The Car Unit III

8/9/2019 The Car Unit III

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Unit III. The Car

Vocabulary:

Radiator the part of a car or aircraft which stops the engine from getting too hot (radiator);Battery an object that provides a supply of electricity for something such as a radio, car, or toy (baterie);Muffler - a piece of equipment on a vehicle that makes the noise from the engine quieter(amortizator

de sunete);ir cleaner!filter:something that you pass water, air etc through in order to remove unwanted

substances and make it clean or suitable to use (filtru);lternator - an object that produces an alternating currentespecially in a car (generator);"#hau$t- a pipe on a car or machine that waste gases pass through (e apament);Tran$%i$$ion - the parts of a vehicle that take power from the engine to the wheels(system de

transmisie);&heel - one of the round things under a car, bus, bicycle etc that turns when it moves(roat);Carburetor - a part of an engine, especially in a car, that mi!es the petrol with air so that it burns and

provides power (carburator);Bra'e- a piece of equipment that makes a vehicle go more slowly or stop(fr"n);Clutch# the pedal that you press with your foot when driving a vehicle in order to change gear,or the

part of the vehicle that this controls (ambreaj, cuplaj);earbo## the machinery in a vehicle such as a car, truck, or bicycle that you use to go comfortably

at different speeds (cutie de vitez);Re$eroir- a part of a machine or engine where a liquid is kept before it is used(rezervor);&ind$creen *i+er- a long thin piece of metal with a rubber edge that moves across a windscreen to

remove rain( trgtor de praf(de parbriz));,teerin *heel- a wheel that you turn to control the direction of a car(volan);#le- the bar connecting two wheels on a car or other vehicle(osie);ood - the metal covering over the engine on a car(capot);Bu%+er -a bar fi!ed on the front and back of a car to protect it if it hits anything, a curved piece of

metal over the wheel of a bicycle that prevents water and mud from flying up, $m%fender(bar de protec ie);

,hield - something that protects a person or thing from harm or damage(arip);Coolant- a liquid or gas used to cool something, especially an engine(lichid pentru rcire);/icen$e +late - a flat piece of metal with words or numbers on it, for e!ample on a door or a car (plcu a de &nmatriculare)'

I. 0i#in ocabulary.

1.Make sentences with the words.


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2.Match the words with their definitions.

lternator ontains a filter that blocks dirt before it can enter the engine'"#hau$t %anifold $ir is distributed into the combustion chamber'3il di+ $tic' echarges the battery and supplies power to all electrical components'

4o*er $teerin re$eroir *upplies the initial electrical power that starts the engine',u$+en$ion $y$te% +ost new cars now have fuel injected engines' his gadget mi!es air andfuel in the proper ratio for burning in the engines combustion chambers'


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0uel in5ection $y$te% .olds hot coolant (antifreeze) that overflows from the radiator and alsodraws back into the radiator as it is needed'Muffler /istributes high voltage electricity to the spark plugs, one at a time'6i$tributor *et of pipes, one for each cylinder that conducts e!haust away from cylinders'Rear #le *prays controlled amount of fuel directly into either the intake manifold orcombustion chambers, resulting in a very precise air to fuel ratio that improves fuel economy'

ir inta'e %anifold he interior 0baffles1 and tubes quiet the e!plosive release of e!haust'Radiator his system receives a great deal of punishment from the roads' his systemconsists of shock absorbers, *truts, springs, and motor mounts, tires, tie rods, ball joints, control arms,torsion bar, strut rods, spindle, and a!les'6i$c bra'e$ his reservoir contains fluid for your power steering system' 2nce thereservoir cap is unscrewed the cap will consist of a dip stick' his will identify the fluid levels'ir cleaner he brake fluid level can be inspected by the plastic bo! or bottle by the firewall on the driver side'Battery $ metal disk that spins with the wheel that the brake pad uses to pressureagainst to stop'Bra'e fluid re$eroir he stick thats used to check the level of the motor oil'Coolant re$eroir $ shaft that connects the power from the transmission to the wheels'Carburetor he device that helps to remove heat from the cooling system as coolant

passes through it'7.Name the parts of the car.

II. Read the te#t.

uto%obile

$n automobile is a wheeled motor vehicleused for transportingpassengers, which also carries itsown engine or motor' +ost definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run

primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to beconstructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods'he year 3445 is regarded the year of birth of the modern automobile - with the 6enz 7atent-+otorwagen, by 8erman inventor arl 6enz' +otorized wagons soon replaced animal-

drafted carriages, especially after automobiles became affordable for many people when the9ord+odel was introduced in 3:4'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Patent-Motorwagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Patent-Motorwagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Patent-Motorwagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Patent-Motorwagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T


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$utomobiles are widely used nowadays; their general features are< high speed within safe limits,satisfactory hill climbing ability, noiselessness and maneuverability, stability in rounding corners, easeand handiness of control' $ll these general features are interdependent; speed, acceleration, hillclimbing ability is the results of the relation between the horse-power developed by the engine, thegear-ratios in the transmission system, the wheel diameters, and the weight of the vehicle'

+ost automobiles are driven by internal-combustion engines' heir essential parts are< the engine, thecarburetor, the ignition, the clutch, the change-speed gears, the radiator, the final transmission'$ny internal-combustion engine gets very hot if no precautions are taken to cool it; it is usual tosurround the cylinder with water jackets' he water is to be forced through them either by a pump or

by thermo siphon (natural circulation) action; a fan which is driven from the crankshaft of the engineshould be employed to aid this cooling by reason of the increased velocity of air that passes round theoutside of the components of the radiator members'$n internal-combustion engine cannot develop power unless the crankshaft can rotate at a relativelyhigh number of revolutions, as the torque is the lowest when the angular velocity is at its minimum' $speed-reducing system should be introduced between the engine and the road wheels to permit the

number of revolutions of the crankshaft to be maintained when the car is climbing a hill or carrying aheavy load' he common practice is to introduce three or four sets of different sizes of toothed wheels,any pair of which may be engaged by the movement of a single lever' he lowest of these gear ratios,that is the one which allows the crankshaft to make the greatest number of revolutions to onerevolution of the road wheels, is required for starting purposes; on the other hand the highest gearratio, i'e' the one which allows road wheels to make the greatest number of revolutions in relation tothose of the crankshaft, is employed for high-speed travelling on the road' 9rom the last change-speedshaft the power must be transmitted to the road wheels through a differential gear and trough one oranother of the types of final drive (transmission)'

$ very important part of any combustion-engine is the carburetor' his is a device in which the liquidfuel is converted into a combustible mi!ture of air and vapor' 8asoline enters the base of thecarburetor float chamber past a tapered needle valve; since the pressure on the surface of the gasolinein the float chamber is atmospheric, the gasoline will flow out as a spray and will be carried along withthe air which is sucked in during the suction stroke of the piston; the correct ratio of air and gasolinemust be 3= parts of air to one of gasoline by weight; means are provided for varying the proportions

between the limits of about 4 (rich) and > (weak) to suit different running conditions'II. n$*er the 8ue$tion$:

1. ?hat is an automobile@2. ?hen did the first modern automobile appear@7. ?ho is the father of the car@9. ?hat are the general features of the automobiles@. .ow are most automobiles driven@. ?hat are their essential parts@. ?hat is very important part of any combustion engine@1?. ?hat is the carburetor@III. ctiitie$.

1. Complete the sentences with a suitable preposition.

he large-scale, production-line manufacturing A affordable automobiles was debuted by ansom2lds in 3:> at his 2ldsmobile factory located in Bansing, +ichigan and based upon the assemblyline techniques pioneered A +'C' 6runel in 34>' he assembly line style of mass production and


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interchangeable parts had been pioneered A the D'*' by ' 6lanchard in 34>3' his concept wasgreatly e!panded A .' 9ord, beginning in 3:3E'$s a result, 9ordFs cars came A the line in fifteen-minute intervals, much faster than previousmethods, increasing productivity eightfold (requiring 3>'=-man-hours before, 3-hour GG minutes after),while using less manpower' Ct was A successful, paint became a bottleneck' 9ordFs comple! safety

proceduresHespecially assigning each worker A a specific location instead of allowing them to roam

aboutHdramatically reduced the rate of injury' he combination A high wages and high efficiency iscalled I9ordism,I and was copied by most major industries' he efficiency gains A the assembly linealso coincided with the economic rise of the Dnited *tates' he assembly line forced workers to workat a certain pace A very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while other countrieswere using less productive methods' Cn the automotive industry, its success was dominating, andquickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of 9ord 9rance and 9ord 6ritain A3:33, 9ord /enmark3:>G, 9ord 8ermany 3:>=; in 3:>3, itroen was the first native %uropean manufacturer to adopt the

production method' *oon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke; A3:G, >=companies which did not, had disappeared'

2. Fill in a suitable verb form.

.ave influenced; can carry; has resulted; are designed(>); influences; are propelled; shared;established; was'3) /evelopment of automotive technology A rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturerscompeting to gain the worldFs attention' >) *ince the 3:>s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced tomeet market needs, so marketing plans often Aheavily A automobile design'G) Ct was $' 7' *loan whoAthe idea of different makes of cars produced by one company, so buyers could Imove upI as theirfortunes improved'E) eflecting the rapid pace of change, makers A parts with one another so larger

production volume resulted in lower costs for each price range' =) he weight of a car A fuelconsumption and performance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption anddecreased performance' 5) +ost cars A to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats'J) Barger cars A often A si!, seven or more occupants depending in the internal arrange of seats'4) *ports cars A often A with only two seats, and very occasionally three seats' :) he differing needsfor passenger capacity and their luggage A in a large variety of body styles to suit personalrequirements such as the sedanKsaloon, hatchback, station wagon, Kestate and multi-purposevehicleKminivan' 3) +ost automobiles in use today A by an internal combustion engine, fueled

by deflagration of gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel'

7. Complete the sentences with a suitable noun.

ransportation(>); manufacture; place; carbon dio!ide; use; vehicle; automobile; policies; costs'

he A of automobile usage, which may include the cost of< acquiring the vehicle, repairs and auto

maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, ta!es, and insurance, are weighed againstthe cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits # perceived and real # of vehicle usage' hebenefits may include on-demand A, mobility, independence and convenience' *imilarly the costs tosociety of encompassing automobile use, which may include those of< maintaining, land use,

pollution, public health, health care, and of disposing of the A at the end of its life, can be balancedagainst the value of the benefits to society that automobile use generates' he societal benefits mayinclude< economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of A production and maintenance,transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenuegeneration from the ta! opportunities' he ability for humans to move fle!ibly from A to place has farreaching implications for the nature of societies' ?hile there are different types of fuel that may powercars, most rely on gasoline or diesel' he D* %nvironmental 7rotection $gency states that the average

vehicle emits 4,44J grams of A per gallon of gasoline' +any governments are using fiscal A toinfluence vehicle purchase decisions, with a low 2>figure often resulting in reduced ta!ation' 2naverage, todayFs automobiles are about J= percent recyclable, and using recycled steel helps reduce


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energy A and pollution' he A of vehicles is resource intensive, and many manufacturers now reporton the environmental performance of their factories, including energy usage, waste and waterconsumption' A (of all types including trucks, buses and cars) is a major contributor to air pollution inmost industrialized nations'

9. Did you know that?

he automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the worldFs motor vehicle'

Cn >4, more than J million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were producedworldwide'Cn >J, a total of J3': million new automobiles were sold worldwide< >>': million in %urope, >3'Emillion in the $sia-7acific egion, 3:'E million in the D*$ and anada, E'E million in Batin $merica,>'E million in the +iddle %ast and 3'E million in $frica' he markets in Lorth $merica and Mapan werestagnant, while those in *outh $merica and other parts of $sia grew strongly' 2f the major markets,hina, ussia, 6razil and Cndia saw the most rapid growth'$bout >= million vehicles are in use in the Dnited *tates' $round the world, there were about 45million cars and light trucks on the road in >J; they burn over >5 billion D* gallons(:4,, mG) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly' he numbers are increasing rapidly, especially inhina and Cndia' Cn the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved

unsustainable, consuming e!cessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering adeclining level of service despite increasing investments' +any of these negative impacts falldisproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drivecars' he sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems'Cn >4, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as the automotive industry are e!periencing acombination of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits' heindustry is also facing increasing e!ternal competition from the public transport sector, as consumersre-evaluate their private vehicle usage' oughly half of the D*Fs fifty-one light vehicle plants are

projected to permanently close in the coming years, with the loss of another >, jobs in the sector,on top of the =5, jobs lost this decade' ombined with robust growth in hina, in >:, thisresulted in hina becoming the largest automobile producer and market in the world' hina >: saleshad increased to 3G'5 million, a significant increase from one million of domestic car sales in >'

. Translate the sentences into Enlish.

3' ele Nase mecanisme simple sunt p"rghia, scripetele, roata cu osie, planul &nclinat, pana Ni cricul cuNurub'>' 2mul poate despica piesa de lemn cu ajutorul penei i poate ridica ma ina cu ajutorul cricului cu Nurub'G' u ajutorul planului &nclinat putem urca o trboanO &n deal, care are o osie cu roat'E' $utomobilul este un vehicul cu patru ro i, ac ionat de un motor cu ardere intern, cu abur, cuelectricitate sau aer coprimat'=' Pn anul >J &n lume e!istau aproape 4 de milioane de ma ini &n circula ie iar E> de milioane de

ma ini noi erau produse &n fiecare an'5' Dn motor este compus din dou pr i< mecanismul motor i instala iile au!iliare' J' aroseria

este partea principal a automobilului care are rolul de purttor al persoanelor saumrfurilor sau instala iilor montate pe automobil, asigur"nd izolarea i autonomia &ncrcturii fa de restul automobilului i de mediul &nconjurtor'4' asiul

automobilului este ansamblul organelor i instala iilor care efectueaz preluarea i transmiterea energiei mecanice de la motor la ro ile motoare, conducerea automobilului, sus inerea i

propulsia lui'9. +otorul este sistemul fizic de generare a energiei mecanice care pune &n mi care sistemul detransmisie al automobilului' Dn motor este compus din dou pr i< mecanismul motor i instala iile au!iliare'

10.ransmisia sau sistemul de transmisie preia, transmite, modific i distribuie momentul motor laro ile motoare ale automobilului'

ir cleanerontains a filter that blocks dirt before it can enter the engine'


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ir inta'e %anifold:$ir is distributed into the combustion chamber'lternator:akes over from the battery when the engine is running' echarges the battery andsupplies power to all electrical components'Battery:*upplies the initial electrical power that starts the engine'Carburetor:+ost new cars now have fuel injected engines' 2lder vehicles have carburetors' hisgadget mi!es air and fuel in the proper ratio for burning in the engines combustion chambers'

Coolant re$eroir (tan'):.olds hot coolant (antifreeze) that overflows from the radiator and alsodraws back into the radiator as it is needed'6i$tributor:/istributes high voltage electricity to the spark plugs, one at a time'"#hau$t %anifold:*et of pipes, one for each cylinder that conducts e!haust away from cylinders'0uel in5ection $y$te%:*prays controlled amount of fuel directly into either the intake manifold orcombustion chambers, resulting in a very precise air to fuel ratio that improves fuel economy'Muffler:he interior 0baffles1 and tubes quiet the e!plosive release of e!haust',u$+en$ion $y$te%:his system receives a great deal of punishment from the roads' his systemconsists of shock absorbers, *truts, springs, and motor mounts, tires, tie rods, ball joints, control arms,torsion bar, strut rods, spindle, and a!les'4o*er $teerin re$eroir:his reservoir contains fluid for your power steering system' 2nce the

reservoir cap is unscrewed the cap will consist of a dip stick' his will identify the fluid levels'Bra'e fluid re$eroir:he brake fluid level can be inspected by the plastic bo! or bottle by the firewall on the driver side'6i$c bra'e$:$ metal disk that spins with the wheel that the brake pad uses to pressure against to stop'3il di+ $tic':he stick thats used to check the level of the motor oil'Rear #le:$ shaft that connects the power from the transmission to the wheels'Radiator:he device that helps to remove heat from the cooling system as coolant passes through it'

3' he large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable automobiles was debuted by ansom2ldsin 3:> at his2ldsmobilefactory located in Bansing, +ichiganand based upon the assemblylinetechniques pioneered by +arc Csambard 6runelat the 7ortsmouth 6lock +ills, %ngland in 34>'he assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the D'*'

by homas 6lanchardin 34>3, at the *pringfield $rmoryin *pringfield, +assachusetts'his conceptwas greatly e!panded by .enry 9ord,beginning in 3:3E'$s a result, 9ordFs cars came off the line in fifteen-minute intervals, much faster than previousmethods, increasing productivity eightfold (requiring 3>'=-man-hours before, 3-hour GG minutes after),while using less manpower' Ct was so successful,paintbecame a bottleneck' 2nly Mapan blackwould

dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available before 3:3E, until fast-drying /ucolacquerwas developed in 3:>5' his is the source of 9ordFs apocryphalremark, Ianycolor as long as itFs blackI' Cn 3:3E, an assembly line worker could buy a +odel with four monthsF
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_Oldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_Oldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Block_Millshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Blanchardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Armoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Blackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryphalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_Oldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_Oldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Block_Millshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Blanchardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Armoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Blackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryphal


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pay' 9ordFs comple! safety proceduresHespecially assigning each worker to a specific location insteadof allowing them to roam aboutHdramatically reduced the rate of injury' he combination of highwages and high efficiency is called I9ordism,I and was copied by most major industries' heefficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the economic rise of the Dnited *tates' heassembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to moreoutput per worker while other countries were using less productive methods' Cn the automotive

industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of 9ord9rance and 9ord 6ritain in 3:33, 9ord /enmark 3:>G, 9ord 8ermany 3:>=; in 3:>3, itroenwas thefirst native %uropean manufacturer to adopt the production method' *oon, companies had to haveassembly lines, or risk going broke; by 3:G, >= companies which did not, had disappeared'>' /evelopment of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of smallmanufacturers competing to gain the worldFs attention'*ince the 3:>s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plansoften have heavily influenced automobile design' Ct was $lfred 7' *loan who established the idea ofdifferent makes of cars produced by one company, so buyers could Imove upI as their fortunesimproved'eflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger production volume

resulted in lower costs for each price range'he weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance, with more weight resulting inincreased fuel consumption and decreased performance'+ost cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats' Barger cars can oftencarry si!, seven or more occupants depending in the internal arrange of seats' *ports cars are oftendesigned with only two seats, and very occasionally three seats' he differing needs for passengercapacity and their luggage has resulted in a large variety of body styles to suit personal requirementssuch as thesedanKsaloon,hatchback, station wagonKestate and +ulti-7urpose QehicleK+inivan'+ost automobiles in use today are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled

by deflagrationof gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel'G' he costs of automobile usage, which may include the cost of< acquiring the vehicle, repairsand auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation,driving time,parking fees,ta!es, and insurance, are weighedagainst the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits # perceived and real # of vehicleusage' he benefits may include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence and convenience'R3>S

*imilarly the costs to society of encompassing automobile use, which may include thoseof< maintaining roads,land use, pollution,public health, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle atthe end of its life, can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that automobile usegenerates' he societal benefits may include< economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, ofautomobile production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived fromleisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from theta! opportunities' he ability for

humans to move fle!ibly from place to place has far reaching implications for the nature of societies'he ability for humans to move fle!ibly from A to place has far reaching implications for the natureof societies' ?hile there are different types of fuel that may power cars, most rely on gasoline ordiesel' he Dnited *tates %nvironmental 7rotection $gencystates that the average vehicle emits 4,44Jgrams of carbon dio!ide per gallon of gasoline' he average vehicle running on diesel fuel will emit3,34 grams of carbon dio!ide'RG:S+any governments are using fiscal policies (such as road ta! or theD* gas guzzler ta!) to influence vehicle purchase decisions, with a low 2>figure often resulting inreduced ta!ation'RES9uel ta!esmay act as an incentive for the production of more efficient, hence less

polluting, car designs (e'g' hybrid vehicles) and the development ofalternative fuels' .igh fuel ta!esmay provide a strong incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, orto not drive' 2n average, todayFs automobiles are about J= percent recyclable, and using recycled steel

helps reduce energy use and pollution'RE3S

Cn the Dnited *tates ongress, federally mandated fuelefficiency standards have been debated regularly, passenger car standards have not risen above the>J'= miles per D* gallon (4'== BK3 km; GG' mpg-imp) standard set in 3:4=' Bight truck standards
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citroenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minivanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflagrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depreciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_feehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-setright-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintaining_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vehicle_taxeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-US_EPA-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-US_EPA-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_guzzler_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citroenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minivanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflagrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depreciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_feehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-setright-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintaining_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vehicle_taxeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-US_EPA-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_guzzler_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-41


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have changed more frequently, and were set at >>'> miles per D* gallon (3'5 BK3 km; >5'J mpg-imp)in >J'RE>S

he manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive, and many manufacturers now report on theenvironmental performance of their factories, including energy usage, waste and water consumption'he growth in popularity of the car allowed cities to sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel by carresulting in inactivity and obesity,which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases'

he term motorcarhas formerly also been used in the conte!t of electrified rail systems to denote a carwhich functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage' heselocomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems'Ct was estimated in >3 that the number of automobiles had risen to over 3 billion vehicles, up fromthe = million of 3:45' he numbers are increasing rapidly, especially inhina, Cndiaand otherLCshe word auto%obilecomes, via the 9rench automobilefrom the $ncient 8reek word T UVW (auts,IselfI) and the Batin mobilis(ImovableI); meaning a vehicle that moves itself' $ccording to the$merican *urface ransportation 7olicy 7roject nearly half of all $mericans are breathing unhealthyair' heir study showed air quality in dozens of metropolitan areas has worsened over the last decade'RE=S

$nimals and plants are often negatively impacted by automobiles via habitat destructionand pollution'

2ver the lifetime of the average automobile the Iloss of habitat potentialI may be over =, squaremeters (=E, sq ft) based onprimary productioncorrelations'RE5S$nimals are also killed every yearon roads by automobiles, referred to as oadkill' +ore recent road developments are includingsignificant environmental mitigations in their designs such as green bridges to allow wildlife crossings,and creating wildlife corridors'8rowth in the popularity of vehicles and commutinghas led to traffic congestion' 6russels wasconsidered %uropeFs most congested city in >33 according to omom'$utomobile propulsiontechnology under development include gasolineKelectricandplug-inhybrids,battery electric vehicles, hydrogen cars,biofuels, and variousalternative fuels' esearch intofuture alternative forms of power include the development of fuel cells,.omogeneous hargeompression Cgnition (.C), *tirling engines,RE4Sand even using the stored energy of compressed airor liquid nitrogen'

Lew materials which may replace steel car bodies include duraluminum, fiberglass,carbon fiber,and carbon nanotubes'elematicstechnology is allowing more and more people to share cars, on apay-as-you-gobasis,through car shareandcarpoolschemes'ommunication is also evolving due to connected car systems'9ully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars, already e!ist in prototype (such asthe8oogle driverless car), and are e!pected to be commercially available around >>' $ccording tourban designer and futurist +ichael %' $rth, driverless electric vehiclesHin conjunction with theincreased use of virtual realityfor work, travel, and pleasureHcould reduce the worldFs 4 million

vehicles to a fraction of that number within a few decades'

RE:S

his would be possible if almost allprivate cars requiring drivers, which are not in use and parked :X of the time, would be traded forpublic self-driving ta!is that would be in near constant use' his would also allow for getting theappropriate vehicle for the particular needHabus could come for a group of people, a limousine couldcome for a special night out, and a *egway could come for a short trip down the street for one person'hildren could be chauffeured in supervised safety, /DCs would no longer e!ist, and E3, livescould be saved each year in the D* alone'3+en $ource deelo+%ent

Main article:Open source car

here have been several projects aiming to develop a car on the principles ofopen design'he projectsinclude 2*car, iversimple(through Efires'org)R=>Sand c,mm,n'R=GSLone of the projects have reached

significant success in terms of developing a car as a whole both from hardware and softwareperspective and no mass production ready open-source based design have been introduced as of late>:' *ome car hackingthrough on-board diagnostics(26/) has been done so far'R=ES
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oard_diagnosticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-54


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Cndustry $lternatives to the automobileMain article:Alternatives to the automobile

%stablished alternatives for some aspects of automobile use includepublic transitsuch asbuses,trolleybuses, trains, subways,tramwayslight rail, cycling, and walking'ar-sharearrangementsand carpoolingare also increasingly popular#the D* market leader in car-sharing has e!perienceddouble-digit growth in revenue and membership growth between >5 and >J, offering a service

that enables urban residents to IshareI a vehicle rather than own a car in already congestedneighborhoods'R5GS6ike-sharesystems have been tried in some %uropean cities,including openhagenand$msterdam' *imilar programs have been e!perimented with in a number ofD* ities'R5ES$dditional individual modes of transport, such aspersonal rapid transitcould serve as analternative to automobiles if they prove to be socially accepted'

Qehicles can be categorized in numerous ways' 9or e!ample, a government may establish a vehicleclassification system for determining a ta! amount' Cn the Dnited Yingdom, a vehicle is ta!edaccording to the vehicleFs construction, engine, weight, type of fuel and emissions, as well as the

purpose for which it is used'R3S2ther jurisdictions may determine vehicle ta! based uponenvironmental principles, such as the user pays principle'R>SCn another e!ample, certain cities in theDnited *tates in the 3:>s chose to e!empt electric-powered vehicles because officials believed thosevehicles did not cause Isubstantial wear upon the pavements'IRGS

Cn an e!ample from private enterprise, many car rental companies useRwhere?Sthe $C** arlassification odeto describe the size, type and equipment of vehicles to ensure that rental agentscan match customer needs to available vehicles, regardless of distance between the agent and the rentalcompany or the languages spoken by either party' Cn the Dnited *tates, the .ighway Boss /ataCnstitute uses a scheme it has developed that takes into account a combination of both vehicle size andother vehicle features such as length and wheelbase'

he Dnited *tates 9ederal .ighway $dministrationhas developed a classification scheme used for forautomatically calculating road use tolls' here are two broad categories depending on whether thevehicle carries passengers or commodities' Qehicles that carry commodities are further subdivided bynumber of a!les and number of units, including both power and trailer units'R5S

heDnited *tates %nvironmental 7rotection $gency(D* %7$) has developed a classification schemeused to compare fuel economy among similar vehicles' 7assenger vehicles are classified based on avehicleFs total interior passenger and cargo volumes' rucks are classified based upon their grossvehicle weight rating (8Q?)' .eavy duty vehicles are not included within the %7$ scheme'Cn >3>, MapanFs ransport and ourism +inistry will allow local government to use ultracompact carsas transport for residents and tourists in their limiting areas' he size of ultracompact cars will be lessthan minicars, but have engine greater than =cc displacement and able to transport 3 or > persons'

Dltracompact cars cannot use minicars standard, because of strict safety standards for minicars' heregulation about running capacity and safety performance of ultracompact cars will be published inearly autumn' oday, there are cars smaller than ultracompact cars, called category-3 motorizedvehicles which it has =cc displacement or less and only one seat for the driver'R3=S

$ city car is a small automobile intended for use in urban areas' Dnlike microcars, a city carFs greaterspeed, capacity and (in perception at least) occupant protection are safer in mi!ed traffic environmentsand weather conditions' ?hile city cars can reach highwayspeeds, that is not their intended use' CnMapan, city cars are calledkei cars' Yei cars have to meet strict size and engine requirements< engineshave a ma!imum displacement of 55 cc and the carFs length must be under GE mm' %!amples of keicars< /aihatsu +ove .onda Bife *uzuki ervo
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12/14

Cn Lovember 3443, 9rench inventor 8ustave rouvZ demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile powered by electricity at theCnternational %!position of %lectricity,7aris'

Yarl 6enzgenerally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile' Cn 34J:, 6enz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 34J4'

+any of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for

powering a vehicle' .is firstMotorwagenwas built in 344= in +annheim, 8ermany' .ewas awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on >: Manuary 3445 (underthe auspices of his major company,6enz \ ie',which was founded in 344G)' 6enz

began promotion of the vehicle on G Muly 3445, and about >= 6enz vehicles were soldbetween 3444 and 34:G, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a modelintended for affordability' hey also were powered with four-stroke engines of his owndesign'%mile ogerof 9rance, already producing 6enz engines under license, nowadded the 6enz automobile to his line of products' 6ecause 9rance was more open to theearly automobiles, initially more were built and sold in 9rance through oger than 6enzsold in 8ermany' Cn $ugust 3444 6ertha 6enz, the wife of Yarl 6enz, undertook thefirstroad tripby car, to prove the road-worthiness of her husbandFs invention'

6ertha 6enz, the first long distance automobile driver in the world Cn 34:5, 6enz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat engine,

called boxermotor' /uring the last years of the nineteenth century, 6enz was the largestautomobile company in the world with =J> units produced in 34:: and, because of itssize, 6enz \ ie', became ajoint-stock company'

he first motor car in central %urope and one of the first factory-made cars in the world,was produced byzechcompany Lesselsdorfer ?agenbau (later renamed toatra) in34:J, the 7r]sidentautomobil'

/aimler and +aybach founded /aimler +otoren 8esellschaft(/+8) in annstatt in34:, and sold their first automobile in 34:> under the brand name,Daimler' Ct was a

horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, that they retrofitted with anengine of their design' 6y 34:= about G vehicles had been built by /aimler and+aybach, either at the /aimler works or in the .otel .ermann, where they set up shopafter disputes with their backers' 6enz, +aybach and the /aimler team seem to have

been unaware of each otherFs early work' hey never worked together; by the time of themerger of the two companies, /aimler and +aybach were no longer part of /+8'

/aimler died in 3: and later that year, +aybach designed an engine namedDaimler-Mercedes, that was placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications set by %milMellinek' his was a production of a small number of vehicles for Mellinek to race andmarket in his country' wo years later, in 3:>, a new model /+8 automobile was

produced and the model was named +ercedes after the +aybach engine which generated

G= hp' +aybach quit /+8 shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own' ights totheDaimlerbrand name were sold to other manufacturers' Yarl 6enz proposed co-operation between /+8 and 6enz \ ie' when economic

conditions began to deteriorate in 8ermany following the 9irst ?orld ?ar, but thedirectors of /+8 refused to consider it initially' Legotiations between the twocompanies resumed several years later when these conditions worsened and, in 3:>E theysigned anAgreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year >' 6oth enterprisesstandardized design, production, purchasing, and sales and they advertised or marketedtheir automobile models jointly, although keeping their respective brands' 2n >4 Mune3:>5, 6enz \ ie' and /+8 finally merged as theDaimler-en!company, baptizing allof its automobilesMercedes en!, as a brand honoring the most important model of the

/+8 automobiles, the +aybach design later referred to as the "#$% Mercedes-&' hp,along with the 6enz name' Yarl 6enz remained a member of the board of directors of
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small-car assemblers, from $bbey to `trahad gone under' itroen did the same in 9rance, coming tocars in 3:3:; between them and other cheap cars in reply such as enaultFs 3Qand 7eugeotFs=Q,they produced ==, cars in 3:>=, and +ors,.urtu, and others could not compete' 8ermanyFs firstmass-manufactured car, the2pelE7* +aubfrosch(ree 9rog), came off the line at usselsheimin3:>E, soon making 2pel the top car builder in 8ermany, with GJ'=X of the market'?eight 6oth fuels are known to cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing toclimate

changeand global warming' apidly increasing oil prices,concerns aboutoil dependence, tighteningenvironmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternativepower systems for automobiles' %fforts to improve or replace e!isting technologies include thedevelopment of hybrid vehicles,plug-in electric vehiclesandhydrogen vehicles' Qehiclesusing alternative fuelssuch as ethanolfle!ible-fuel vehiclesand natural gas vehiclesare also gaining

popularity in some countries'2il consumptionin the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has been abundantly pushed by automobilegrowth; the 3:4=#>G oil gluteven fuelled the sales of low economy vehicles in2%/ countries'he6Ccountries might also kick in, as hina briefly was the first automobile market in /ecember>:'?hile road traffic injuries represent the leading cause in worldwide injury-related deaths, their

popularity undermines this statistic'+ary ?ardbecame one of the first documented automobile fatalities in 345: in 7arsonstown,CrelandRGGSand .enry 6lissone of the Dnited *tatesF first pedestrian automobile casualties in 34:: in

Lew _ork ity'RGEShere are now standard tests for safety in new automobiles, like the%uroL$7andthe D* L$7 tests,RG=Sand insurance industry-backed tests by the Cnsurance Cnstitute for .ighway*afety(CC.*)'RG5S

osts and benefitsMain articles:,conomics of automobile usageAutomobile costsand,ffects of the automobile on

societies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_(1922_automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtra_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault_10CV&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_5CVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurtuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Laubfroschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Laubfroschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russelsheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_energy_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s_oil_gluthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ward_(scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsonstownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-ward-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-ward-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bliss_(road_accident_victim)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-bliss-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroNCAPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_automobile_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_the_automobile_on_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_the_automobile_on_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_(1922_automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtra_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault_10CV&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_5CVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurtuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Laubfroschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russelsheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_energy_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s_oil_gluthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ward_(scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsonstownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-ward-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bliss_(road_accident_victim)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-bliss-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroNCAPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_automobile_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_the_automobile_on_societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_the_automobile_on_societies

Documents

The Car Unit III