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THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Chapter 18 Summary

The chemical industry

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Chapter 18 Summary. The chemical industry. Our Local Industry. In Melbourne, the chemical industry has a demand for rubber, plastics and packaging. Other local products include: Cosmetics, detergents, paints, pesticides, fertilizers and explosives - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The chemical industry

THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Chapter 18 Summary

Page 2: The chemical industry

Our Local Industry In Melbourne, the chemical industry has a demand for

rubber, plastics and packaging.

Other local products include:Cosmetics, detergents, paints, pesticides,fertilizers and explosives

The chemical Industry in Australia turns over an estimated $3 Billion US a year!

Thus forms a vital part of our own economy. – we are actually placed 20th in the world as a chemical exporter.

Page 3: The chemical industry

Employment It is estimated well over 40 000

Australians work directly within the chemical industry

That is one in ten of us. One in this class room …?

If we include the petrol and metal mining employers also in the country the chemical industry would be the largest manufacturing sector.

Page 4: The chemical industry

Skills & Qualifications Chemical engineersSupervise the running of a plantSolve problems that arise with productionDevelop modifications

Analytical chemist Would be in charge of quality controlAnalyses raw materials, products and any emissions

Research chemist Designs new processes and materialsDevelops new analytical technologies

Page 5: The chemical industry

End Products Most of the chemicals produced in this industry are not

well known or appreciated because the consumer only see’s the final product often packaged and from pharmaceutical companies, agriculture and in textiles.

It is the chemical industry that converts minerals, gases and plant material into the useful and profitable products that are widely used in many other industries.

Page 6: The chemical industry

How the chemicals can be used The top 10 chemicals produced by the US

include; Sulfuric acid, followed between, ammonia,

propane, chlorine and sodium carbonate.

NaOH, is used to make all of the following final products;

Soap, cosmetics, bleach, paper, cellophane, dye, engraving supplies, and is used in peeling fruit and vegetables.

Page 7: The chemical industry

Profit For a chemical plant to be

profitable it must:

Operate effectively Make and market a

successful product Bring sufficient return for

investors Be responsible for managing

possible hazards that may pose a threat for both employees and the environment

Page 8: The chemical industry

Building of new plants For a plant to be built; there must be a

promise of maximized product at a minimal cost.

We have seen that the extent of a reaction is dependant on temperature and can be influenced by volume and concentration.Thus conditions in a plant must be carefully selected.Generally two categories are desirable:-a fast reaction rate-a high % yield (a high K value)

Plants often have to compromise however as both are not always achievable when aiming to control a certain reaction.

Page 9: The chemical industry

Batch vs. Continuous Processing To control reactions there are two methods that can be

used:

Batch processing: A fixed amount of reactant give a fixed amount of product. Used in one off, small productions of chemical quantities.

Continuous processing: Reactants are mixed in continuously, ensuring a constant supply of products. Better option for plants where stopping involves cost, there needs to be a high demand for the large amount of product.

More control is accessible with continuous processing.

Page 10: The chemical industry

Other factors to consider Cost To lower costs, industrial chemists may choose a

cheaper catalyst, and avoid use of high pressurized vessels (they are expensive to build, run and maintain). Also safety and approved waste disposal often costs more.

Energy Gas is not cheap when running on such a large

scale. Some plants utilize any thermal energy produced to run electrical generators in another sector of the same plant.

Location To be profitable a plant needs to have ready

access you markets, supplies and the consumer. Thus they are often close to other processing plants. In Melbourne our chemical manufactures are generally located in the Footscray and Altona areas.

Page 11: The chemical industry

SafetyOHS in the workplace – regulations are strictlymonitored by various agencies and bodies.

Dangerous goods – is defined as anything that provides immediate danger to people, property or the environment.

(Can be NH3, HCl, petrol)

Different substance are dangerous depending on the degree of exposure. Illness that results can range from headaches and nausea to birth defects and permanent organ damage.

Page 12: The chemical industry
Page 13: The chemical industry

Risk Assessments Risk assessments can be done on any person’s

lifestyle, at their work center or in school’s. In our labs we use MSDS (short for…?) to assess the risk of every experiment that is run. These are valid for up to 5 years, and both the reactants and products risk must be assessed.

LD50 is the concentration that refers to the “lethal dose” – the amount that killed 50% of the group that was exposed & tested.

Page 14: The chemical industry
Page 15: The chemical industry

Waste Are unwanted or unvalued substance that

discarded.

Can be soils, solids, liquids, aqueous waste, sludge, spills, products past their use by, toxic, radioactive or may be contaminated by a disease causing agent.

Some wastes provide no hazard, some will only be able to be evaluated from their long term effect.

Page 16: The chemical industry

Benzene – can be produced by cars running on unleaded petrol. PCB & DDT take a long time to

break down (are called bioaccumulative).

Page 17: The chemical industry

Waste Disposal Wastes can easily cross state and continent boundaries.

Locally the EPA resides over appropriate home and medical waste disposal. For the industry there is a large amount of waste removal research being carried out. HTI (High Temperature Incinerator) works over 1100℃ in conjunction with wet filtering to turn large amount of industrial waste into organic compounds (such as carbon dioxide, water, sulfur and phosphorous).

Ideally, all governments within the southern hemisphere and internationally should be following the principles of Green Chemistry:

Page 18: The chemical industry
Page 19: The chemical industry

Now, for consolidation! Please attempt to finish the essential Chapter

18 Heninemann questions.

Chapter 18: 3, 4, 5, 9, 10b, 15, 18, 20-23, 27, 29, 30, 32 a

& b, 34 & 35

Homework for the weekend: Finish Chapters 15-18. Worksheet 29.

Read ahead to Chapter 21.