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The Clang AST A Tutorial by Manuel Klimek

The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

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Page 1: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

The Clang ASTA Tutorial by Manuel Klimek

Page 2: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

You'll learn:

1. The basic structure of the Clang AST2. How to navigate the AST3. Tools to understand the AST4. Interfaces to code against the AST

(Tooling, AST matchers, etc)

Page 3: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

The Structure of the Clang AST

● rich AST representation

● fully type resolved

● > 100k LOC

Page 4: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

ASTContext

● Keeps information around the AST○ Identifier Table○ Source Manager

● Entry point into the AST○ TranslationUnitDecl* getTranslationUnitDecl()

Page 5: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Core Classes

● Decl

● Stmt

● Type

Page 6: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Core Classes

● Decl○ CXXRecordDecl○ VarDecl○ UnresolvedUsingTypenameDecl

● Stmt

● Type

Page 7: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Core Classes● Decl

● Stmt○ CompoundStmt○ CXXTryStmt○ BinaryOperator

● Type

Page 8: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Core Classes● Decl

● Stmt

● Type○ PointerType○ ParenType○ SubstTemplateTypeParmType

Page 9: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Glue Classes

● DeclContext○ inherited by decls that contain other decls

● TemplateArgument○ accessors for the template argument

● NestedNameSpecifier

● QualType

Page 10: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Glue Methods

● IfStmt: getThen(), getElse(), getCond()

● CXXRecordDecl: getDescribedClassTemplate()

● Type: getAsCXXRecordDecl()

Page 11: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Types are complicated...

Page 12: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Types are complicated...

int x;

const int x;

Page 13: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Types are complicated...

Type

QualType

int x;

const int x;

Page 14: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Types are complicated...

int * const * x;

Page 15: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Types are complicated...

class PointerType {

QualType getPointeeType() const;

};

Page 16: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Types are complicated...

PointerType

QualType

BuiltinType

QualTypeint * p;

Page 17: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Location, Location, Location

class SourceLocation { unsigned ID; };

● points to Tokens

● managed by SourceManager

Page 18: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Navigating Source: Declarations

void MyClass::someMethod() {}

getPosition()getQualiferLoc()

getLocStart() getLocEnd()

Page 19: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Navigating Source: Call Expressions

Var.function()

getCallee() ->getBase() ->getNameInfo() ->getLoc()

getCallee() ->getMemberNameInfo() ->getLoc()

getLocStart() getLocEnd()

Page 20: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Navigating Source: Types

MyClass c;

Type:MyClass

TypeLoc TypeLoc

void f(MyClass c);

Page 21: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Navigating Source: Types

const MyClass & c

getLocStart() getLocEnd()

Page 22: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Navigating Source: Types

PointerType

PointerTypeLoc

BuiltinTypeLoc

BuiltinType

int * p;getPointeeLoc()

QualType

QualType

getPointeeType()

Page 23: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Getting the Text

Use the Lexer!

● makeFileCharRange

● measureTokenLength

Page 24: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Template tree transformations

● Full AST of template definition available

● Full AST for all instantiations available

● Nodes are shared

Page 25: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

RecursiveASTVisitor

● Trigger on Types you care about

● Knows all the connections

● Does not give you context information

Page 26: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

AST Matchers

● Trigger on Expressions

● Bind Context

● Get all context inside a callback

Page 27: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Tools!

● clang○ -ast-dump -ast-dump-filter○ -ast-list

● clang-check○ clang + tooling integration

Page 28: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Example 1: The Real World

bool TGParser::AddValue(Record *CurRec, SMLoc Loc, const RecordVal &RV) { if (CurRec == 0) CurRec = &CurMultiClass->Rec;

if (RecordVal *ERV = CurRec->getValue(RV.getNameInit())) { // The value already exists in the class, treat this as a set. if (ERV->setValue(RV.getValue())) return Error(Loc, "New definition of '" + RV.getName() + "' of type '" + RV.getType()->getAsString() + "' is incompatible with " + "previous definition of type '" + ERV->getType()->getAsString() + "'"); } else { CurRec->addValue(RV); } return false;}

From: llvm/lib/TableGen/TGParser.cpp

http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/lib/TableGen/TGParser.cpp?revision=177843&view=markup
Page 29: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Example 1: The Real World

Get the AST for AddValue

$ clang-check -ast-list lib/TableGen/TGParser.cpp \ |grep AddValuellvm::TGParser::AddValuellvm::TGParser::AddValue

Page 30: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Example 1: Dump!$ clang-check -ast-dump \ -ast-dump-filter=llvm::TGParser::AddValue \ lib/TableGen/TGParser.cpp

Page 31: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Example 1: Dump Details

<...>|-ReturnStmt 0x7f9047a23c28 <line:70:7, line:73:55>| `-ExprWithCleanups 0x7f9047a23c10 <line:70:14, line:73:55> '_Bool'| `-CXXMemberCallExpr 0x7f9047a23ad8 <line:70:14, line:73:55> '_Bool'| |-MemberExpr 0x7f9047a21ff0 <line:70:14> '<bound member function type>' ->Error 0x7f9047b18410| | `-ImplicitCastExpr 0x7f9047a23b10 <col:14> 'const class llvm::TGParser *' <NoOp>| | `-CXXThisExpr 0x7f9047a21fd8 <col:14> 'class llvm::TGParser *' this| |-CXXConstructExpr 0x7f9047a23b40 <col:20> 'class llvm::SMLoc' 'void (const class llvm::SMLoc &) throw()'| | `-ImplicitCastExpr 0x7f9047a23b28 <col:20> 'const class llvm::SMLoc' lvalue <NoOp>| | `-DeclRefExpr 0x7f9047a22020 <col:20> 'class llvm::SMLoc' lvalue ParmVar 0x7f9047a218e0 'Loc' 'class llvm::SMLoc'| `-MaterializeTemporaryExpr 0x7f9047a23bf8 <col:25, line:73:52> 'const class llvm::Twine' lvalue| `-ImplicitCastExpr 0x7f9047a23be0 <line:70:25, line:73:52> 'const class llvm::Twine' <ConstructorConversion>| `-CXXConstructExpr 0x7f9047a23ba8 <line:70:25, line:73:52> 'const class llvm::Twine' 'void (const std::string &)'<...>

Page 32: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Example 2: std::string Arguments

#include <string>

void f(const std::string& s);

void StdStringArgumentCall( const std::string& s) { f(s.c_str());}

Page 33: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Example 2: Dump!$ clang-check StdStringArgs.cc -ast-dump -ast-dump-filter=StdStringA --

Dumping StdStringArgumentCall:FunctionDecl|-ParmVarDecl`-CompoundStmt `-ExprWithCleanups `-CallExpr |-ImplicitCastExpr <FunctionToPointerDecay> | `-DeclRefExpr 'f' 'void (const std::string &)' `-MaterializeTemporaryExpr `-CXXBindTemporaryExpr `-CXXConstructExpr 'void (const char *, const class std::allocator<char> &)' |-CXXMemberCallExpr 'const char *' | `-MemberExpr .c_str | `-DeclRefExpr 's' 'const std::string &' `-CXXDefaultArgExpr 'const class std::allocator<char>'

Page 34: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

s.c_str()

$ clang-check StdStringArgs.cc -ast-dump -ast-dump-filter=StdStringA --

Dumping StdStringArgumentCall:FunctionDecl|-ParmVarDecl`-CompoundStmt `-ExprWithCleanups `-CallExpr |-ImplicitCastExpr <FunctionToPointerDecay> | `-DeclRefExpr 'f' 'void (const std::string &)' `-MaterializeTemporaryExpr `-CXXBindTemporaryExpr `-CXXConstructExpr 'void (const char *, const class std::allocator<char> &)' |-CXXMemberCallExpr 'const char *' | `-MemberExpr .c_str | `-DeclRefExpr 's' 'const std::string &' `-CXXDefaultArgExpr 'const class std::allocator<char>'

Example 2: Dump!

Page 35: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

string(s.c_str())

$ clang-check StdStringArgs.cc -ast-dump -ast-dump-filter=StdStringA --

Dumping StdStringArgumentCall:FunctionDecl|-ParmVarDecl`-CompoundStmt `-ExprWithCleanups `-CallExpr |-ImplicitCastExpr <FunctionToPointerDecay> | `-DeclRefExpr 'f' 'void (const std::string &)' `-MaterializeTemporaryExpr `-CXXBindTemporaryExpr `-CXXConstructExpr 'void (const char *, const class std::allocator<char> &)' |-CXXMemberCallExpr 'const char *' | `-MemberExpr .c_str | `-DeclRefExpr 's' 'const std::string &' `-CXXDefaultArgExpr 'const class std::allocator<char>'

Example 2: Dump!

Page 36: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

f(s.c_str())

$ clang-check StdStringArgs.cc -ast-dump -ast-dump-filter=StdStringA --

Dumping StdStringArgumentCall:FunctionDecl|-ParmVarDecl`-CompoundStmt `-ExprWithCleanups `-CallExpr |-ImplicitCastExpr <FunctionToPointerDecay> | `-DeclRefExpr 'f' 'void (const std::string &)' `-MaterializeTemporaryExpr `-CXXBindTemporaryExpr `-CXXConstructExpr 'void (const char *, const class std::allocator<char> &)' |-CXXMemberCallExpr 'const char *' | `-MemberExpr .c_str | `-DeclRefExpr 's' 'const std::string &' `-CXXDefaultArgExpr 'const class std::allocator<char>'

Example 2: Dump!

Page 37: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Example 2: std::string Arguments

#include <string>

void f(const std::string& s);

void StdStringArgumentCall( const std::string& s) { f(s.c_str());}

Page 38: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Example 2: std::string Arguments

#include <string>

void f(const std::string& s);

void StdStringArgumentCall( const std::string& s) { f(std::string(s.c_str()));}

Page 39: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Example 2: Dump!Dumping StdStringArgumentCall:FunctionDecl|-ParmVarDecl`-CompoundStmt `-ExprWithCleanups `-CallExpr |-ImplicitCastExpr <FunctionToPointerDecay> | `-DeclRefExpr 'f' 'void (const std::string &)' `-MaterializeTemporaryExpr `-CXXBindTemporaryExpr `-CXXConstructExpr |-CXXMemberCallExpr 'const char *' | `-MemberExpr .c_str | `-DeclRefExpr 's' 'const std::string &' `-CXXDefaultArgExpr 'const class std::allocator<char>'

Page 40: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Example 2: Dump!Dumping StdStringArgumentCall:FunctionDecl|-ParmVarDecl`-CompoundStmt `-ExprWithCleanups `-CallExpr |-ImplicitCastExpr <FunctionToPointerDecay> | `-DeclRefExpr 'f' 'void (const std::string &)' `-MaterializeTemporaryExpr `-ImplicitCastExpr <NoOp> `-CXXFunctionalCastExpr to std::string <ConstructorConversion> `-CXXBindTemporaryExpr `-CXXConstructExpr |-CXXMemberCallExpr 'const char *' | `-MemberExpr .c_str | `-DeclRefExpr 's' 'const std::string &' `-CXXDefaultArgExpr 'const class std::allocator<char>'

Page 41: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Dumping StdStringArgumentCall:FunctionDecl|-ParmVarDecl`-CompoundStmt `-ExprWithCleanups `-CallExpr |-ImplicitCastExpr <FunctionToPointerDecay> | `-DeclRefExpr 'f' 'void (const std::string &)' `-MaterializeTemporaryExpr `-ImplicitCastExpr <NoOp> `-CXXFunctionalCastExpr to std::string <ConstructorConversion> `-CXXBindTemporaryExpr `-CXXConstructExpr |-CXXMemberCallExpr 'const char *' | `-MemberExpr .c_str | `-DeclRefExpr 's' 'const std::string &' `-CXXDefaultArgExpr 'const class std::allocator<char>'

Example 2: Dump!

Page 42: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Getting Real#include "clang/ASTMatchers/ASTMatchers.h"#include "clang/ASTMatchers/ASTMatchFinder.h"#include "clang/Tooling/Tooling.h"#include "gtest/gtest.h"

using namespace llvm;using namespace clang;using namespace clang::tooling;using namespace clang::ast_matchers;

class DumpCallback : public MatchFinder::MatchCallback { virtual void run(const MatchFinder::MatchResult &Result) { llvm::errs() << "---\n"; Result.Nodes.getNodeAs<CXXRecordDecl>("x")->dump(); }};

TEST(DumpCodeSample, Dumps) { DumpCallback Callback; MatchFinder Finder; Finder.addMatcher(recordDecl().bind("x"), &Callback); OwningPtr<FrontendActionFactory> Factory(newFrontendActionFactory(&Finder)); EXPECT_TRUE(clang::tooling::runToolOnCode(Factory->create(), "class X {};"));}

Page 43: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Getting Real

class DumpCallback : public MatchFinder::MatchCallback { virtual void run(const MatchFinder::MatchResult &Result) { llvm::errs() << "---\n";

const CXXRecordDecl *D = Result.Nodes.getNodeAs<CXXRecordDecl>("x"); if (const clang::ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *TS = dyn_cast<clang::ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl>(D)) { TS->getLocation().dump(*Result.SourceManager); llvm::errs() << "\n"; } }};

"template <typename T> class X {}; X<int> y;"

Page 44: The Clang AST - LLVMllvm.org/devmtg/2013-04/klimek-slides.pdf · You'll learn: 1. The basic structure of the Clang AST 2. How to navigate the AST 3. Tools to understand the AST 4

Linkshttp://clang.llvm.org/docs/Tooling.htmlhttp://clang.llvm.org/docs/IntroductionToTheClangAST.htmlhttp://clang.llvm.org/docs/RAVFrontendAction.htmlhttp://clang.llvm.org/docs/LibTooling.htmlhttp://clang.llvm.org/docs/LibASTMatchers.html

http://clang.llvm.org/docs/Tooling.html
http://clang.llvm.org/docs/Tooling.html
http://clang.llvm.org/docs/IntroductionToTheClangAST.html
http://clang.llvm.org/docs/IntroductionToTheClangAST.html
http://clang.llvm.org/docs/RAVFrontendAction.html
http://clang.llvm.org/docs/RAVFrontendAction.html
http://clang.llvm.org/docs/LibTooling.html
http://clang.llvm.org/docs/LibTooling.html
http://clang.llvm.org/docs/LibASTMatchers.html
http://clang.llvm.org/docs/LibASTMatchers.html

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LLVM, clang & c++

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