The Dandelion Project - Except · The Dandelion Project ... Biomimicry in Action President, Biomimicry Institute Bio-Emulation ... nanoscience & technology, chemical engineering,

We can see a future where societies and economies flourish, drawing strength from their locally abundant resources. In the deserts, energy flows freely from the sun. On seashores and mountain ridges, wind towers harvest power for neighboring communities. Precious metals are recovered from wastewater streams by bacteria. Carefully designed ecosystems produce abundant and diverse supplies of food year-round.

The Dandelion Project

This multitude of resources already surrounds us. The question remains: how can we transition from our current extractive economies to locally refueling economies of abundance?

This project presents a step on the path to answering that question. Welcome to the Dandelion Project.

Creating the Foundation for a Sustainable FutureIntegrated Sustainability Consulting & Design

Connecting the World’s Intelligence

Lorem Ipsumthe Netherlands

Swedish Center of Biomimetic Fiber Engineering

Northwestern

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TUDelftthe Neth

Janine Benyus

Biomimicry in Action

President, Biomimicry Institute

Bio-Emulation

NorthwesternMassachusettsUSA

Northwesternthe Netherlands

Bio-Tech

Benyus graduated summa cum laude from Rutgers University with degrees in natural resource management and english literature/writing. Benyus teaches interpretive writing, lectures at the University of Montana, and works towards restoring and protecting wild lands. She serves on a number of land use committees in her rural county, and is president of Living Education, a nonprofit dedicated to place-based living and learning.

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Contact Info >>Publications >> Dayna BaumeisterCo-Founder, Biomimicry Guild

TU Delft Fact. of Applied Sciences

Starting at the coastal seashore of Florida, Dayna received a BS in Marine Biology from New College in Sarasota. After several years exploring the intricate relationships of coral reefs, she turned in her wetsuit and headed back to the mountains. There, Dayna earned a MS in Resource Conservation and a PhD in Organismic Biology and Ecology from the University of Montana in Missoula, specializing in dynamics of positive interactions among animal and plant life.

The Faculty of Applied Sciences is the largest Faculty within TU Delft. Research at the Faculty is fundamental and application-oriented in nature and spread over seven departments. The Faculty offers research-oriented education at both undergraduate (BSc) and postgraduate (MSc, PDEng, PhD) levels.

The domains of science the Faculty targets through its education and research are:

life and health science & technology,nanoscience & technology,chemical engineering,radiation science & technology andapplied physics.

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KTH - Royal Institute of Technology,

The Swedish Center for Biomimetic Fiber Engineering (Biomime™) is a multidisciplinary Center of Excellence with cutting edge expertise at every level of the formation, modification and industrial utilization of wood, fibers and their constituent polymers. Our Mission is the understanding of the structure, self-assembly, and properties of complex plant cell walls in order to use the cell wall as a biomimetic model for advanced materials design.

Biomime™ was founded in 2006 with support from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) and comprises collaborative groups from the Schools of Biotechnology and Chemical Science and Engineering at The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), the Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC) and Innventia. Contact Info >>Publications >>

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Biomimicry or biomimetics is the examination of nature, its models, systems, processes, and elements to emulate or take inspiration from in order to solve human problems. The term biomimicry and biomimetics come from the Greek words bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate. Other terms often used are bionics, bio-inspiration, and biognosis.

Biomimicry

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Phytostimulation

Phytoextraction

Phytostabilization

Phytotransformation

Hyperaccumulators

Phytovolatilization

MustardPlant

AlpinePennycross

Pigweed

Poplar

Superfund Site Treatment



Northwestern

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George WUniversit Cellstrom GmbH


Professor, Yale University

Bio-Emulation



Bio-Tech

Roberto C. Goizueta Professor of Environmental and Chemical Engineering. Interests: Environmental applications and implications of nanomaterials; membrane separations for desalination and water reuse; engineered osmosis for sustainable production of water and power; water and sanitation in developing countries.

More on Menachem Elimelech >>Contact Info >>Publications >> The Electricity Storage Association

Yale University Environmental Engineering

Baoxia Mi holds a B.S. and an M.S. in Environmental Engineering from Tianjin University in China and a Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her research focuses on physicochemical/biological processes with an emphasis on nanomaterials and membrane technologies for sustainable water supply and renewable energy production.

The Faculty of Applied Sciences is the largest Faculty within TU Delft. Research at the Faculty is fundamental and application-oriented in nature and spread over seven departments. The Faculty offers research-oriented education at both undergraduate (BSc) and postgraduate (MSc, PDEng, PhD) levels.The domains of science the Faculty targets through its education and research are:life and health science & technology,nanoscience & technology,chemical engineering,radiation science & technology andapplied physics.

More on Baoxia Mi >>Contact Info >>Publications >>


Oasys Technologies The Swedish Center for Biomimetic Fiber Engineering (Biomime™) is a multidisciplinary Center of Excellence with cutting edge expertise at every level of the formation, modification and industrial utilization of wood, fibers and their constituent polymers. Our Mission is the understanding of the structure, self-assembly, and properties of complex plant cell walls in order to use the cell wall as a biomimetic model for advanced materials design.Biomime™ was founded in 2006 with support from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) and comprises collaborative groups from the Schools of Biotechnology and Chemical Science and Engineering at The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), the Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC) and Innventia. Contact Info >>Publications >>

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Flow batteries are a class of electrochemical energy storage device that separates power from energy. In most arrangements, electrolytes are stored outside the electrochemical cell, and �ow through the cell during the charging and discharging process. Cells may be joined together in various con�gurations. Flow batteries have technical and commercial advantages including economies of scale, simplicity of operation and low cost of manufacture. Flow batteries are also known as redox �ow batteries.

Vanadium Redox Flow Battery




Northwestern

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George WUniversit

Cellstrom GmbH Biomimicry in Action


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Bio-Tech

The Electricity Storage Association


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Northwestern

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George WUniversit

Cellstrom GmbH



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Northwestern

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George WUniversit

Menachem Elimelech



Bio-Emulation



Bio-Tech

Menachem Elimelech is Roberto C. Goizueta Professor of Environmental and Chemical Engineering at Yale University. His interests include: Environmental applications and implications of nanomaterials; membrane separations for desalination and water reuse; engineered osmosis for sustainable production of water and power; water and sanitation in developing countries.More on Menachem Elimelech >>

Contact Info >>Publications >> Baoxia MiProfessor, George Washington Univ.


Baoxia Mi holds a B.S. and an M.S. in Environmental Engineering from Tianjin University in China and a Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her research focuses on physicochemical/biological processes with an emphasis on nanomaterials and membrane technologies for sustainable water supply and renewable energy production.

The Faculty of Applied Sciences is the largest Faculty within TU Delft. Research at the Faculty is fundamental and application-oriented in nature and spread over seven departments. The Faculty offers research-oriented education at both undergraduate (BSc) and postgraduate (MSc, PDEng, PhD) levels.The domains of science the Faculty targets through its education and research are:life and health science & technology,nanoscience & technology,chemical engineering,radiation science & technology andapplied physics.

More on Baoxia Mi >>Contact Info >>Publications >>


Oasys Technologies

The Swedish Center for Biomimetic Fiber Engineering (Biomime™) is a multidisciplinary Center of Excellence with cutting edge expertise at every level of the formation, modification and industrial utilization of wood, fibers and their constituent polymers. Our Mission is the understanding of the structure, self-assembly, and properties of complex plant cell walls in order to use the cell wall as a biomimetic model for advanced materials design.Biomime™ was founded in 2006 with support from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) and comprises collaborative groups from the Schools of Biotechnology and Chemical Science and Engineering at The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), the Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC) and Innventia. Contact Info >>Publications >>

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Forward osmosis is a technique for purifying water that uses only 1/10th of the energy required by conventional desalination systems. It does ths by establishing a passive energy osmotic gradient instead of using pressure or heat.

Its potential uses other than desalination include: wastewater treatment, pharmaceutical and juice concentration, potable-water re-use in space, some power generation possibilities. Challenges include devising appropriate semi-permeable membranes that will not clog with waste products too quickly.

Forward Osmosis


Water Puri�cation

Desalination

Filtration

Reverse Osmosis

Semi-PermeableMembranes

ThermalDistillation

MembraneDistillation

Water puri�cation is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from raw water. The goal is to produce water �t for a

speci�c purpose. Most water is puri�ed for human consumption (drinking water) but water puri�cation may also be designed for a variety of other purposes,

including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical process such

as �ltration and sedimentation, biological processes such as slow sand �lters or activated sludge, chemical process such as �occulation and chlorination and the

use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.


Filtration is a mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from �uids (liquids or gases) by interposing a

medium through which only the �uid can pass. Oversize solids in the �uid are retained, but the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with some �uid and �ltrate will contain �ne particles

(depending on the pore size and �lter thickness).


Water Treatment

Biotechnology

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Bioremediation

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Transportation

Education

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Micro�nance

Energy Generation

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Agriculture

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Political Theory

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Floating structures

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Secondary Currencies

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Oceans

Climate ChangeEnergy Storage

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Soil Treatment

EXCEPT

Except Integrated Sustainability

Towards an intuitive, effective, and transparent knowledge universe.The Dandelion Project is a concept for an inter-active online tool that organizes our knowledge universe, activates international and interdis-ciplinary collaboration, and provides a naviga-tional and exploratory space for education and research. Dandelion is designed to catalyze the movement towards a more sustainable society and an economy of abundance.

The tool combines elements of a search engine, an online encyclopedia, a user-driven content generator, as well as a social networking device.As a visual Wikipedia, Dandelion allows users to navigate through a spatially-displayed network of information, which intelligently self-organizes

using keywords, usage patterns, and social networks. This information network is the user’s playground. A user can explore and interact with it in various ways including direct queries to answer questions.

Engaging communitiesThe Dandelion Project allows communities to find each other and interact through spatially-embedded discussion groups and blogs. People interested in similar topics or located geograph-ically close together will find each other explor-ing the same parts of the information network.


Reverse Osmosis

Bio-Tech

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Products, Services & PatentsTimeline

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Forward osmosis is a technique for purify-ing water that uses only 1/10th of the energy required by conventional desalina-tion systems. It does this by establishing a passive energy osmotic gradient instead of using pressure or heat.

Its potential uses other than desalination in-clude: wastewater treatment, pharmaceutical and juice concentration, potable-water re-use in space, some power generation possibilities. Challenges include devising appropriate semi-permeable membranes that will not clog with waste products too quickly.

Forward Osmosis

more >>

Baoxia MiProfessor, George Washington Univ.

Baoxia Mi holds a B.S. and an M.S. in Environmental Engineering from Tianjin University in China and a Ph.D. in Environmental Engineer-ing from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her research focuses on physicochemical/biological pro-cesses with an emphasis on nano-materials and membrane technolo-gies for sustainable water supply and renewable energy production.

More on Baoxia Mi >>


Location: USA

Oasys Water

“Oasys (Osmotic Application Systems) is a Cam-bridge, MA based company developing a suite of proprietary energy and resource recovery products to address the growing, global water crisis.

Engineered Osmosis™ (EO™) is a platform for re-ducing cost in the production of clean water, power and energy through more efficient and sustainable utilization of resources.” Oasys recently raised 10 million USD for a pilot forward osmosis plant. The company’s foundational technologies were devel-oped primarily at Yale University.


Yale University Location: USA

Yale University is a private research uni-versity in New Haven, Connecticut, and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institu-tion of higher education in the United States. Yale has produced many nota-ble alumni, including five U.S. presi-dents, seventeen U.S. Supreme Court Justices, and several foreign heads of state.


Menachem ElimelechProfessor, Yale University

Menachem Elimelech is Roberto C. Goizueta Professor of Envi-ronmental and Chemical Engi-neering. His research interests include: environmental applica-tions and implications of nano-materials; membrane separa-tions for desalination and water reuse; engineered osmosis for sustainable production of water and power; water and sanitation in developing countries. His laboratory at Yale conducted the pioneering research behind the forward osmosis technology now in pilot phase at Oasys Water.


More on Menachem Elimelech >>

George Washington UniversityLocation: USA

The George Washington University (GW, GWU, or George Washington) is a private, coeducational com-prehensive research university located in Washington, D.C. The university was chartered by an Act of Con-gress on February 9, 1821 as The Columbian College in the District of Columbia. It is the largest university in the nation's capital. It is renowned for its programs in inter-national affairs, political science, and journalism.More on George Washington University >>

Journal of Membrane Science 281 (2006) 70–87

Review

Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments

Tzahi Y. Cath a,∗, Amy E. Childress b, Menachem Elimelech c

a Colorado School of Mines, Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Golden, CO 80401-1887, United Statesb University of Nevada, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Reno, NV 89557-0152, United Statesc Yale University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, United StatesReceived 30 December 2005; received in revised form 30 May 2006; accepted 31 May 2006Available online 6 June 2006

AbstractOsmosis is a physical phenomenon that has been extensively studied by scientists in various disciplines of science and engineering. Earlyresearchers studied the mechanism of osmosis through natural materials, and from the 1960s, special attention has been given to osmosis throughsynthetic materials. Following the progress in membrane science in the last few decades, especially for reverse osmosis applications, the interestsin engineered applications of osmosis has been spurred. Osmosis, or as it is currently referred to as forward osmosis, has new applications inseparation processes for wastewater treatment, food processing, and seawater/brackish water desalination. Other unique areas of forward osmosisresearch include pressure-retarded osmosis for generation of electricity from saline and fresh water and implantable osmotic pumps for controlleddrug release. This paper provides the state-of-the-art of the physical principles and applications of forward osmosis as well as their strengths andlimitations.© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Osmosis; Forward osmosis; Direct osmosis; Desalination; Reverse osmosis; Pressure-retarded osmosis

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712. Osmotic processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.1. Classification of osmotic processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.2. Draw solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723. Concentration polarization in osmotic processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733.1. External concentration polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733.2. Internal concentration polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733.2.1. Modeling concentrative internal concentration polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743.2.2. Modeling dilutive internal concentration polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753.3. Influence of internal concentration polarization on water flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754. Membranes and modules for forward osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754.1. Membranes for forward osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754.2. Membrane modules and devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764.2.1. Plate-and-frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774.2.2. Spiral-wound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774.2.3. Tubular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774.2.4. Hydration bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Abbreviations: CP, concentration polarization; DOC, direct osmotic concentration; DS, draw solution; FO, forward osmosis; MD, membrane distillation; NPDES,national pollutant discharge elimination system; OD, osmotic distillation; PRO, pressure-retarded osmosis; RO, reverse osmosis; TDS, total dissolved solids; TKN,total Kjeldahl nitrogen (sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia); TMDL, total maximum daily load∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 303 273 3402; fax: +1 303 273 3413.E-mail address: [email protected] (T.Y. Cath).

0376-7388/$ – see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.048

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Except Integrated Sustainability

Create New Development LinksThe ultimate goal of this mode of semi-auto-mated informational management is to rapidly uncover new connections between concepts and people, and to highlight the common paths we are traveling in our efforts to innovate towards a sustainable future.

It is not a lack of technological capacity that prevents us from achieving sustainability; it is the lack of organizational capacity, coordination, and build-up of critical societal mass. Dandelion can help bridge that gap.

Anti-ScatterGovernments, researchers, and companies often duplicate one another’s efforts, or do not benefit from partnerships and interdisciplinary connec-tions because they were not apparent. Likewise, policy makers and investors often have difficulty seeing the larger trends in problem develop-ments or technological innovation because the informational landscape is so vast and scat-tered.

By visualizing and intelligently organizing information, Dandelion is designed to directly address some of these problems using a simple, intuitive interface.

The Dandelion Project connects the right knowledge with the right people at the right time. As a unified knowledge platform, it can revolutionize the landscape for sustainable development.

w: www.except.nle: [email protected]: +31 (0) 10 7370215

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Creating the Foundation for a Sustainable FutureIntegrated Sustainability Consulting & Design

The Dandelion Project was developed in cooperation with Storrm CS consul-tants for the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Ordinance, and the Environment (VROM). The project is currently seeking interested parties for futher development.

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The Dandelion Project - Except · The Dandelion Project ... Biomimicry in Action President, Biomimicry Institute Bio-Emulation ... nanoscience & technology, chemical engineering,