMajor Major

function of function of system:system:

Gas Gas ExchangeExchangeOxygen inOxygen inCarbon Carbon

Dioxide Dioxide outout

Respiratory System- Major parts and functions

TracheaTrachea Tube from mouth to lungsTube from mouth to lungs

BronchiBronchi 2 branches from trachea to lungs leads 2 branches from trachea to lungs leads to bronchiolesto bronchioles

AlveoliAlveoli Tiny sacs in lungs that exchange Tiny sacs in lungs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the oxygen and carbon dioxide with the bloodblood

DiaphragmDiaphragm Muscle beneath lungs that controls Muscle beneath lungs that controls breathingbreathing

Down-inhale Up-exhaleDown-inhale Up-exhale

Respiratory Structures in other vertebrates and Invertebrates Most Invertebrates – exchange gas with Most Invertebrates – exchange gas with

water through diffusionwater through diffusion Earthworm – respire through skinEarthworm – respire through skin Fish – gillsFish – gills Amphibians – gills / lungsAmphibians – gills / lungs Insects- spiraclesInsects- spiracles Plants-stomates- openings in leaf surfacePlants-stomates- openings in leaf surface

Reproductive System

Major functions Major functions of system:of system:

Produce Produce offspring to offspring to continue the continue the speciesspecies

Reproductive System- Major parts of the flower

Male (Stamen)Male (Stamen) FilamentFilament-stalk, supports anther-stalk, supports anther AntherAnther- produces pollen- produces pollen

Female (Pistil)Female (Pistil) StigmaStigma- sticky, attracts pollen- sticky, attracts pollen StyleStyle- tube leading to ovary- tube leading to ovary OvaryOvary- produces eggs- produces eggs

Reproductive System

Reproductive System- major parts and functions

MaleMale TestesTestes- produces sperm- produces sperm UrethraUrethra- tube leading out of penis- tube leading out of penis

FemaleFemale OvaryOvary- produces eggs- produces eggs Fallopian tube (oviduct)-Fallopian tube (oviduct)- tube leading to tube leading to

uterus (fertilization occurs here)uterus (fertilization occurs here) UterusUterus- where fetus develops during pregnancy- where fetus develops during pregnancy

Endocrine System

Major Major function of function of

system:system: Glands that Glands that

chemically chemically control the control the bodybody

Endocrine SystemPituitary Pituitary Controls other glands, in Controls other glands, in

headhead

ThyroidThyroid Controls growth, in neckControls growth, in neck

Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands Stress hormones, “flight Stress hormones, “flight or fight” response or fight” response

PancreasPancreas Produces insulin-Produces insulin-regulates blood sugarregulates blood sugar

Ovaries and testesOvaries and testes Steroid and sex hormonesSteroid and sex hormones

Chemical Control in Plants

Hormones effect growth, development, Hormones effect growth, development, produce flower, fruit and seed developmentproduce flower, fruit and seed development

Phototropism Phototropism – hormones cause plants to – hormones cause plants to bend toward lightbend toward light

GeotropismGeotropism – hormones cause plant roots – hormones cause plant roots to grow down with gravity to grow down with gravity

Excretory System

Major Major function of function of system:system:

Eliminate Eliminate liquid liquid wasteswastes

Excretory SystemKidneyKidney 2, filters blood and removes 2, filters blood and removes

wasteswastes

NephronNephron Filtering unit in kidneyFiltering unit in kidney

UreterUreter Tube from kidney to bladder Tube from kidney to bladder

BladderBladder Sac that stores urine for Sac that stores urine for disposal disposal

Nervous System

Major function of Major function of system:system:

Interpret Interpret environmentenvironment

Control body’s Control body’s activitiesactivities

Brain, spinal Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and cord, nerves, and sense organssense organs

Excretory System

In aquatic environments secrete ammonia In aquatic environments secrete ammonia directly into waterdirectly into water

Land animals convert ammonia to urea or Land animals convert ammonia to urea or uric acid before excretinguric acid before excreting

Insects- use Malpighian tubes for excretionInsects- use Malpighian tubes for excretion Earthworms- use nephridiaEarthworms- use nephridia

Nervous System- Parts of the Brain

CerebrumCerebrum- intelligence, memory, - intelligence, memory, movementmovement

CerebellumCerebellum- balance and coordination- balance and coordination Medulla OblongataMedulla Oblongata- involuntary breathing - involuntary breathing

and heart rateand heart rate CNS Central Nervous SystemCNS Central Nervous System- brain and - brain and

spinal cordspinal cord

Nervous System- Parts of a nerve

Axon- carries Axon- carries impulses AWAY impulses AWAY from cell bodyfrom cell body

Dendrite- carries Dendrite- carries impulses impulses TOWARD cell TOWARD cell bodybody

Skeletal System

Major Major function of function of

system:system: Movement, Movement,

support and support and protectionprotection

Skeletal SystemSternumSternum Breast boneBreast bone

clavicleclavicle Collar boneCollar bone

scapulascapula ShoulderShoulder

HumerusHumerus Upper armUpper arm

Radius and Radius and ulnaulna

Lower armLower arm

FemurFemur Upper leg- thighUpper leg- thigh

Tibia and Tibia and fibulafibula

Lower leg- shinLower leg- shin

Types of Skeletons

EndoskeletonEndoskeleton Internal skeleton Internal skeleton Usually made of cartilage or boneUsually made of cartilage or bone

ExoskeletonExoskeleton External skeletonExternal skeleton Arthropods - ChitinArthropods - Chitin

Muscular System

Types of Muscles

SkeletalSkeletal Moves the skeletonMoves the skeleton

SmoothSmooth Involuntary, Involuntary, movement you are movement you are unaware of, internal unaware of, internal organsorgans

CardiacCardiac Muscle found in Muscle found in heartheart

Immune System

Major Function:Major Function: Protection against Protection against

any foreign any foreign material that material that enters the bodyenters the body

Immune System

Pathogen- any disease causing substancePathogen- any disease causing substance Response to a pathogenResponse to a pathogen

First line of defense- skinFirst line of defense- skin Inflammatory response- redness, Inflammatory response- redness,

swelling, and heat caused by the release swelling, and heat caused by the release of histaminesof histamines

White blood cells White blood cells

Immune System

Types of White blood CellsTypes of White blood Cells Macrophages- phagocytosis- engulf and Macrophages- phagocytosis- engulf and

consume foreign materialsconsume foreign materials LymphocytesLymphocytes

T cells- produced in thymus, recognize T cells- produced in thymus, recognize foreign bodies foreign bodies

B cells- produced in bone marrow, B cells- produced in bone marrow, memory cellsmemory cells

Immune System

Passive immunity- antibodies from mother Passive immunity- antibodies from mother to fetus or injection with antibdies from to fetus or injection with antibdies from animal or other humananimal or other human

Active immunity- obtained when exposed Active immunity- obtained when exposed to a disease, body produces antibodiesto a disease, body produces antibodies

Vaccine- injected with dead or weakened Vaccine- injected with dead or weakened pathogens, body produces own antibodiespathogens, body produces own antibodies