The Civil War 1861-1865

Secession *Lincoln won the presidential election

of 1860! Southerners UPSET!

*Many Southerners believed, Lincoln would abolish slavery. This would upset their economy and society.

*December 17, 1860 South Carolina voted to secede (leave the Union).

*They figured that the states voluntarily joined the U.S. and they could voluntarily leave!

Ft. Sumter• Ft. Sumter is located just outside of

Charleston, South Carolina, which controlled the entrance to the Charleston Harbor

• Before sunrise on April 12, 1861, Confederate soldiers fired the first shots of the Civil War!

• Fort is shelled for 34 hours before Union surrenders

• No casualties until Union fires a salute as they lower the flag – cannon explodes killing one and wounding others

Ft. Sumter

The Fall of Fort Sumter

• Crisis at Fort Sumter

– Commander Robert Anderson sent the message to Lincoln that Confederate leaders were demanding surrender or would attack.

– Low on supplies, Fort Sumter remained in Union hands. The fort was very symbolic to both sides.

– Lincoln would not surrender the fort, but would send food and other nonmilitary supplies.

– Jefferson Davis would decide whether to attack and go to war or allow the symbol of federal authority to remain.

• The attack on the fort

– Davis ordered a surprise attack before the supplies could arrive.

– On April 12, 1891, the Confederate artillery opened fire on the fort, and an outgunned Fort Sumter surrendered the next day.

The Rush to WarResponse in the North

• Lincoln calls for 7500 volunteers

• 90 days’ service to put down the rebellion

• Lincoln’s political enemy Stephen Douglas supports the action, “There can be no neutrals in this war, only patriots—or traitors”

• Northerners rush to enlist

Reaction in the South

• With call for volunteers, the eight remaining Union slave states now forced to choose a side

• Union slave states refused to provide troops to fight against fellow southerners

• Confederate states ready to call up men

• First Virginia, then Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina secede

Goals and StrategiesUnion Goals

• Needed to be carefully defined

• War could not center around the dispute over slavery—border states pushed to secede

• Fight for patriotic reasons—to save the Union

Confederate Goals

• South wanted to be left alone with slavery unchanged

• Prepared to defend themselves against invasion

• Felt northerners would soon tire of war and withdraw

http://americanhistory.pppst.com/civilwar.html

• Label the States (only the states on the map in folder)

• Choose 3 light colors and color the North, South, and Border States.

• Make a key to explain the colors

Choosing Sides

Civil War • North

• Yankees, Federals, Union• Billy Yanks• Blue• Battle tune: Battle Hymn

of the Republic

• South• Rebels, Dixie,

Confederacy• Johnny Rebs• Gray• Battle tune: Dixie

Choosing Sides• North

• California• Connecticut• Illinois• Indiana• Iowa• Kansas• Maine• Massachusetts• Michigan• Minnesota• Nevada (became free state in 1864)• New Hampshire• New Jersey• New York• Ohio• Oregon• Pennsylvania• Rhode Island• Vermont• West Virginia (free state in 1863)***

• South• Alabama• Arkansas• Florida• Georgia• Louisiana• Mississippi• North Carolina• South Carolina• Tennessee• Texas• Virginia

• Border States• Slave states that didn’t secede• Delaware • Kentucky• Maryland• Missouri• West Virginia ***

North Vs. SouthAssets

North• Population- 22 million (about 4 million

of combat age)• About 2,000,000 join the Union

Army/Navy (about 46% of eligible men)• Economy based on manufacturing

(factories)• 100,000 factories with about one million

workers• 20,000 miles of railroad and 96% of the

nation’s railroad equipment• The majority of coalmines and canals

(needed for industry)• $189,000,000 in bank deposits• $56,000,000 in gold• Federal income tax started!

• North’s Strategy: divide and conquer (preserve the Union)

South• Population- 9 million (5.5 million

whites/3.5 million slaves)• About 850,000 join Confederate

Army/Navy (about 90% of eligible men)

• Economy based on farming• 20,000 factories with about 200,000

workers• 9,000 miles of railroad• $47,000,000 in bank deposits• $37,000,000 in gold• South taxed and had to give portion of

its crops to fund war

• South’s Strategy: survive until North quits (outlast)

Making Soldiers• After the firing at Ft. Sumter, Lincoln calls for 75,000 militiamen

• After Ft. Sumter, four more states join the Confederacy

• Northerners were usually “cityboys”

• Southerners knew the woods, how to shoot and ride

• Most of the best generals left the Union Army to return to their homeland in the South

• Entire towns had their men volunteer together to go to war

• They came in their own uniforms with a variety of weapons

• Later, both sides use conscription (draft) to get soldiers

• Men from ages 18-35 were drafted; some paid people to take their place;Southern planters with many slaves didn’t have to go

• Boys volunteered- tricked officials (18 in shoe); some women disguised themselves as men to fight

Anaconda Plan• The Anaconda Plan was proposed in 1861 by Union General Winfield Scott.

• He suggested that the Union should blockade Confederate ports and send gunships down the Mississippi river to divide the South in two.

• The South would run out of resources and surrender. This would take time, but have the minimal loss of life.

• "Anaconda" is taken from the way an anaconda constricts its prey.

Who is Wilmer McLean?• The Civil War began on Wilmer McLean’s farm in Manassas Junction,

Virginia, with the First Battle of Bull Run. A Union shell exploded in his kitchen. Wilmer McLean moved his family to get away from the conflict.

• Almost four years later his new home, near Appomattox Court House, Virginia, was the agreed location for General Robert E. Lee to surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant on APRIL 9, 1865.

• The war began in Wilmer McLean’s front yard and ended in his front parlor (living room).

• The Civil War resulted in approximately 258,000 Confederate deaths and 360,000 Union deaths. General Lee took off his sword and handed it to General Grant, and Grant handed it back.

Wilmer McLean Journal Entries (5 or more sentences for each entry)

• Journal Entry #1 – July 21, 1861

Write about McLean's experience and why he

is moving.

• Journal Entry #2 – April 9, 1865

Write about McLean’s feeling about the war

ending, and people plundering his house after

First Battle of Bull Run• 1st real battle of the war is south of Washington D.C. • Union troops inexperienced – pick berries on way to

fight!• Washington socialites pack picnic lunch to watch the

battle• Union holds early advantage, take break, Rebels

reinforce• Stonewall Jackson stands firm, Union defeated• Yankees run home, Rebels don’t take advantage and

follow

Picnic of some of Washington's elite at the First Battle of Bull Run

• African Americans were not able to fight at first, Lincoln didn’t want problems with border states and others; “White man’s war”; about 200,000 African Americans eventually fight on both sides, some 37,000 die in battle

• Frederick Douglass said, “Men of color to arms! Liberty won only by white men would lose half its luster.”

• In 1863, Lincoln lets War Dep’t form Bureau of Colored Troops; commanded by whites they fought bravely; 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was famous- “Glory” w/Denzell Washington

• The average Yank or Reb was a "white, native-born, farmer, Protestant, single, between 18 and 29." He stood about 5 feet 8 inches tall and weighed about 143 pounds. Most soldiers were between the ages of 18 and 39 with an average age just under 26.

• Union Army was made up of 1/5 immigrants – they were happy to fight for a country that had given them so much

• They included 200,000 Germans; 150,000 Irish; 45,000 English; 15,000 Canadians, and lesser numbers of French, Norwegians, Italians, Mexicans, and Poles

• Exact figures for the South are sketchy, but tens of thousands of Irish, Germans, British, French, Canadians, Dutch, and Austrians entered Confederate ranks.

• Indians fought on both sides of the battle (Ely Parker)

Army Organization• Cavalry- mounted soldiers on horseback; the “eyes

and ears”• Artillery- the firepower of the battle; often towed

behind horses• Infantry- soldiers on foot fighting in close combat with

guns, bayonets, and bare hands if necessary• Quartermasters- provide everything the unit needs to

fight- food, supplies, medical equipment, telegraph, etc. About 25 wagons per 1,000 men

• Engineers- build roads, bridges, and fortifications; make maps

“Cotton Diplomacy”• South looks for European allies- Britain, France

• England decides to stay neutral

• South threatens to withhold cotton from England

• England has cotton supply from India, Egypt

• South’s plan backfires

Naval blockade• Lincoln decides to blockade (patrol the coast letting

nothing through that would help the enemy) the South

• Union only had 26 usable ships and 7600 sailors to maintain blockade on entire east coast around Florida to Texas

• Blockade runners were ships built to sneak through blockade

Battle at Sea• Union controlled sea and blockaded the South,

hurting the economy• South made an ironclad called the Virginia, which is

a ship heavily armored with iron• The North already had an ironclad called the

Monitor• The Monitor forced the Virginia to withdraw after a

minor fight at sea and kept the blockade strong

Antietam• Confederates hoped for victory in North to gain

European aid• Unknown to the South, the North found plans

of attack and planned a counterattack• The bloodiest single-day battle in the war and

a victory for the Union

Shiloh• Confederates initiated this battle• Pushed Grant’s army back• Union soldiers arrived/Grant began

counterattack• Confederates retreat• Union won greater control of Mississippi River

Valley

Emancipation Proclamation

• In September of 1862, the Union army won a major battle, defeating Confederate forces at Antietam in Maryland.

• Five days later President Lincoln first discussed freeing enslaved peoples in the Confederate states.

• On January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued an order that has come to be called the Emancipation Proclamation.

• The Proclamation allowed Americans who had been enslaved to serve in the Army and Navy.

• About 200,000 African Americans eventually served.

Emancipation Proclamation• Lincoln called for all slaves in Confederate States to be freed

• This encouraged southern slaves to escape• This hurt the southern economy• African Americans and Abolitionists praised this

The Emancipation Proclamation applied only to states that had seceded from the Union.•Slavery remained untouched and still legal in the loyal Border States

(Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware).

Emancipation ProclamationFind the Evidence

Read the second paragraph of the Emancipation Proclamation:

• “That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thence forward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”

Explanation:• The Emancipation Proclamation applied only to states that had

seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched and still legal in the loyal Border States (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware).

The Road to The Road to Gettysburg: 1863Gettysburg: 1863

The Road to The Road to Gettysburg: 1863Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg• July 1-3, 1863 - Gettysburg, PA • Gen. George G. Meade [US]; Gen. Robert E. Lee [CS]

• Lee took offensive and led an attack in the north

• The South pushed the North lines back until Union stands firm at Cemetery Ridge

• Pickett’s Charge (day 3): Gen. George Pickett saw more than half of his 15,000 men die in failed attempt at Cemetery Ridge…”General Lee, I have no division.”

• On July 4, Lee began withdrawing his army. His train of wounded stretched more than fourteen miles!

• Grant captures Vicksburg, MS on same day July 4th – Union now controls entire Mississippi River!

• Gettysburg was TURNING POINT in war – South never led another attack in the North

Gettysburg Gettysburg CasualtiesCasualtiesGettysburg Gettysburg CasualtiesCasualties

Gettysburg Address• November 19th 1863 to dedicate a national cemetery.

• Lincoln gives short (2 mins.), moving speech 5 months after the battle

• Reminds crowd of ideals of liberty, equality, and democracy!

• Dedicates himself & North to WINNING WAR and, Preserving the Union!

• He urges people to help preserve the nation, so that the dead

will not have died in vain!

African-American Recruiting African-American Recruiting PosterPoster

African-American Recruiting African-American Recruiting PosterPoster

The Famous 54The Famous 54thth MassachusettsMassachusetts

The Famous 54The Famous 54thth MassachusettsMassachusetts

Black Troops Freeing SlavesBlack Troops Freeing SlavesBlack Troops Freeing SlavesBlack Troops Freeing Slaves

Sherman’s March• Sherman took Atlanta in Sept. 1864, Sherman’s success helps Lincoln win

reelection

• In Nov. 1864 Sherman burned Atlanta, and started the march

• Sherman’s March to the sea – Union army cut a path of destruction 60 miles wide and 300 miles long!

• 60,000 troops, 25,000 horses, 2,500 wagons, 600 ambulance carts

• SHERMAN WAGED TOTAL WAR – war against the enemy troops, and everything that supported the Confederates (all military and civilian resources)

• His troops burned crops, tore up train tracks, burned/looted homes and towns.

• 19,000 former slaves followed the Union army to freedom!

ShermanSherman’s’s

“March“Marchto theto theSea”Sea”

throughthroughGeorgia,Georgia,

18641864

ShermanSherman’s’s

“March“Marchto theto theSea”Sea”

throughthroughGeorgia,Georgia,

18641864

Sherman’s March• Major General William

Tecumseh Sherman• On November 12, 1864,

Sherman marched out of Atlanta toward the Atlantic coast.

• Tracing a line of march between Macon and Augusta, he carved a sixty-mile wide path of destruction in the South’s heartland.

Surrender at Surrender at AppomattoxAppomattox

April 9, 1865April 9, 1865

Surrender at Surrender at AppomattoxAppomattox

April 9, 1865April 9, 1865

Appomattox Courthouse

• Lee’s army is trapped between Sherman and Grant• Facing starvation he decides situation is hopeless and surrenders to Grant

on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse• Grant’s terms were easy – Rebels must not turn against country again, they

can keep horses and guns. Grant also fed the starving Rebels! • After 4 years of battle and 620,000 deaths, war is over• The Civil War ends, but bitterness between North and South would linger on

*** Colonel Charles Marshall is sent to find a location for Lee’s meeting with Grant. Marshall stopped the first man he saw in the deserted streets. It was Wilmer Mclean! Wilmer Mclean reluctantly offered his home: Civil War started in his front yard ended in his Parlor!

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other in Comparison to Other

WarsWars

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other in Comparison to Other

WarsWars

Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)

Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)

Lincoln’s Assassination• On evening of April 14, 1865 President Lincoln goes to

Ford’s Theater with his wife to see a play• John Wilkes Booth, an unemployed actor and

southerner sneaks into Lincoln’s theater box and shoots him in head

• Booth escapes, but is later caught and shot• Lincoln dies next day, and VP Andrew Johnson is sworn

in

The AssassinationThe AssassinationThe AssassinationThe Assassination

The AssassinThe AssassinThe AssassinThe Assassin

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth

WANTED!WANTED!WANTED!WANTED!

Reconstruction• Reconstruction was the plan for reuniting the nation

and rebuilding the South without slavery (planned by Lincoln)

• Once 10% of a state’s voters pledged loyalty and a ban on slavery, they could form gov’t/be readmitted to statehood

• 13th Amendment of Dec. 18, 1865 made slavery illegal in US

• Freedmen’s Bureau provided relief to poor blacks and whites in South; distributed food, built schools, provided teachers

Black Codes• Southern states began to pass laws to limit the freedom

of African Americans – Black Codes• Blacks without jobs could be arrested and sentenced to

forced labor without pay (sounds like slavery!)• President Johnson vetoes bills that gave rights to Blacks

– was impeached by Congress; not convicted by one vote

• Ku Klux Klan was a secret organization to spread terror to newly freed slaves

• Jim Crow Laws were designed to segregate, or separate, blacks and whites in the South

• Poll Tax was designed to deny Blacks the vote by making them pay, some places made African Americans pass a literacy test to vote!