The City StatesThe City StatesCh. 10Ch. 10

I. PolisI. Polis

Polis means city-statePolis means city-state Many city-states in ancient GreeceMany city-states in ancient Greece

AthensAthens SpartaSparta IthacaIthaca CorinthCorinth

Governments varied as each city was Governments varied as each city was independentindependent Monarchies early onMonarchies early on Oligarchies and democracies emergedOligarchies and democracies emerged Citizenship meantCitizenship meant

• Participate in governmentParticipate in government• Own propertyOwn property• Defend polisDefend polis

Acropolis- sacred hillAcropolis- sacred hill

Agora- market areaAgora- market area

Spartan SoldierSpartan Soldier

II. SpartaII. Sparta Government- democratic monarchial oligarchyGovernment- democratic monarchial oligarchy

Kings – 2 of themKings – 2 of them

Ephors- 5 men over 60Ephors- 5 men over 60ran the militaryran the militarycharge of educationcharge of educationcharge of infant selection committeecharge of infant selection committee

Council-28 noblesCouncil-28 noblesSupreme criminal courtSupreme criminal court

LifeLife Examined at birthExamined at birth Age 7 sent to military campAge 7 sent to military camp Age of 20 became hopliteAge of 20 became hoplite

• Given certain rightsGiven certain rights• Allowed to marryAllowed to marry• Remained in campRemained in camp

Age of 30 became equalAge of 30 became equal• Given plot of landGiven plot of land• Able to take part in government and warAble to take part in government and war

Age 60, retired if still aliveAge 60, retired if still alive

SocietySociety SpartanSpartan

• Defended polisDefended polis• Ran governmentRan government

PerioeciPerioeci• Craftsman and tradersCraftsman and traders

HelotsHelots• Slaves who worked the landSlaves who worked the land

  

SPARTAN STORIES SPARTAN STORIES

  

Plutarch, Plutarch, The Ancient Customs of the SpartansThe Ancient Customs of the Spartans 2 [ 2 [MoraliaMoralia 236F]: 236F]: "A thing that met with especial approval among them was their so-called black broth "A thing that met with especial approval among them was their so-called black broth

[[zomoszomos], so much that the older men did not require a bit of meat, but gave up all of it ], so much that the older men did not require a bit of meat, but gave up all of it to the young men. It is said that Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily, for the sake of this to the young men. It is said that Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily, for the sake of this bought a slave who had been a Spartan cook, and ordered him to prepare the broth bought a slave who had been a Spartan cook, and ordered him to prepare the broth for him, sparing no expense. But when the king tasted it, he spat it out in disgust, for him, sparing no expense. But when the king tasted it, he spat it out in disgust, whereupon the cook said, 'O King, it is necessary to have exercised in teh Spartan whereupon the cook said, 'O King, it is necessary to have exercised in teh Spartan manner, and to have bathed in the Eurotas, in order to relish this broth."manner, and to have bathed in the Eurotas, in order to relish this broth."

   Plutarch, Plutarch, The Ancient Customs of the SpartansThe Ancient Customs of the Spartans 4 [237A]: 4 [237A]: "They learned to read and write for purely practical reasons; but all other forms of "They learned to read and write for purely practical reasons; but all other forms of

education they banned from the country, books and treatises being included in this education they banned from the country, books and treatises being included in this quite as much as men. All their education was directed toward prompt obedience to quite as much as men. All their education was directed toward prompt obedience to authority, stout endurance of hardship, and victory or death in battle."authority, stout endurance of hardship, and victory or death in battle."

   Plutarch, Plutarch, The Ancient Customs of the SpartansThe Ancient Customs of the Spartans 6 [237B]: 6 [237B]: "The young men slept together, according to division ["The young men slept together, according to division [ ileile] and company [] and company [angeleangele], ],

upon pallets which they themselves brought together by breaking off by hand, without upon pallets which they themselves brought together by breaking off by hand, without any implement, the tops of the reeds which grew on the banks of the Eurotas. In the any implement, the tops of the reeds which grew on the banks of the Eurotas. In the winter they put beneath their pallets, and intermingled with them, the plant called winter they put beneath their pallets, and intermingled with them, the plant called lykophronlykophron, since the material is reputed to possess some warming qualities.", since the material is reputed to possess some warming qualities."

ContinuedContinued A messenger returned to Sparta from a battle. The women clustered A messenger returned to Sparta from a battle. The women clustered

around. To one, the messenger said, “Mother, I bring sad news: around. To one, the messenger said, “Mother, I bring sad news: your son was killed facing the enemy.” The mother said, “He is my your son was killed facing the enemy.” The mother said, “He is my son.” “Your other son is alive and unhurt,” said the messenger. “He son.” “Your other son is alive and unhurt,” said the messenger. “He fled from the enemy.” The mother said, “He is not my son.”fled from the enemy.” The mother said, “He is not my son.”

A different messenger returned from a battle and was hailed by a A different messenger returned from a battle and was hailed by a Spartan mother: “How fares our country, herald?” The messenger Spartan mother: “How fares our country, herald?” The messenger burst into tears. “Mother, I pity you,” he said. “All five of your sons burst into tears. “Mother, I pity you,” he said. “All five of your sons have been killed facing the enemy.” “You fool!” said the woman. “I have been killed facing the enemy.” “You fool!” said the woman. “I did not ask of my sons. I asked whether Sparta was victorious!” did not ask of my sons. I asked whether Sparta was victorious!” “Indeed, Mother, our warriors have prevailed.” “Then I am happy,” “Indeed, Mother, our warriors have prevailed.” “Then I am happy,” said the mother, and she turned and walked home.said the mother, and she turned and walked home.

Most societies admire Sparta but refuse to Most societies admire Sparta but refuse to imitate. Why?imitate. Why?

Spartan SoldierSpartan Soldier

III. AthensIII. Athens

Rise of DemocracyRise of Democracy Athens ruled by an oligarchyAthens ruled by an oligarchy Rich in Athens lived on luxurious estatesRich in Athens lived on luxurious estates Poor lived on small farms and had trouble Poor lived on small farms and had trouble

paying billspaying bills Many became enslaved because debt!Many became enslaved because debt! Poor threaten to rebel. What do you do???Poor threaten to rebel. What do you do???

ReformersReformers SolonSolon

• Dismissed outstanding debtDismissed outstanding debt• Freed some slavesFreed some slaves• Limited ownership of landLimited ownership of land

PeisistratusPeisistratus• Divide up large estatesDivide up large estates• Land no longer requirement for citizenshipLand no longer requirement for citizenship

CleisthenesCleisthenes• Expanded citizenshipExpanded citizenship• Athens first democracyAthens first democracy

Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy

Commander in ChiefCommander in Chief

10 Generals10 Generals

Council of 500Council of 500 Assembly______Assembly______

Chosen by lotChosen by lot All males over 20 All males over 20

Daily businessDaily business Passed laws Passed laws

Life in AthensLife in Athens Male dominated societyMale dominated society

Ran the governmentRan the government Went to warWent to war Owned business’Owned business’

WomenWomen Took care of homesTook care of homes Rarely attended any public festivalsRarely attended any public festivals

ChildrenChildren Went to elementary schools to learn a wide variety of Went to elementary schools to learn a wide variety of

subjects. “Healthy mind is as important as healthy subjects. “Healthy mind is as important as healthy body”body”

At age 13, wealthy boys went to higher school, poor At age 13, wealthy boys went to higher school, poor taught a trade.taught a trade.

Military school at age 18-20Military school at age 18-20

Movie 300Movie 300

Persian WarsPersian Wars

Battle of MarathonBattle of Marathon Persian vs. AtheniansPersian vs. Athenians 490 BC490 BC Plains of MarathonPlains of Marathon Athenians attack Athenians attack

Persians as they are Persians as they are unloading from shipsunloading from ships

Athenian victoryAthenian victory

Battle of ThermopylaeBattle of Thermopylae Greeks vs. PersiansGreeks vs. Persians 480 BC480 BC ThermopylaeThermopylae Persian army crushes Persian army crushes

Greek army led by the Greek army led by the SpartansSpartans

Persian victoryPersian victory

Persian Wars ContinuedPersian Wars Continued

Battle of SalamisBattle of Salamis Greeks vs. PersiansGreeks vs. Persians 480 BC480 BC Strait of SalamisStrait of Salamis Greek ships are able Greek ships are able

to defeat much larger to defeat much larger Persian shipsPersian ships

King Xerxes orders a King Xerxes orders a retreatretreat

Strait of SalamisStrait of Salamis

IV. Decline of the City StatesIV. Decline of the City States

Delian LeagueDelian League Defensive leagueDefensive league Athens dominates and uses dues to rebuild Athens dominates and uses dues to rebuild

citycity Athens enters into a Golden Age led by Athens enters into a Golden Age led by

PericlesPericles Anti-Athenian feelings develop over time, Anti-Athenian feelings develop over time,

why?why?

Parthenon- Temple to honor Parthenon- Temple to honor AthenaAthena

Greek TheaterGreek Theater

Greek artGreek art

Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War Athens vs. SpartaAthens vs. Sparta Athens defeatedAthens defeated Sparta rules over Sparta rules over

much of Greece until much of Greece until Phillip of Macedonia Phillip of Macedonia invades Greeceinvades Greece