The Age of Enlightenment APERO – Chapter 17. 18 th Century – The Age of Enlightenment An intellectual movement An intellectual movement That spread throughout

The Age of Enlightenment

APERO – Chapter 17

1818thth Century – The Age of Century – The Age of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

An intellectual An intellectual movementmovement

That spread That spread throughout throughout Europe’s literate Europe’s literate circlescircles

Key Ideas of the Key Ideas of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

1. Reason – 1. Reason – Truth through logicTruth through logic Informed thinking about social issuesInformed thinking about social issuesAbsence of superstition, intoleranceAbsence of superstition, intoleranceHumans should rely on reason, not Humans should rely on reason, not

miracles, to improve societymiracles, to improve society


2. 2. Nature, Natural Laws, Natural Nature, Natural Laws, Natural RightsRights

Natural laws can regulate both the Natural laws can regulate both the universe and human societyuniverse and human society

Natural laws can be discovered by Natural laws can be discovered by human reasonhuman reason

Liberty & Freedom a natural rightLiberty & Freedom a natural right


3. Happiness3. HappinessHappiness as an inalienable human Happiness as an inalienable human

rightrightHumans should not accept misery in Humans should not accept misery in

this world to find salvation in the this world to find salvation in the hereafterhereafter

(social reform is possible)(social reform is possible)


4. Progress4. ProgressThe belief in social progressThe belief in social progressPolitical and economic reform would Political and economic reform would

improve society and allow for improve society and allow for progressprogress

““Philosophes”Philosophes”

Critical of Critical of everything!everything!

Political Political Philosophers/Social Philosophers/Social CriticsCritics

Applied rules of Applied rules of reason, criticism, reason, criticism, and common sense and common sense to their writingsto their writings

The Spread of Enlightenment The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasIdeas

1. The Rise of Print 1. The Rise of Print Culture:Culture:

Books, journals, Books, journals, newspapers, newspapers, magazines magazines reached wider reached wider audiences in the audiences in the 1818thth century century

People exposed to People exposed to new ideasnew ideas


2. Writers as Social 2. Writers as Social CriticsCritics

Philosophes able to earn a living through writing

Exchanged ideas/opinions/perspectives

Allowed for the emergence of public opinion


3.3. Coffeehouses Coffeehouses Allowed for public Allowed for public

discussion of discussion of social/ Political social/ Political issuesissues

A place for A place for intellectuals to intellectuals to exchange ideasexchange ideas

Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)

Most influential of Most influential of the philosophesthe philosophes

AKA: Francois- Marie AKA: Francois- Marie ArouetArouet

Prolific writerProlific writer Wrote: Wrote: CandideCandide

(1759) – a satire (1759) – a satire attacking war, attacking war, religious persecution, religious persecution, and human optimismand human optimism

The Quotable VoltaireThe Quotable Voltaire

1. “1. “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it”I’ll defend to the death your right to say it”

2. 2“God gave us the gift of life; It is up to us to 2. 2“God gave us the gift of life; It is up to us to give ourselves the gift of living well”give ourselves the gift of living well”

3. “Common sense is not so common”3. “Common sense is not so common” 4. “ Judge a man by his questions rather than his 4. “ Judge a man by his questions rather than his

answers”answers” 5. “everyman is guilty of all the good he did not 5. “everyman is guilty of all the good he did not

do”do”

The EncyclopediaThe Encyclopedia

Printed 1751-1772Printed 1751-1772 Denis Diderot chief Denis Diderot chief

editor of the editor of the EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

Collective effort- 100 Collective effort- 100 authorsauthors

importance: importance: 1. Disseminated 1. Disseminated

Enlightenment thinkingEnlightenment thinking 2. Freedom of 2. Freedom of

expressionexpression 3. Source of knowledge3. Source of knowledge

Quotable DiderotQuotable Diderot

““all things must be examined, all things must be examined, debated, investigated without debated, investigated without exception and without regard for exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings” anyone’s feelings” – Denis Diderot– Denis Diderot

Shift in Political IdeologyShift in Political Ideology

Old idea:Old idea: “ “ a monarch’s rule a monarch’s rule

is justified through is justified through divine right”divine right”

New Idea:New Idea: “ “ a government’s a government’s

power comes from power comes from the consent of the the consent of the governed”governed”

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)1755)

Wrote: Wrote: Spirit of Spirit of Laws (1748)Laws (1748)

Concluded that the Concluded that the Ideal government Ideal government would separate would separate power into:power into:

Executive, judicial, Executive, judicial, & legislative & legislative branches branches

Quotable MontesquieuQuotable Montesquieu

Jean -Jacques Rousseau Jean -Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)(1712-1778)

Committed to defending Committed to defending freedom and changing freedom and changing existing social orderexisting social order

1. 1. Novel Novel Emile Emile – argued – argued for a “natural for a “natural education”education”

Children are entitled to Children are entitled to an educationan education

Education should be Education should be individualized “every individualized “every mind has its own form”mind has its own form”

Jean -Jacques Rousseau Jean -Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)(1712-1778)

2. 2. Social ContractSocial Contract agreement among agreement among

free individuals to free individuals to create a society & create a society & governmentgovernment

“ “ man is born free, man is born free, and everywhere he and everywhere he is in chains”is in chains”

Adam Smith (1723-1790)Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Wrote: Wrote: Wealth of Wealth of Nations (1776)Nations (1776)

Governments should Governments should not interfere with not interfere with businessbusiness

Laissez -faire Laissez -faire economics (let them economics (let them be)be)

Emergence of Emergence of classical economic classical economic thoughtthought

Mary Wollstonecraft:Mary Wollstonecraft:

Wrote: Wrote: A A Vindication of the Vindication of the Rights of WomenRights of Women

Argued :Argued : that women, like men, that women, like men,

needed education to needed education to become “virtuous & become “virtuous & useful”useful”

That women, like men That women, like men had the capacity of had the capacity of human reasonhuman reason

Criticized Rousseau’s Criticized Rousseau’s view of womenview of women

Quotable Mary WollstonecraftQuotable Mary Wollstonecraft

““Strengthen the Strengthen the female mind by female mind by enlarging it, and enlarging it, and there will be an there will be an end to blind end to blind obedience”obedience”

Enlightenment Ideas…Enlightenment Ideas…

1.1. Inspired Inspired Revolutions and Revolutions and Independence Independence Movements of the Movements of the 1700’s and 1800’s1700’s and 1800’s

2.2. Redefined the Redefined the relationship relationship between between government and government and those governedthose governed

Enlightened AbsolutismEnlightened Absolutism

Philosophes urged Europe’s absolute Philosophes urged Europe’s absolute rulers to use their power for the good rulers to use their power for the good of the peopleof the people

Catherine the Great (ruled Catherine the Great (ruled 1762-1796)1762-1796)

German princess German princess married off to married off to Russian heir, Russian heir, Peter III (1745)Peter III (1745)

A few months A few months after he was after he was crowned tsar, he crowned tsar, he was murdered was murdered

Catherine The Greats’ Catherine The Greats’ Enlightened ReformsEnlightened Reforms

1. Corresponded 1. Corresponded with Voltaire, with Voltaire, invited Denis invited Denis Diderot to her Diderot to her courtcourt

2. supported 2. supported Russia’s first Russia’s first private printing private printing presspress

Catherine The Greats’ Catherine The Greats’ Enlightened ReformsEnlightened Reforms

3. Restricted the 3. Restricted the act of tortureact of torture

4. limited reform 4. limited reform to her own to her own authorityauthority

Catherine the Greats’ Not so Catherine the Greats’ Not so Enlightened PoliciesEnlightened Policies

1. Territorial 1. Territorial expansionexpansion

Along with Along with Prussia and Prussia and Austria, divided Austria, divided (and took control (and took control of) Poland of) Poland between 1772-between 1772-17951795

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

APEURO – Chapter 18APEURO – Chapter 18

Causes of The French Causes of The French RevolutionRevolution

1. Inequality/ Unfair Social 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social OrderOrder

Society divided Society divided into The “Three into The “Three Estates”Estates”

3 Social Classes 3 Social Classes determined a determined a person’s status, person’s status, and their rights!and their rights!


1st Estate:1st Estate: ClergyClergy Make up 1% of the Make up 1% of the

populationpopulation Does Not pay Does Not pay

taxestaxes!!


22ndnd Estate Estate:: NobilityNobility 2% of the 2% of the

population own population own 25% of the land25% of the land

High positions in High positions in government, government, militarymilitary DO NOT PAY TAXES!DO NOT PAY TAXES!

((a noble privilege)a noble privilege)


33rdrd Estate: Estate: Everyone Else!Everyone Else! ““Bourgeoisie”Bourgeoisie” – –

middle class middle class professionalsprofessionals

Free PeasantsFree Peasants Serfs (un-free Serfs (un-free

peasants)peasants) HAVE TO PAY HAVE TO PAY

TAXES!TAXES!

2.France is in Debt! 2.France is in Debt!

From previous warsFrom previous wars Send $ to the Send $ to the

American colonistsAmerican colonists Louis XVI & Marie Louis XVI & Marie

Antoinette’s Antoinette’s extravagant extravagant spendingspending

2.France is in Debt!2.France is in Debt!

Jacques Necker – Minister of Finance Jacques Necker – Minister of Finance Publishes Publishes thethe “Necker Report” 1781“Necker Report” 1781

““Everything’s Fine!”Everything’s Fine!”Report discloses economic Report discloses economic

mismanagementmismanagementPeople are upsetPeople are upset

By 1786 Banks refuse to lend $ to By 1786 Banks refuse to lend $ to France!France!


Charles Alexander Charles Alexander Calonne’s Calonne’s Economic Reform Economic Reform Plan 1786 :Plan 1786 :

Why not tax landed Why not tax landed nobility?nobility?

He is quickly He is quickly replaced…replaced…


Marie Antoinette’s Marie Antoinette’s extravagant extravagant spending sprees…spending sprees…

1 dress cost 1 dress cost 20X’s what a 20X’s what a skilled worker skilled worker earned in a yearearned in a year!!

Spent $ on clothes, Spent $ on clothes, shoes, accessories, shoes, accessories, parties, re-parties, re-decorating decorating Versailles…Versailles…


Marie Antoinette is Marie Antoinette is nicknamed… nicknamed… “Madame Deficit” “Madame Deficit”

3. Cost of Living Increases3. Cost of Living Increases

Peasant situation Peasant situation worsened:worsened:

Price of food rosePrice of food rose Crop failures 1788-Crop failures 1788-

1789 led to 1789 led to bread shortages!bread shortages! Peasant’s anger Peasant’s anger

roserose

Causes of the French Causes of the French RevolutionRevolution

1. 1. Inequality of Social ClassesInequality of Social Classes TaxesTaxes 2. 2. France in debtFrance in debt Extravagant spending of Marie A. & Louis Extravagant spending of Marie A. & Louis

XVI XVI 3. 3. Cost of Living Increased Cost of Living Increased Tensions roseTensions rose No money for food or basic necessitiesNo money for food or basic necessities

Louis XVI & Marie AntoinetteLouis XVI & Marie Antoinette

****

Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles

Was Built by Louis Was Built by Louis 1616thth’s grandfather’s grandfather

““The Sun King” The Sun King” Louis 14Louis 14thth

Most extravagant Most extravagant palace in all of palace in all of EuropeEurope

Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette

Born in 1755Born in 1755 Austrian PrincessAustrian Princess Had 14 Brothers Had 14 Brothers

and Sistersand Sisters Marie the favorite Marie the favorite

@ Age 15…@ Age 15…

A marriage A marriage arrangedarranged

To the Crown To the Crown Prince of France, Prince of France, Louis 16Louis 16thth

““an advantageous an advantageous match”match”

She was sent to She was sent to VersaillesVersailles

The Wedding, 1770The Wedding, 1770

Marie and Louis are Marie and Louis are marriedmarried

They are both 15They are both 15

The Coronation, 1774The Coronation, 1774

Louis’ Father diedLouis’ Father died AndAnd Louis and Marie Louis and Marie

were crowned King were crowned King and Queen of and Queen of FranceFrance

AT AGE 19!!!AT AGE 19!!!

Louis XVILouis XVI

Described as Described as “homely, awkward “homely, awkward & anti-social” & anti-social”

he’s obsessed with he’s obsessed with collecting collecting KEYSKEYS, , and and CLOCKSCLOCKS..

Ignored Marie for Ignored Marie for the first 7 years of the first 7 years of their marriagetheir marriage

Louis XVI ‘s HobbyLouis XVI ‘s Hobby

****

What is Marie To Do?What is Marie To Do?

She spent Money!She spent Money! Fashion - her Fashion - her

passion!passion! Named her Named her

designer Rose designer Rose Bertin as Bertin as “Minister of “Minister of Fashion”Fashion”

Threw lavish Threw lavish BanquetsBanquets

Marie’s Hobby…Marie’s Hobby…

Fashion, Jewelry, Accessories, Fashion, Jewelry, Accessories, EntertainingEntertaining

In France,In France,

The official duty of the Queen was to The official duty of the Queen was to produce a male heir…produce a male heir…

Controversial MarieControversial Marie

Decided to “act” in Decided to “act” in the theatre! the theatre! (scandalous!)(scandalous!)

Decided to be a Decided to be a “trendsetter” ! “trendsetter” !

Longed for the Longed for the

“simple life” builds “simple life” builds a peasant villagea peasant village

and People and People gossip…gossip…

Royal ChildrenRoyal Children

Meanwhile…Meanwhile…

Fall, 1788. Financial Desperation!Fall, 1788. Financial Desperation!Louis XVI agreed to call on the Louis XVI agreed to call on the

Estates GeneralEstates General Estates General – representative Estates General – representative

assembly of Three Estatesassembly of Three EstatesLast time assembly was called: 1614!Last time assembly was called: 1614!

The French Revolution: 1789-The French Revolution: 1789-17991799

Napoleonic Era: 1799-1815Napoleonic Era: 1799-1815 Six Phases:Six Phases: 11. Estates General – 1789. Estates General – 1789 2. 2. National Assembly Phase: June ,1789 -National Assembly Phase: June ,1789 -

17911791 3. 3. The Legislative Assembly Phase: 1791-The Legislative Assembly Phase: 1791-

17921792 4. National Convention Phase: 1792-17954. National Convention Phase: 1792-1795 5. 5. The Directory Phase: 1795-1799The Directory Phase: 1795-1799 6. 6. Napoleon Phase: 1799-1815Napoleon Phase: 1799-1815

1. Estates General -17891. Estates General -1789

Estates GeneralEstates GeneralProblem:Problem: 1 1stst & 2 & 2ndnd Estate usually Estate usually

outvoted the 3outvoted the 3rdrd estate estateSolution:Solution: the 3 the 3rdrd estate allowed to estate allowed to

send as many delegates as the other send as many delegates as the other 2 estates combined.2 estates combined.

1. The Estates General- 17891. The Estates General- 1789

1789 Joseph Sieyes 1789 Joseph Sieyes wrote pamphlet: wrote pamphlet: ““What is the 3What is the 3rdrd Estate?”Estate?”

Argued that the Argued that the clergy & nobility clergy & nobility contributed little to contributed little to the countrythe country

33rdrd estate however, estate however, the “heart” of the the “heart” of the country! country!

1. The Estates General- 17891. The Estates General- 1789

All invited to submit All invited to submit (by estates):(by estates):

Cahiers de doleances Cahiers de doleances ((grievance lists)grievance lists)

Petitions showed:Petitions showed: desire for desire for constitutional constitutional monarchy, re-monarchy, re-structured tax structured tax system, guaranteed system, guaranteed libertiesliberties

1. The Estates General -17891. The Estates General -1789

Estates General Estates General convened May, 1789convened May, 1789

33rdrd estate refused to estate refused to act until King act until King ordered the 2 other ordered the 2 other estates to meet with estates to meet with themthem

6 week standoff, 6 week standoff, Some Priests joined Some Priests joined the 3the 3rdrd estate estate

2.National Assembly Phase – 2.National Assembly Phase – June, 1789-1791June, 1789-1791

Transition:Transition: The 3The 3rdrd Estate Estate

Declared itself Declared itself the the National National AssemblyAssembly

June , 1789 June , 1789 assembly moved to assembly moved to an indoor tennis an indoor tennis court…court…

2.National Assembly Phase 2.National Assembly Phase 1789-17911789-1791

And swore to continue to meet until And swore to continue to meet until France had a new constitution…France had a new constitution…

Pledge called: Pledge called: The Tennis Court The Tennis Court OathOath


July, 1789 – July, 1789 – Storming of the Storming of the BastilleBastille

Parisian Mob attacked Parisian Mob attacked the Bastille Prisonthe Bastille Prison

Symbol of injustice, Symbol of injustice, inequalityinequality

Hoped to seize Hoped to seize weapons, free weapons, free prisonersprisoners

Soldiers fired at mobSoldiers fired at mob


July, 1789July, 1789 Breakdown of law Breakdown of law

and orderand order Peasants broke Peasants broke

into manors, quit into manors, quit paying taxespaying taxes

Some nobles flee Some nobles flee ((emigres)emigres)


The King Accepted The King Accepted the National the National Assembly as new Assembly as new governmentgovernment

Tri-color flag Tri-color flag adopted adopted

Gave peasants Gave peasants hunting rightshunting rights


August, 1789August, 1789 Declaration of Declaration of

Rights of Men and Rights of Men and of the Citizenof the Citizen

Listed basic human Listed basic human rightsrights

““all men are born all men are born free and equal in free and equal in rightsrights””

Excluded womenExcluded women


Response: Olympe Response: Olympe de Gouges wrote: de Gouges wrote:

“ “ Declaration of Declaration of Rights of Men and Rights of Men and of Women”of Women”

Declared women’s rights Declared women’s rights to education, property to education, property within marriage, right within marriage, right to initiate divorceto initiate divorce


October 5,1789October 5,1789 Women’s March to Women’s March to

VersaillesVersailles Mob of over Mob of over

100,000 women 100,000 women demand bread demand bread

Demanded King Demanded King Louis XVI move to Louis XVI move to ParisParis

3. The Legislative Assembly, 3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791-17921791-1792

Factions:Factions: 1. 1. ConservativesConservatives sat on the right (Loyal sat on the right (Loyal

to King)to King) 2. 2. ModeratesModerates sat on the center sat on the center 3. 3. RadicalsRadicals sat on the left sat on the left


Leftist Radicals divided into 2 groups:Leftist Radicals divided into 2 groups:

1. 1. The Jacobins The Jacobins – Wanted to overthrow – Wanted to overthrow monarchy and create a republic.monarchy and create a republic.

2. 2. The Girondists- The Girondists- wanted to involve wanted to involve France in a war that would discredit the France in a war that would discredit the monarchy and extend revolutionary monarchy and extend revolutionary ideas across Europe.ideas across Europe.


June 21, 1791June 21, 1791

Royal family Royal family attempted to flee attempted to flee

500 miles away 500 miles away from border…from border…

Recognized & Recognized & Arrested Arrested


Marie Antoinette’s brother King Marie Antoinette’s brother King Leopold of Austria threatened to Leopold of Austria threatened to send troops to France to restore send troops to France to restore order…order…

If other European nations joined If other European nations joined him…him…

No one joined himNo one joined himLeopold died unexpectedlyLeopold died unexpectedly

4.National Convention Phase 4.National Convention Phase 1792-17951792-1795

New French Constitution went into New French Constitution went into effecteffect

September 1, 1791September 1, 1791The “National Assembly” achieved The “National Assembly” achieved

their Tennis Court Oath and changed their Tennis Court Oath and changed their name to…their name to…

““The National ConventionThe National Convention””

4. National Convention Phase 4. National Convention Phase 1792-17951792-1795

A wave of patriotism spread A wave of patriotism spread throughout countrythroughout country

September 1792 , France declared a September 1792 , France declared a RepublicRepublic

Slogan: Slogan: “Life, Liberty, and “Life, Liberty, and Fraternity”Fraternity”


New Government New Government CreatedCreated : :

A new calendar! A new calendar! (began September (began September 1792 as month 1)1792 as month 1)

(months renamed (months renamed according to according to season) season)

The Metric System!The Metric System!


People now People now addressed as addressed as “citizens” “citizens” (everyone equal)(everyone equal)

Churches converted Churches converted to to “Temples of “Temples of Reason”Reason”

Religious Religious celebrations and celebrations and holidays were holidays were secularizedsecularized


National National Convention STILL Convention STILL divideddivided

1. Girondists-1. Girondists- “revolution has “revolution has gone far enough!”gone far enough!”

2. Jacobins –2. Jacobins – radicals “anyone radicals “anyone who opposes new who opposes new govt. is anti-govt. is anti-revolutionary!”revolutionary!”

4. National Convention 4. National Convention Phase- 1792-1795Phase- 1792-1795

The Working Class The Working Class ““Sans Culottes” – Sans Culottes” –

(those who wear (those who wear the long pants)the long pants)

Pressed for more Pressed for more extreme measuresextreme measures


Reign of Terror Reign of Terror 1793-17941793-1794

Radical Jacobins Radical Jacobins took over the took over the National National Convention under Convention under the leadership of the leadership of

Maximillien Maximillien RobespierreRobespierre


Robespierre sought to eliminate all Robespierre sought to eliminate all enemies of the Jacobinsenemies of the Jacobins

Established the Committee of Public Established the Committee of Public SafetySafety

Between 20,000- 40,000 people Between 20,000- 40,000 people guillotined (from all three former guillotined (from all three former estates)estates)

Most violent periodMost violent period


King Louis XVI King Louis XVI executed for treason executed for treason January, 1793January, 1793

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette executed Late 1793executed Late 1793

Daughter Maria Daughter Maria Therese survived in Therese survived in AustriaAustria

Son Louis Charles died Son Louis Charles died in prison a year after in prison a year after mother’s deathmother’s death

4. The National Convention 4. The National Convention 1792-17951792-1795

The Feminine The Feminine symbol of the symbol of the revolution revolution

““Marianne” Marianne” Second Second

Constitution of Constitution of 1793, is never used1793, is never used

4. National Convention – 4. National Convention – 1792-17951792-1795

Members of National Convention turned Members of National Convention turned against Robespierreagainst Robespierre

July 1794 Maximillien Robespierre July 1794 Maximillien Robespierre executedexecuted

July = Thermidor (heat)July = Thermidor (heat) The revolt against Robespierre is called The revolt against Robespierre is called

The The Thermidorian ReactionThermidorian Reaction

5. The Directory Phase 1795-5. The Directory Phase 1795-17991799

France now ruled by a committee of France now ruled by a committee of 5 men5 men

Legislature made up of 2 houses: the Legislature made up of 2 houses: the 500, and the elders500, and the elders

September ,1797 a coup d'état September ,1797 a coup d'état reduced the directory to 3 membersreduced the directory to 3 members

5. The Directory Was 5. The Directory Was OverthrownOverthrown

By a young , successful general in By a young , successful general in 17991799

By the name of…By the name of…Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte

6. The Napoleonic Era6. The Napoleonic Era1799-18151799-1815

The “post” revolution yearsThe “post” revolution years

About Napoleon…About Napoleon…

Born in island of Born in island of Corsica Corsica

Was not French!Was not French! Won a scholarship Won a scholarship

to attend a to attend a prestigious French prestigious French Military AcademyMilitary Academy

In 1796In 1796

Napoleon MarriedNapoleon Married Josephine Josephine She was 32 (six She was 32 (six

years older!), a years older!), a divorcee with divorcee with grown sonsgrown sons

She helped him get She helped him get a high ranking a high ranking military positionmilitary position

In November, 1799In November, 1799

Napoleon overthrew the Directory Napoleon overthrew the Directory Although his new government Although his new government

appeared to be “democratic”, he was appeared to be “democratic”, he was really a dictatorreally a dictator

And…And…He was only 5 ft 2 He was only 5 ft 2 … Or was he????… Or was he????

Napoleon Restored Order in Napoleon Restored Order in FranceFrance

1. Everyone Must Pay 1. Everyone Must Pay taxes!taxes!

2. Establishes a 2. Establishes a National Bank! National Bank! Balances budget!Balances budget!

3. Establishes Schools!3. Establishes Schools! 4. Replaces elected 4. Replaces elected

officials with his officials with his trusted friends trusted friends (rewards them for (rewards them for their talents)their talents)

Napoleon Restored Order in Napoleon Restored Order in FranceFrance

5. Censorship – Newspapers cannot 5. Censorship – Newspapers cannot critique him! # of Newspapers: from critique him! # of Newspapers: from 73-1373-13

6. Restores the Church, and Religious 6. Restores the Church, and Religious HolidaysHolidays

7. Abandons the revolutionary 7. Abandons the revolutionary calendarcalendar

8. Keeps Metric System8. Keeps Metric System

1804 Napoleon Declares himself 1804 Napoleon Declares himself Emperor !Emperor !

Coronation : return Coronation : return to extravaganceto extravagance

Procession in Royal Procession in Royal Coach to Coach to Cathedral of Notre Cathedral of Notre DameDame

Crowned by PopeCrowned by Pope

Imagery of NapoleonImagery of Napoleon

BeesBees- resurrection- resurrection Eagle- military Eagle- military

victoryvictory Hand of justice-Hand of justice-

authorityauthority References to References to

CeasarCeasar: laurel crown, : laurel crown, roman columnroman column

Symbols of Symbols of monarchymonarchy: sceptre, : sceptre, robe, throne, chainrobe, throne, chain

Notable Napoleon Quotes:Notable Napoleon Quotes:

““A picture is worth a thousand A picture is worth a thousand words”words”

““If you want something done well, do If you want something done well, do it yourself”it yourself”

““A man will fight harder for his A man will fight harder for his interests, than his rights”interests, than his rights”

Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code

1. Divided into criminal code and civil 1. Divided into criminal code and civil codecode

2. Citizens declared equal before law2. Citizens declared equal before law3. Freedom of religion 3. Freedom of religion 4. Chapellier law forbids labor unions & 4. Chapellier law forbids labor unions &

strikesstrikes5. Men control property5. Men control property6. Women had no right to her own 6. Women had no right to her own

earningsearnings

Society During Napoleon Society During Napoleon YearsYears

Moving upward in Moving upward in society requires society requires education, money, education, money, and service to the and service to the state…state…

It is possible to It is possible to “move up”“move up”

Military GeniusMilitary Genius

France was not France was not enough!enough!

1. Attempts to defeat 1. Attempts to defeat Britain’s navy in 1805Britain’s navy in 1805

Loses the BATTLE OF Loses the BATTLE OF TrafalgarTrafalgar

Revenge-Revenge- The CThe Continental ontinental

System 1806:System 1806: Forces Forces French allies to boycott French allies to boycott British goods. Hopes to British goods. Hopes to destroy their economydestroy their economy


2. 1805 Defeats Austria2. 1805 Defeats Austria3. 1806 Dissolves The Holy Roman 3. 1806 Dissolves The Holy Roman

Empire (German Principalities)Empire (German Principalities)


4. 1807-1808 4. 1807-1808 Invades Spain Invades Spain

forces King to forces King to abdicateabdicate

places his brother places his brother Joseph on the Joseph on the thronethrone


1807 singned non-1807 singned non-aggression pact aggression pact with Czar with Czar Alexander of Alexander of Russia Russia

Meanwhile…Meanwhile…

Napoleon divorced Napoleon divorced JosephineJosephine

No male heir!No male heir! Married 18 year old Married 18 year old

Marie Louise (he’s Marie Louise (he’s 40)40)

She produced male She produced male heir…heir…

(1811-1832) (1811-1832) Napoleon Francois Napoleon Francois <-Joseph Charles<-Joseph Charles

By 1812By 1812

Napoleon ruled Napoleon ruled most of Europemost of Europe

Placed bothers in Placed bothers in ruling positions in ruling positions in conquered conquered territoriesterritories

And Then…And Then…

Czar Alexander of Russia decided to Czar Alexander of Russia decided to sign a treaty with England, Betraying sign a treaty with England, Betraying pact with Napoleon!pact with Napoleon!

Napoleon married Marie Louise Napoleon married Marie Louise instead of the TSAR’S SISTERinstead of the TSAR’S SISTER

Napoleon Furious!Napoleon Furious!

He invaded Russia He invaded Russia 18121812

700,000 French 700,000 French TroopsTroops

½ died due to ½ died due to starvation , starvation , frostbite and frostbite and exposure to cold!exposure to cold!

DISASTROUSDISASTROUS

The EndThe End

Napoleon forced to Napoleon forced to abdicate 1814abdicate 1814

Failed suicide Failed suicide attemptattempt

Exiled to ElbaExiled to Elba Got to keep title & Got to keep title &

incomeincome

After ALL THAT,After ALL THAT,

Louis XVIII brother of Louis XVI is Louis XVIII brother of Louis XVI is restored to the throne!restored to the throne!

““Constitutional Monarch”Constitutional Monarch”

But Wait!But Wait!

Napoleon returns Napoleon returns 1815, raises an 1815, raises an army and regains army and regains power!power!

OnlyOnly for 100 days for 100 days

European Governments European Governments

Team up against NapoleonTeam up against Napoleon

Austrian, British, Prussian, Russian Austrian, British, Prussian, Russian forcesforces

Defeat NAPOLEON in Battle of Defeat NAPOLEON in Battle of Waterloo (Belgium)Waterloo (Belgium)

NapoleonNapoleon

Sent to the island Sent to the island of St. Helenaof St. Helena

He dies 1821He dies 1821

Congress of Vienna (1815)Congress of Vienna (1815)

1. Pre- Napoleon borders restored1. Pre- Napoleon borders restored 2. Legitimate Bourbon Monarchy restored to 2. Legitimate Bourbon Monarchy restored to

FranceFrance 3. England, Austria, Prussia, Russia, France 3. England, Austria, Prussia, Russia, France

form alliance “Concert of Europe” (harmony)form alliance “Concert of Europe” (harmony) 4. Agree to squash revolutions & maintain 4. Agree to squash revolutions & maintain

orderorder 5. Balance of power – no 1 nation can 5. Balance of power – no 1 nation can

become “too strong”become “too strong”

Documents

The Age of Enlightenment APERO – Chapter 17. 18 th Century – The Age of Enlightenment An intellectual movement An intellectual movement That spread throughout