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7/31/2019 The Adaptation Challenge: Key issues for crop production and agricultural livelihoods under climate change in the
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KWBIH _LQLI_AG _LSK_^Q KA^KOL_ ?39?
Kwbih _lqlirag _lskr~q irl urd~~lj ~k qgirl rlqlirag rlq|f~q& ~k akj~rdo|~l ~k s|ofda nloi~lijn ~k djd~l bllnoia` kj nllfkshlj~ ijn g|hijd~irdij skfdat ijn sria~dal* ^glt nk jk~ jla(lqqirdft rlbfla~ Kwbih skfdat skqd~dkjq* ^gl dluq lwsrlqqln irl ~gkql kb ~gl i|~gkr ijn jk~jlalqqirdft ~gkql kb Kwbih*
uuu*kwbih*kre
^GL INIS^I^DKJ
AGIFFLJEL@lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn ierda|f~|riffdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl _|qqdijBlnlri~dkj
Ukr`lr ud~g akhodjl girlq~lr& _|o~qkq`& If~it @rid& ?399* Sgk~k= Ijji Hkdqllj`k
Afdhi~l agijel giq qlrdk|q dhsfdai~dkjq bkr efkoif bkkn srkn|a~dkj ijn bkkn qla|rd~t*Sir~ Kjl kb ~gdq rlskr~ |qlq qadlj~dbda ni~i kj a|rrlj~ agijelq ijn b|~|rl qaljirdkq ~klwihdjl skqqdofl dhsia~q kj arks srkn|a~dkj dj ~gl _|qqdij Blnlri~dkj* D~ akjqdnlrqugi~ hliq|rlq _|qqdi hdeg~ jlln ~k dhsflhlj~ ~k iagdll d~q nlqdrln idh kb sfitdje iflindje rkfl dj ljq|rdje efkoif bkkn qla|rd~t* Sir~ ^uk |qlq dj~lrdluq ud~g birhlrq ~k
gdegfdeg~ uitq dj ugdag ~glt irl inis~dje ~k jlu afdhi~da akjnd~dkjq& o|~ ifqk ~glsrkoflhq ~gkql akjnd~dkjq irl skqdje& sir~da|firft ~k qhiffgkfnlrq* D~ akjqdnlrq ugi~hkrl qgk|fn ol nkjl ~k q|sskr~ ~gldr lbbkr~q ~k okkq~ ~gldr rlqdfdljal ijn akj~rdo|~l ~kji~dkjif bkkn qla|rd~t*
7/31/2019 The Adaptation Challenge: Key issues for crop production and agricultural livelihoods under climate change in the
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? ^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj
AKJ^LJ^Q
Lwla|~dl Q|hhirt ********************************************************************** 1
Hidj bdjndjeq kb ~gl rlskr~ ******************************************************************************************************* 1
_lakhhljnln hliq|rlq ~k djarliql ~gl rlqdfdljal kb _|qqdij ierda|f~|rl bkr inis~i~dkj ~k
afdhi~l agijel **************************************************************************************************************************
Ijjlw ?= Y|lq~dkjjidrl bkr qlhd(q~r|a~|rln dj~lrdluq********************************************************* 12
Odofdkerisgt **************************************************************************************************************************** 15
Jk~lq *************************************************************************************************************************************** 17
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^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj 1
LWLA\^DRL Q\HHI_T
_|qqdi dq rlint ~k iqq|hl i flindje rkfl dj innrlqqdje tl~ ijk~glr efkoif ~iq` bkkn qla|rd~t*
Ul qgk|fn jk~ iffku bkkn qgkr~ielq kr lwalqqdl srdal gd`lq kj ukrfn bkkn& ugdag dqqkhl~gdje ul gil ud~jlqqln dj rlalj~ tlirq* _|qqdi& ud~g d~q iq~ arks irliq& ~gl firelq~ dj ~gl
ukrfn& giq qdejdbdaij~ aisiodfd~dlq* Ul djd~l iff djlq~krq& iff sk~lj~dif sir~jlrq ~k akkslri~l dj
~gdq qsglrl*9
Nhd~rt Hlnlnl& Srdhl Hdjdq~lr kb ~gl _|qqdij Blnlri~dkj i~ _dk+?3& M|jl ?39?
Ierda|f~|rl giq qdhsft bifflj k|~ kb bik|r* Llrtkjl giq r|qgln ~k lirj hkjlt jk kjl ~gdj`q
iok|~ nllfksdje ierda|f~|rl Pijt hkrlX* D gksl jlu slksfl udff akhl dj~k birhdje^gdq dq ugi~
giq gissljln ~k ji~|rl= qkadif ijn lakjkhda agijelq ek gijn dj gijn ud~g afdhi~l agijelq
Lflji& blhifl& >?& qlfb(lhsfktln birhlr& If~it _ls|ofda
Dj ~gl bial kb ~gl ~grli~ kb afdhi~l agijel& aij _|qqdi |ql d~q rlqk|ralq ijn sfit i `lt rkfl djljq|rdje efkoif bkkn qla|rd~t; ^gdq rlqlirag rlskr~ srkdnlq ij ijiftqdq kb ~gl dhsia~q kb
a|rrlj~ ijn b|~|rl afdhi~l agijel kj arks srkn|a~dkj dj _|qqdi& ijn kj _|qqdiq iqsdri~dkj ~k
olakhl i flindje efkoif bkkn srkn|alr*
^gl rlskr~ dq akhsrdqln kb ~uk sir~q* ^gl bdrq~ idhq i~ iqqlqqdje ~gl lw~lj~ kb ~gl ia~|if ijn
sk~lj~dif dhsia~q kb afdhi~l agijelq kj arks srkn|a~dkj dj ~gl _|qqdij Blnlri~dkj ijn ifqk
ugi~ sk~lj~dif _|qqdi giq ~k q|ssft ierda|f~|rif srkn|a~q ~k ~gl ukrfn hir`l~ |jnlr alr~idj
srkmla~ln afdhi~l akjnd~dkjq* ^gl qlakjn dq ij ijiftqdq kb ~gl rlq|f~q kb y|ifd~i~dl rlqlirag
oiqln kj dj~lrdluq ud~g qhiffgkfnlr birhlrq brkh If~it _ls|ofda 'Ulq~ Qdolrdi lakjkhda
irli$& _ls|ofda kb O|rti~di 'Liq~lrj Qdolrdi lakjkhda irli$ ijn @riqjknir rledkj 'Jkr~g
Ai|aiq|q lakjkhda irli$* ^gl agkdal kb ~gl rledkjq uiq nl~lrhdjln ot ~gl rkfl ~gi~ birhdje
ijn ierda|f~|rl sfit dj ~gl fdlq kb djnddn|ifq& ~gl akhh|jd~t& ijn ~gl fkaif lakjkht ijn ot ~gl
ndq~dja~dl si~~lrjq kb afdhi~l agijel dhsia~q kj ierda|f~|rl kb ~gkql rledkjq*
HIDJ BDJNDJEQ KB ^GL _LSK_^9* D~ dq lqqlj~dif ~k |jnlrq~ijn ~gi~ ~gl afdhi~l dq agijedje ~grk|egk|~ _|qqdi& o|~ ~gl
agijelq irl gdegft rledkjifft qsladbda* ^gl ljkrhk|q lw~lj~ kb _|qqdiq ~lrrd~krt ijn ~gl
irdl~t kb d~q ljdrkjhlj~q ai|ql ndbblrlj~ afdhi~l agijel dhsia~q dj ndbblrlj~ rledkjq*
Afdhi~l agijel lbbla~q irl koqlriofl dj L|rkslij _|qqdi ijn dj Liq~lrj Qdolrdi& o|~ ~glt
ndbblr dj hijt uitq* Qkhl dhsia~q irl rledkj(udnl* Bkr lwihsfl& i erku~g kb nrtjlqq giq
ollj hkq~ jk~iofl dj ~gl qk|~glrj rledkjq kb L|rkslij _|qqdi*?* Nrk|eg~q ijn bfkknq irl djarliqdje dj brly|ljat* ^glrl dq djarliqdjeft q~rkje ldnljal
fdj`dje ~gl djarliqdje i~hkqsglrda akjalj~ri~dkj kb erlljgk|ql eiqqlq ijn ij djarliql dj
~gl brly|ljat ijnkr qllrd~t kb lw~rlhl uli~glr llj~q*? Efkoif Afdhi~l Hknlfq 'EAH$1
qgku ~gi~ _|qqdi ijn Alj~rif Iqdij Q~i~lq 'AIQ$ udff lwslrdljal uirhdje iaakhsijdln ot
nlarliqlq dj ~gl tlirft j|holr kb brkq~ nitq 'nitq ud~g q|rbial idr ~lhslri~|rl olfku 3A$
ijn nlarliqlq dj ~gl n|ri~dkj kb lw~rlhlft fku udj~lr ~lhslri~|rlq ijn ijj|if rijelq kb
lw~rlhl ~lhslri~|rlq* Ij djarliql dq srkmla~ln dj ~gl n|ri~dkj kb q|hhlr ~lhslri~|rl gdeg
lw~rlhlq* ^gl hkq~ qllrl gli~ uilq irl srkmla~ln ~k kaa|r dj Ulq~ Qdolrdi ijn AIQ*>
Olqdnlq nrk|eg~q& afdhi~l agijelq irl ifqk lwsla~ln ~k ai|ql ij djarliql dj k~glr
nijelrk|q hl~lkrkfkedaif llj~q& q|ag iq gdeg ui~lrq& gidf& qfll~& brkq~q& girn brkq~q& q~rkje
glit ridjq& g|rrdaijlq& l~a*^gl nrk|eg~q kb ?393 ijn ?39? ~gi~ dj ~gl bkrhlr aiql fln ~k dhskqd~dkj kb ij lwskr~
oijijn dj ~gl fi~~lr ~k nlarliqlq dj lwskr~q kb ifhkq~ ?3, qgkuln gku |fjlriofl
7/31/2019 The Adaptation Challenge: Key issues for crop production and agricultural livelihoods under climate change in the
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> ^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj
_|qqdi%q ierda|f~|rl udff ol iq efkoif uirhdje dj~ljqdbdlq ijn lqsladifft db hd~dei~dkj lbbkr~q
akj~dj|l ~k bidf* ^gl nrk|eg~q ifqk gdegfdeg~ln ~gl fia` kb inly|i~l djlq~hlj~ dj
hlagijdqhq ~k glfs birhlrq ijn ad~d}ljq dj eljlrif sir~da|firft dj |fjlriofl akhh|jd~dlq
inis~ ~k afdhi~l agijel*
1* Iq ulff iq djarliqdje lw~rlhl llj~q& afdhi~l agijel udff lwialroi~l agrkjda
srkoflhq* Dj ul~~lr rledkjq ij djarliql dj ilriel ijj|if ijn qliqkjif ~lhslri~|rlq
~kel~glr ud~g i erku~g kb hkdq~|rl akj~lj~ iq uirhlr idr aij gkfn hkrl hkdq~|rl arli~lq
bik|riofl akjnd~dkjq bkr udnlr ndq~rdo|~dkj kb slq~q& ullnq& ijn sfij~ ndqliqlq* D~ flinq ~kdjarliqln ukr`fkin bkr birhlrq ijn ~gl jlln bkr hkrl aglhdaifq ~k lfdhdji~l slq~q& ~gl |ql
kb ugdag aij ol nl~rdhlj~if ~k ~gl glif~g kb ukr`lrq*
>* Afdhi~l agijel udff lwialroi~l ui~lr djly|ifd~dlq* Ui~lr rlqk|ralq irl ndq~rdo|~ln
|jly|ifft ihkje ~gl rledkjq* I rln|a~dkj dj ui~lr rlqk|ralq ot
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^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj 25$93
* Dj
~lrhq kb ~gl j|holr kb llj~q ijn ~gl nihielq ai|qln& ?393 uiq iojkrhif* Iq i r|fl& ~gl
erli~lq~ j|holr kb nijelrk|q hl~lkrkfkedaif llj~q dj ~gl _|qqdij Blnlri~dkj kaa|rq n|rdje
~gl slrdkn brkh Hit ~k I|e|q~*
^gl ijj|if nihiel brkh ~gl dhsia~ kb ~glql llj~q dj _|qqdi dq lq~dhi~ln ~k ol |s ~k 23 odffdkjr|oflq '.? ofj$99* Ud~g afdhi~l agijel ~gl |suirn ~rljn dq lwsla~ln ~k akj~dj|l dj~k ~gl b|~|rl
ijn lwsijn dj~k hkrl ~lrrd~krdlq& ijn fkqqlq brkh ~glql gtnrk(hl~lkrkfkedaif llj~q udff
djarliql*
Dhsia~q kj ui~lr rlqk|ralq
^gl dhsia~q kb afdhi~l agijel |skj ui~lr rlqk|ralq hlrd~ sir~da|fir i~~lj~dkj edlj ~gl sks|fir
olfdlb ~gi~ _|qqdi giq ui~lr dj io|jnijal ijn dj ~gl fkje ~lrh aij qlrl iq i qk|ral kb ui~lr
bkr k~glr ak|j~rdlq* Fi`l Oid`if dq kb~lj hlj~dkjln dj ~gdq akj~lw~* Iq d~ dq jk~ln dj _kqgtnrkhl~
s|ofdai~dkjq& ij djarliql dj rljluiofl ui~lr rlqk|ralq ot 793, dq lwsla~ln dj _|qqdi* ^i`dje
dj~k iaak|j~ nlarliql dj sks|fi~dkj& ui~lr ljnkuhlj~ slr kjl djgiod~ij~ udff djarliql ot 9?
9>,*
Gkullr& ~gdq ui~lr ljnkuhlj~ jllnq ~k ol dluln dj ~gl akj~lw~ kb lrt |jly|if ndq~rdo|~dkj
kb ui~lr ihkje ~gl rledkjq* Ij dhsrklhlj~ dj ui~lr ljnkuhlj~ udff kaa|r dj ~gl Jkr~g ijn
~gl Jkr~gulq~ kb L|rkslij _|qqdi& ~gl Rkfei rledkj& ~gl Jkj(Ofia` Qkdf Alj~rl kb _|qqdi& ~gl
\rifq& ijn ifqk ~gl himkrd~t kb Qdolrdi ijn ~gl Bir Liq~* I~ ~gl srlqlj~ ~dhl ~glql rledkjq gil
hkrl ~gij 433
233hh dj ~gl sfidjq* Dj Dkui& \QI& ugdag uiq kb~lj akhsirln ud~g @riqjknir rledkj dj Qkdl~
~dhlq& ~gl ilriel ijj|if ridjbiff dq 593453hh*
_lafidhln irliq irl kb qsladif if|l dj ~glql akjnd~dkjq& iq ~gldr |ql biadfd~i~lq srkn|a~dkj kb
q~iofl arksq* Jkuinitq ~glrl irl kjft 4h gi kb rlafidhln irliq dj _|qqdi& >*?*5
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^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj 99
Iq i rlq|f~ kb ~gl qkadklakjkhda ardqdq iok|~ 9*4h gi kb drrdei~ln irliq ulrl jk~ djkfln dj~k
ierda|f~|rif fijn ~rijqia~dkjq ib~lr 9443 ijthkrl ijn olaihl biffku fijnq* Akjq~r|a~dkj kb jlu
drrdei~dkj ijn nridjiel qtq~lhq uiq dr~|ifft q~kssln& ugdfl kjft
7/31/2019 The Adaptation Challenge: Key issues for crop production and agricultural livelihoods under climate change in the
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9? ^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj
9*? A\__LJ^ IJN JLI_(B\^\_L AFDHI^L
AGIJEL DHSIA^Q KJ A_KS S_KN\A^DKJ
_ledkjif dhsia~q kj eridj srkn|a~dkj
Eridj srkn|a~dkj giq i qsladif sfial dj ~gl ierirdij qla~kr kb ~gl _|qqdij Blnlri~dkj* ^gl
if|l kb eridj srkn|a~dkj iaak|j~q bkr 92, ~k ?3, kb erkqq ierda|f~|rif srkn|a~dkj* Eridj arksq
kaa|st iok|~ 23, kb ~gl a|f~di~ln irliq*
Srkn|a~dkj kb arksq nlsljnq kj akhsflw dj~lria~dkjq0 djaf|ndje hkdq~|rl akj~lj~& uirh~g
~glrhif akjnd~dkjq n|rdje udj~lr ijn afdhi~l akj~djlj~ifd~t*9> Agijelq dj iff kb ~glql klr ~gl
slrdkn 945 ulrl dj eljlrif skqd~dl bkr ~gl ierirdij qla~kr dj ~gl _|qqdi%q rledkjq ugdag
srkdnl ~gl hkq~ qdejdbdaij~ qgirl kb eridj srkn|a~dkj*9 ^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj
Bde|rl >= His kb agijelq dj udj~lr ugli~ arkssdje irli ?335?399 akhsirln ud~g 9443944>& ~gq* gi
Qk|ral= L|riqdij Alj~lr bkr Bkkn Qla|rd~t |jnlr Fkhkjkqk Hkqaku Q~i~l \jdlrqd~t
^gdq djarliql dj ~gl irli a|f~di~ln ot ~gl firelq~ eridj srkn|alrq& fkai~ln dj ~gl qk|~g kb
_|qqdi ijn dj ~gl Jkr~g Ai|aiq|q& akj~rdo|~ln ~k i firel nlerll ~k djarliqdje _|qqdiq ugli~
srkn|a~dkj ijn ~k _|qqdiq kaa|stdje qlakjn sfial dj ~gl ukrfn rij`dje kb flindje lwskr~lrq*
Bde|rl
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^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj 9&> 7&5
Alj~rif 3&4
Rkfei(Rti~`i 1?&9 (&< (9?&4 (?31&? (952&1 (92&4 (5 (9? (7??&2 (9>93&?
Liq~ Qdolrdi ?713&1 1&2 (9? (97 (114&2 ( 5 9&= Afdhi~l agijel lbbla~q kj ierda|f~|rif srkn|a~dkj ot qliqkj dj @riqjknir @rid
Qliqkj Afdhi~l agijel lbbla~q
Udj~lr Akfn ijn qjkuflqq udj~lrq irl nl~rdhlj~if bkr udj~lr eridjarksq* ^grll birhlrq ~kfn |q ~gi~ ~gldr birhq fkq~ iff ~gl udj~lreridj arksq ~gdq tlir* ^gl qkdf m|q~ brk}l ~grk|eg ~gl~lhslri~|rl dj udj~lr blff ~k iq fku iq (1
7/31/2019 The Adaptation Challenge: Key issues for crop production and agricultural livelihoods under climate change in the
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1? ^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj
~gl hkrjdje skdqkjln nlu q|oqdnlq kj ~gl o|qglq ijn lrknlq ~gl flilq* ^gl sfij~q q~ir~
qda`ljdje*
Okw 4= Inis~i~dkj hliq|rlq |qln ot birhlrq dj @riqjknir @rid
Qlfla~dje a|f~|rlq inm|q~ln bkr qsladbda afdhi~l }kjl* L*e*& Rfindhdr 'hifl&
7/31/2019 The Adaptation Challenge: Key issues for crop production and agricultural livelihoods under climate change in the
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^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj 11
~glt rlifft jlln* Bkkn srkn|alrq kb~lj hi`l birhlrq qlff ~gldr srkn|al bkr olfku ~gl hir`l~
srdalq* Bkr lwihsfl& Kwiji 'blhifl& 1?$ ugkql birh jku rlisq q|jbfkulrq lirfdlr qidn ~gi~ kdf
srkn|alrq edl ~glh i ~i`l d~ kr flil d~ fku srdal bkr ~gl hkdq~ qllnq& `jkudje ~gi~ ~gl birhlrq
aijjk~ rdq` gijedje kj ~k ~gl qllnq ijn h|q~ qlff ~glh*
Hkq~ kb ~gl dj~lrdlullq skdj~ln k|~ ~gi~ ~gl fkaif eklrjhlj~ q|oqdnt srkerihhlq aklr kjft
~lagjdaif ly|dshlj~ ijn ij~d(q~rlqq srkn|a~q srkn|aln dj _|qqdi* ^gdq& bkr lwihsfl& oiqdaifft
srllj~q birhlrq brkh |qdje jk ~dff ~lagjdy|l ndqa|qqln iokl& qdjal ~gl ly|dshlj~ bkr d~ dqsrkn|aln kjft iorkin*
_ln ~isl gkfnq |s arks djq|rijal issfdai~dkjq* Srldk|qft D djq|rln ht arksq& o|~ ~glj
q~kssln* ^k ol gkjlq~& nkdje ~gi~ 'djq|rdje$ nklqj~ hi`l h|ag qljql* Djq|rlrq m|q~ q|a`
hkjlt k|~ kb |q* ^k srkl ~gl bia~ ~gi~ ~gl arksq ndln& ~k aifa|fi~l iarliel& ~k srkl nihiel
tk| gil ~k akffla~ i o|jag kb sislrq& ~k |jnlrek lwslr~ dqd~q* Llrt nit D ui`l |s i~
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1> ^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj
IJJLW 9= FDQ^ KB SI_^DADSIJ^Q
I j|holr kb dj~lrdlullq lwsrlqqln ~gldr srlblrljal bkr ijkjthd~t* ^glrlbkrl& d~ uiq nladnln
jk~ ~k djndai~l ~gl jihlq kb ~gl dffielq uglrl ~gl dj~lrdluq ulrl akffla~ln* Djq~lin& ul qdhsft
djndai~l ~gl elkerisgdaif fkai~dkj kb ~gl dffielq ud~gdj ~gl akjqdnlrln rledkjq*
If~it _ls|ofda
Fkai~dkj dj ~glrledkj
Jihl& eljnlr&iel
^tsl kb lhsfkthlj~& birhdje qsladifdqi~dkj
9 Qk|~g(ulq~lrj Iflwijnlr&hifl& 11
Ndrla~kr kb i birhdje lj~lrsrdql& fdlq~ka`orllndje ijn sfij~ erkudje
? Qk|~g(ulq~lrj Qlrelt& hifl&?
Qlfb(lhsfktln& q|oqdq~ljal birh& lel~iofl
erkudje> Qk|~g(ulq~lrj Ijnrlt& hifl&
>1Qlfb(lhsfktln& q|oqdq~ljal birh& fdlq~ka`orllndje ijn ~k|rdqh
< Jkr~g(ulq~lrj Jinl}gni&blhifl&
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^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj 1*
?Iff(_|qqdi Lakfkedaif Skr~if 'g~~s=lakskr~if*q|jluq*sgs;dn8>>1$
ijn 9? kb ~gl \jd~ln Ji~dkjq
Brihlukr` Akjlj~dkj kj Afdhi~l Agijel ijn ir~dafl 5 kb ~gl @tk~k Srk~kakf& Hkqaku& ?393&
siel 93?*
94Q~ri~leda Bkrlaiq~ kb Afdhi~l Agijelq kb ~gl _|qqdij Blnlri~dkj bkr ~gl Slrdkn ?393(?39 ijn 9? kb ~gl \jd~ln Ji~dkjq
Brihlukr` Akjlj~dkj kj Afdhi~l Agijel ijn ir~dafl 5 kb ~gl @tk~k Srk~kakf& Hkqaku& ?332&
siel 54*
??Q~ri~leda Bkrlaiq~ kb Afdhi~l Agijelq kb ~gl _|qqdij Blnlri~dkj bkr ~gl Slrdkn ?393?39
g~~s=jliaa*hl~lkdjbk*r|rlqlirag
Sir~ 9*
2^gl _lskr~ kj Bli~|rlq kb Afdhi~l dj ~gl ^lrrd~krt kb ~gl _|qqdij Blnlri~dkj dj ?393& Blnlrif
Gtnrkhl~lkrkfket ijn Ljdrkjhlj~if Hkjd~krdje Qlrdal& ?399& siel 933 hdffdkj ~kjq& ~gi~ dq ly|diflj~ ~k 97, kb ijj|if ij~grkskeljdalhdqqdkjq kb erlljgk|ql eiqlq dj _|qqdi '^gl Akjaf|qdkj kb ~gl S|ofda Akhhdqqdkj kj Djlq~dei~dkjkb ~gl _liqkjq ijn Akjqly|ljalq kb Ji~|rif Bdrlq dj _|qqdi dj ?393'g~~s=uuu*tiofk`k*r|hjljdti[d[s|ofd`i~qdd?393349>$$*
93_DI Jkkq~d jluq ieljat& Lakfket 'g~~s=lak*rdi*r|nijelr?39?39923299137*g~hf$
99Gtnrkhl~lkrkfkedaif Qibl~t ijn Q|q~idjiofl Nllfkshlj~ kb _|qqdiq Lakjkht bkr ~gl Qlrdal kbAkjq|hlrq= _lq|f~q kb ~gl Q~i~dq~daif Ijiftqdq kb Nijelrk|q Uli~glr Akjnd~dkjq& @krqg|jk I*I*&Qgithirnijk H*]*& Qgithirnijki D*F* Djbkrhi~dkj ^lagjkfkedlq kb ~gl Q~i~l B|jn kb Ni~i kj iAkjnd~dkj kb Q|rrk|jndje Ljdrkjhlj~& _lqliraglq kb S|ofda djq~d~|~dkj / Iff(_|qqdij rlqlirag djq~d~|~lkb Gtnrkhl~lkrkfkedaif Djbkrhi~dkj ~gl Ukrfn Alj~lr kb Ni~i/& rlfliql 95>& Kojdjq`& ?393*
9?_lskr~ kj ~gl Q~i~l ijn \~dfd}i~dkj kb Ierda|f~|rif Fijnq* Hdjdq~rt kb Ierda|f~|rl kb ~gl _|qqdijBlnlri~dkj& Hkqaku& ?399& s* ?1*
91Efkoif uirhdje dj _|qqdi aij ordje nijelrk|q djbla~dkjq& ~gl Jluq& Mij|irt 13& ?334
'g~~s=uuu*d}lq~di*r|jluq>>1752$* Iaakrndje ~k ~gl ukrfn%q firelq~ rldjq|rijal akhsijt H|jdag_l& i~ fliq~
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^gl Inis~i~dkj Agiffljel= @lt dqq|lq bkr arks srkn|a~dkj ijn fdlfdgkknq |jnlr afdhi~l agijel dj ~gl_|qqdij Blnlri~dkj 14
kb ?393 kb ~gl firelq~ dj _|qqdi%q gdq~krt brkh ~gl skdj~ kb dlu kb hkr~ifd~t'g~~s=`khhlrqij~*r|nka9Qdejdbdaij~ ndbblrljalq ol~ullj nit ijn jdeg~ ~lhslri~|rlq
9 ijn 9? kb ~gl \jd~ln Ji~dkjq Brihlukr`Akjlj~dkj kj Afdhi~l Agijel ijn ir~dafl 5 kb ~gl @tk~k Srk~kakf& Hkqaku& ?393& siel 93?*
92Q~ri~leda Bkrlaiq~ kb Afdhi~l Agijelq kb ~gl _|qqdij Blnlri~dkj bkr ~gl Slrdkn ?393(?39< ijn ^gldrDjbf|ljal kj Orijaglq kb _|qqdiq Lakjkht& _kqgtnrkhl~& Hkqaku& ?33
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Ia`jkuflnelhlj~q
^gl rlskr~ nllfkshlj~ uiq i ak(kslri~dl lbbkr~& djkfdje lw~lrjif akjq|f~ij~q& Kwbih q~ibb ijn Kwbih
sir~jlr kreijdqi~dkjq* ^gl bdrq~ sir~ kb ~gl rlskr~ uiq urd~~lj ot i erk|s kb i|~gkrq fln ot Qlrelt @dqlfl*
^gl qlakjn sir~ dq oiqln kj ~gl ijiftqdq kb aiqlq srkdnln ot Ft|nhdfi D~dedfki& Qkadkfkedaif Ieljat
Ltnkq '\fij(\nl& _ls|ofda kb O|rti~di$& Nhd~rdt Qglaglj`k& _ledkjif jkj(eklrjhlj~ kreijdqi~dkj
Ljdrkjhlj~if Ui~ag kj Jkr~g Ai|a|qlq '@riqjknir$ ijn T|rdt @k~ljl& If~it _ledkjif Jkj(
Eklrjhlj~if Tk|~g Kreijd}i~dkj Lakfkedaif Af|o Ofia` Q~kr` 'Oirji|f& If~it @rid$* Nirdi \`gki ijn
T|fdi Tl~|qgk` hinl qsladbda urd~~lj akj~rdo|~dkjq ~k ~gl rlskr~* Kwbih ia`jkuflnelq ~gliqqdq~ijal kb ^dh Ekrl& Mkgj Hieri~g& _dagirn @dje& Mkgji~gij S|nndbkk~& _dagirn Ljefdqg& Ijji
Akffdjq ijn Bdkjji Qht~g* ^gl ~lw~ uiq lnd~ln ot Mkgj Hieri~g*
Bkr hkrl djbkrhi~dkj& kr ~k akhhlj~ kj ~gdq rlskr~& lhidf T|fdi Tl~|qgk`& Kwbih Srkerihhl
Akkrndji~kr& i~ ttl~|qgk`Ckwbih*kre*|`
Kwbih Dj~lrji~dkjif Ka~kolr ?39?
^gdq s|ofdai~dkj dq akstrdeg~ o|~ ~gl ~lw~ hit ol |qln brll kb agirel bkr ~gl s|rskqlq kb inkaiat&
aihsidejdje& ln|ai~dkj& ijn rlqlirag& srkdnln ~gi~ ~gl qk|ral dq ia`jkuflneln dj b|ff* ^gl akstrdeg~
gkfnlr rly|lq~q ~gi~ iff q|ag |ql ol rledq~lrln ud~g ~glh bkr dhsia~ iqqlqqhlj~ s|rskqlq* Bkr akstdje dj
ijt k~glr adra|hq~ijalq& kr bkr rl(|ql dj k~glr s|ofdai~dkjq& kr bkr ~rijqfi~dkj kr inis~i~dkj& slrhdqqdkj
h|q~ ol qla|rln ijn i bll hit ol agireln* L(hidf skfdatijnsria~dalCkwbih*kre*|`*
^gl djbkrhi~dkj dj ~gdq s|ofdai~dkj dq akrrla~ i~ ~gl ~dhl kb ekdje ~k srlqq*
S|ofdqgln ot Kwbih EO bkr Kwbih Dj~lrji~dkjif |jnlr DQOJ 457(9(57355(945(5 dj Qls~lholr ?39?*
Kwbih EO& Kwbih Gk|ql& Mkgj Qhd~g Nrdl& Akuflt& Kwbkrn& KW> ?MT& \@*
KWBIH
Kwbih dq ij dj~lrji~dkjif akjblnlri~dkj kb 95 kreijd}i~dkjq jl~ukr`ln ~kel~glr dj 4? ak|j~rdlq& iq sir~ kb
i efkoif hklhlj~ bkr agijel& ~k o|dfn i b|~|rl brll brkh ~gl djm|q~dal kb sklr~t=
Kwbih Ihlrdai 'uuu*kwbihihlrdai*kre$Kwbih I|q~rifdi 'uuu*kwbih*kre*i|$
Kwbih(dj(Olfed|h 'uuu*kwbihqkf*ol$
Kwbih Aijini 'uuu*kwbih*ai$
Kwbih Brijal 'uuu*kwbihbrijal*kre$
Kwbih Elrhijt 'uuu*kwbih*nl$
Kwbih EO 'uuu*kwbih*kre*|`$
Kwbih Gkje @kje 'uuu*kwbih*kre*g`$
Kwbih Djndi 'uuu*kwbihdjndi*kre$
Kwbih D~ift 'uuu*kwbihd~ifdi*kre
Kwbih Misij 'uuu*kwbih*ms
Dj~lrhj Kwbih 'uuu*dj~lrhkjkwbih*kre$
Kwbih Drlfijn 'uuu*kwbihdrlfijn*kre$
Kwbih D~ift 'uuu*kwbihd~ifdi*kre$
Kwbih Misij 'uuu*kwbih*ms$
Kwbih Hlwdak 'uuu*kwbihhlwdak*kre$
Kwbih Jlu ]lifijn 'uuu*kwbih*kre*j}$
Kwbih Jkdo 'uuu*kwbihjkdo*jf$
Kwbih Y|ola 'uuu*kwbih*ya*ai$
Sfliql urd~l ~k ijt kb ~gl ieljadlq bkr b|r~glr djbkrhi~dkj& kr dqd~ uuu*kwbih*kre*
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